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Cultural Changes that took place during the 20th century as shown in the aesthetics of the period in reference to art.
Title: Cultural Changes that took place during the 20th century as shown in the aesthetics of the period in reference to art.
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Art and culture in the changing times
Art and culture is important feature that guide the lifestyle of a community. Most of the art pieces used by different communities have a story behind it. Art is a representation of a community’s culture and is quite hard to change. Societies defend their art and culture with a passion. Art and culture defines a community. This paper presents change in art in the American society through the early 20th century. The change and modernization in art shifted from reserved and rigid cultural art to art that was more expressive of emotions and feeling.
The armory show
Art enthusiasts and critics had talked about this event for a long while before it actually took place. The show had been arranged and planned for by an architect turned art enthusiast Mr. Oscar. People all around America knew that the armory show would cause a huge wave in the art scene not only in America but all around the world as America was the pace setter for the world. The hype was doing rounds in all art forums, way before the event had occurred but somehow people knew that it would not disappoint. Expectations were high (Matisse,).
The show took place at a time when art and architecture were having a revolution. New designs had been introduced in Europe from which people had not talking about. Those who were pro-cubism received both insults and praises from different groups of people. The most significant reaction at this time was protests by students from the Chicago art institute. Henry Matisse a creative artist at the time who supported cubism was one of those who received the most insults. Critics of this new form or art claimed that it was degrading the human image and morals. At this time the world was quite reserved and such rapid changes in art were not warmly welcomed(Matisse,). The sculptures molded in this form of art were thought to be obscene and immoral, given that they were put in public places for display.
One thing during the armory show that caused an outburst was the nude descending of Duchamp on the stair case. To him it was an expression of modern art and design while to those who had attended it was bringing out the worst image in an art forum. 1913 was too early to introduce a new dimension in art presentation. The world had not seen anything like this and in some way art was generally considered immoral. People did not quite understand that art was a form of expression(Matisse,).
This was the best time to introduce this form of art to the world. Something had to be done to make art dynamic and bring a spur in the field. It took great art enthusiasts to bring a revolution in art and culture, a step which seemed to be at the wrong time but set the pace to a different form of art. The art designs that were available at the time had been exhausted, this was something new. Criticizing this step would not be right because it was the rebirth of art(Matisse,).
The Harlem renaissance
Visual art presented a different way to view culture and the artist as an individual. The type of art that an artist presented made him or her get judged using the interpretation of the art.by this time people had begun seeing the good side of this kind of art and they had embraced it. Literature writers had begun writing about this form of art and critics had begun softening their hearts towards this form of art(Matisse,). The beauty was now visible; it was something new the paintings and portraits were attractive and could be interpreted to bring out so many meanings.
Art in the periods preceding 1913 was used to directly represent society’s culture. The revolution changed that, art was now a form of expression. Emotions and special moments would now be captured through art and preserved for future memories. Artists were able to ignore criticism and continue making their pieces until they managed to defend cubism.
Modernism in the 20th century
This is modern age philosophy in art. It involves looking deep into art and interpreting it to read the mind of the artist see the beauty of art pieces and connect with the mind of the artist. Aesthetics involves seeing what the artist saw as he or she created an art piece. People do this to take time and appreciate art designs and see out of the main picture(Zivas,). This was and is mainly done by people who take time to meditate, analyze and think deeply about a piece of art. In connection to world war one and world war two, historians refer to this in relation to bad things that took place. The events of the two world wars were horrific.
With modernization, war seems as punishment from God. In previous periods, war had a personal approach where people at war fought physically and victory was achieved by those who were physically fit. The effects of modernization were felt during the war, as it was more dangerous and less physically demanding. War was mechanized, where guns and ammunition were used and this was termed as weapons of mass destruction. From the beginning of the 20th century, all we could do about war is watching it happen(Zivas,).
People in the world seemed less human and more evil. They seemed to care less about how their actions would hurt or benefit those who were around them. Everything became modernized, from art to war. In art, there was a great revolution where cubism was introduced in painted art. At the same time a revolution in music and poetry was taking place. The world was changing and new designs and approaches were taking place(Zivas,).
In conclusion
Art is a representation of a society`s culture; during the past art and culture were directly linked as members of different society`s presented their culture through art like paintings, songs and dance. Changing or introducing a new dimension in art is not an easy task; it requires people who are ready to receive criticism and insults. However persistence and ignoring criticism is the best approach to bringing a change in art. Society will always be rigid and resist change to something that they hold so dearly. Art is one of those things that society takes time to adapt changes.
References
Matisse, H. (n.d.). As Avant-Garde as the Rest of Them: An Introduction to the 1913 Armory
Modernism and the 20th century: angst, aesthetics, and the abysses of horror. (n.d.). Retrieved from fiu.edu: http://www2.fiu.edu/~harveyb/HI-ModernismAngst.pdf
Raphael’s School of Athen. (n.d.). Art and Visual Culture. Retrieved from students.sbc.edu: http://www.students.sbc.edu/lollis04/ArtandVisualCulture9.htmZivas, D. A. (n.d.). Architectural aesthetics in the 20th century.
Eurobarometer. (2005). Medical Errors. Special Eurobarometer 241 Wave 64. 1 & 64. 3- TNS 7
Medication Errors
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(Institutional Affiliation)
Eurobarometer. (2005). Medical Errors. Special Eurobarometer 241/ Wave 64. 1 & 64. 3- TNS Opinion and Social. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_241_en.pdf
This article argues that health interventions, even those meant to benefit the patient can sometimes result to harmful outcomes. Mistakes, when it comes to medical care, can result and occur anywhere in the health care system. This can be at the doctor’s office, the hospital, pharmacies, nursing homes, and even patient’s homes, and in any part or section of the process of treatment involving improper treatment, wrong medication and delayed or incorrect test results. The article perceives medical errors as an essential challenge in numerous countries. The article goes on and argues that about 78 percent of EU citizens cite medical errors as a persistent issue in their country. The study also indicates that women, more than men, in these counties perceive the problem as significant. However, no straight tendencies can be deducted when it comes to the variable related to socio- demographics of individuals who have been affected by the problem. However, the younger population seems to be in the dark about medical errors.
I have learned from this article that the level of concern and personal experiences and the perceived significance of the problem are essential in determining the individuals who have more knowledge of medical errors. The article indicates that knowledge of medical errors is essential in avoiding and preventing them in the future. This knowledge can be extremely essential in my practice. This is because I can further on knowledge about the existence and the possibility of patients suffering from or encountering medical errors. With this knowledge, patients can be in a better position to determine when they are in danger of experiencing medical errors and when they are not.
Halbach, J. L. & Sullivan, L. (2002). Medical errors and patient safety: a curriculum guide for teaching medical students and family practice residents. New York Medical College Department of Family Medicine. http://www.nymc.edu/fammed/medicalerrors.pdf
The article gives examples of medical errors as missed diagnosis, incorrect dosage, premature or inappropriate discharge, waiting even when treatment has been indicated, faulty techniques, failure to review plan of treatment, and failure to convey information to the patient during sign- out. The article also provides the reader with several possible reasons why medical mistakes occur. Some of these reasons include hesitation, faulty judgment, ignorance, fatigue, system flaws, failure to carry out close monitoring, job overload, and inexperience. There are four main reasons given by doctors as to why these mistakes are common. These include physician stressors, factors in the process of care, factors related to patients, and characteristics of physicians. From this article, a number of lessons can be learned. For example I have learned that errors will always happen, systems should be created to help avoid and absorb errors, errors are not necessarily caused by negligence, and that institutions should start a supportive culture of reporting errors for the purposes of future avoidance.
These lessons can be assimilated in my practice by accepting the fact that errors are common so as to design methods and systems for checking errors in advance, and for preventing and averting them. This knowledge can also be used to check for root causes of problems and errors instead of blaming or punishing the physician because some errors are not as a result of negligence. Also, this knowledge can be used to inform the concerned parties the essentiality of reporting errors as soon as they happen. This is because this can help immensely in reducing future errors.
The Leap Frog Group. (2008). Computerized physician order entry. The Leap Frog Group. Retrieved from http://www.leapfroggroup.org/media/file/Leapfrog-Computer_Physician_Order_Entry_Fact_Sheet.pdf
This article argues that in US hospitals more than one million cases of medical errors occur each year. The article indicates that these errors include such things as wrong administration of drugs, overlooked interactions and allergies of drugs, wrong drugs and drug overdoses. They authors argue that these errors occur for numerous reasons such as decimal point errors, and illegible prescriptions that are handwritten. The article argues that these errors usually result to tragic consequences for the patients such adverse drug events that are preventable, 20 percent of which are life- threatening. The article also indicates that medical errors are costly and they result to financial costs that are tremendous. This article has many essential lessons for a health practitioner. For example, I learned that computerized physician order entry can be used to avoid and reduce medical errors. Other methods that can be used to prevent errors include such things as a CPOE standard evaluation tools. As a health practitioner, one can adapt these lessons by implementing an effective CPOE evaluation tool that can be used to effectively reduce errors in medication. Computerization of order entry can also be an essential way of reducing medical errors as it can reduce errors that result from handwritten prescriptions or details that are illegible. Decimal point errors can also be considerably condensed with the utilization of computerized systems.
References
Eurobarometer. (2005). Medical Errors. Special Eurobarometer 241/ Wave 64. 1 & 64. 3- TNS Opinion and Social. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_241_en.pdf
Halbach, J. L. & Sullivan, L. (2002). Medical errors and patient safety: a curriculum guide for teaching medical students and family practice residents. New York Medical College Department of Family Medicine. http://www.nymc.edu/fammed/medicalerrors.pdf
The Leap Frog Group. (2008). Computerized physician order entry. The Leap Frog Group. Retrieved from http://www.leapfroggroup.org/media/file/Leapfrog-Computer_Physician_Order_Entry_Fact_Sheet.pdf
Euro-American Culture Failure To Dominate China
Euro-American Culture Failure To Dominate China
European and American cultures have been dominating various parts of the world. Despite previous expectations, they did dominate even the Arab world and India. However, it is a surprise that this culture did not have an effect on the Chinese culture. The Chinese people held on to their culture and were not willing to change it. The reason was the differences that existed between the Western culture and the Chinese culture (Hamm 70). This diversity had the meaning that there was no compatibility between the two cultures. The religion of the two cultures did differ immensely and there were no similarities, their systems of government differed, and the understanding of the functioning of the world differed. In addition, the fact that China developed in solitude and isolation from the rest of the regions means that they had no contact with the rest of the world (Hamm 51). In accordance, cultures differences between the Chinese and the European cultures lead to fact that western cultures did not dominate China.
There are a number of cultural differences that exist between China and Europe. These differences lead to difficulty that Europeans and Americans faced in their bid to dominate the world. Unlike in other parts of the World, like India and Africa, Europeans did not dominate the Chinese people. English language spread from Britain to other parts of the world, but did not receive the same reception in China. China had a number of languages in its own country. The Chinese language writing style developed as early as 4000 years ago (Phy 42). This had the meaning that it was not possible for the Chinese people to drop their language and adopt English. In addition, the writing civilization of China was in existence in 200 BC evident from the existence of Bone libraries (Guillain 41). Accordingly, unlike other regions that lack developed languages, China had their language that had a witting system that made it difficult for Chinese people to adopt other languages.
The other challenge that Americans and Europeans faced was the fact the Chinese communities spoke different languages and used various symbols. There were times that their own leaders required translation when address their subjects (Lehning 41). In a region that has such large number of languages and symbols, there was evident difficulty in ruling such a country. The fact that Chinese had different understanding of the social units was another fact that limited domination by the western cultures (Hamm 20). The Chinese lived in basic family and village settings and did not entertain city cultures. This had the meaning that it would be difficult for such culture to invite strangers into their society (Fadi 20). Limited access to the cultural communities of China had the meaning that it was not possible to have them adopt the western culture.
The development of the Chinese culture and economy was different from that of other regions. The Chinese culture shielded China from contact with other regions. This had the meaning China did not depend on other regions for development. It was not until in 400 BCE that China makes contact with the rest of the world. This means that Chinese communities were reluctant to accept ideologies from other regions. In fact, they had their own understanding of the operation of the world. According to the society, civilization begins from the North and spreads southwards. In accordance, their expectation was that any form of civilization would emanate from the Yangtze that resided in the Northern parts. Western cultures could not dominate a community that has its own set of beliefs.
Religion played a large part in the domination of the European cultures. Italians, French, Britons, Spaniards, Portuguese, and other European powers would use religion to gain access into other regions (Alon 31). The common religions that Europeans used include Protestants and the Roman Catholic. However, the Chinese communities practiced different form of religion. In most, cases the compatibility that existed between Christianity and religions of various regions is the similarity that existed. Chinese practiced Daoism and Confucianism, which were different from other forms of religion (Lash 92). The religion that the Chinese practiced did not care about the afterlife like Christianity. In accordance, it was difficult for the European powers to dominate the China through its culture because of the differences (Kalman 81). The fact that Chinese people were in most cases were hostile to strangers means there was no probability they would take up other cultures.
For many years, China used the dynasty political systems. The systems establishment was in 221 BC. This political system would exist for centuries and would facilitate the Chinese culture reinforcement. Just like the Roman Empire in Europe, the dynasties facilitated the growth of language and culture in China and the regions surrounding (Lehning 71). Dynasties supported Chinese culture and in fact, during the times of foreign rule, foreigners would have to adopt Chinese cultures so that they can rule. This is an indicator that the Chinese people trusted their culture and it was not possible for them to allow other culture even from their leaders. This has the meaning despite the European euphoria experienced worldwide China and the Chinese people remained true to their culture and did not convert.
The economy and society of China was another contributing factor to the inability of European and American cultures to dominate the region. The region has had no capability of producing surplus, which has the meaning that the upper class was small in comparison to the middleclass (Guillain 51). China agriculture sector was growing leading to a population that was growing at very fast pace. The surprise was that the small number of upper class persons had the ability to rule the rest of the population (Lehning 18). In accordance, the ruling techniques of China have been different in comparison to the other parts of the world. American and European ideologies were not attractive to the ruling class hence the communities of the culture were also not interested in the Western culture. Such cultural differences meant that integration of the two cultures was not possible hence; Europe and America could not dominate the China.
The Western cultures dominating the rest of the world failed to dominate China. There are varying reasons that made China maintain its cultural practices despite the growing Euphoria among other regions of the world to adopt the Western cultures (Lash 21). China first contact with the rest of the World happened at a late stage. At this time, their languages were at an advanced stage, so was their religion, and political systems. This had the meaning that instead of China adopting cultures from other regions, the process would happen in a vice versa scenario. In accordance, Euro-American cultures did not succeed in dominating China.
Work Cited
Lehning, Percy. Civil Society and International Development. New York: OECD Publishing, 2003.
Alon, Llan. Chinese Culture, Organizational Behavior, and International Business Management. London: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003.
Lash, Scott. Intensive Culture: Social Theory, Religion & Contemporary Capitalism. California: SAGE Publishing, 2010.
Guillain, Charlotte. Chinese Culture. Sydney: Hienemann-Raintee Library, 2008.
Kalman, Bobbie. China: The Culture. Boston: Crabtree Publishing Company, 2008.
Hamm, Bernd. Cultural Imperialism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005.
Fadi, Mona. Where East Meets West: Appropriating the Islamic Encounter for a spiritual revival. Bombay: IIT, 2010.
Phy, Tomlinson. Cultural Imperialism: A critical Introduction. Washington: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000.