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The Sarcophagus of Pakal and Shield Jaguar and Her Principal Wife Lady Xoc
The Sarcophagus of Pakal and Shield Jaguar and Her Principal Wife Lady Xoc
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The Sarcophagus of Pakal and Shield Jaguar and Her Principal Wife Lady Xoc
These two works of art from a historical perspective are very important to the people associated with them as well as to the general historical art. They are considered masterpieces of the kind of art that existed during the specific time they existed and they represent. Shield Jaguar and her principal wife lady Xoc art represents the kingship of shield jaguar and how her ween lady Xoc was an important element of her kingship. It discusses how her house was adorned with privacy and was an important house in the whole kingship since it is one of the very few houses belonging to women which are mentioned. In it there is a lot of art which describes the role of the wife to the king and her position. On the other hand, the Sarcophagus of Pakal is a great form of art in the nature of tomb lid of king Pakal and on the lid there is a lot of art which describes the people and the kind of life they lived. This paper discusses these two forms of art and compares them with an aim of trying to understand historical art and what it meant to the people represented.
The Sarcophagus of Pakal lid was a great art found by archeologist Alberto Ruz Lhuillier (says, 2015). He began an investigation of the ruined maya city and through the investigation he came across this great piece of art. His position of investigation was the temple of inscriptions when he found a stairway leading deep into the temple and he followed it and began extraction of the material carefully until he reached the tomb of the king (Minster, 2018). Even though there were different types of art which existed the most striking one was the stone which was covering the body of the king. The stone is rectangular in shape and it measures 245 by 290 millimeters thick. It is 2.2 meters wide and 3.6 meters long and it weighs around 7 tons. The whole stone is a piece of art as it art carvings on top and on the sides of it. From the time of discovery Ruz lifted it with the help of other people and placed wood on the bottom side to support it until 2010 when it was returned to its normal place and the remains of the king as well returned. The top and the side narrate the life of Pakal and his kingdom.
On the sides the most important thing are the carvings of the ancestors of Pakal being reborn as different types of trees. This communicates the faith of the people whom Pakal led that they believed in re-incarnation. Pakal’s father, K’an Mo’ Hix, is depicted being reborn as a Nance tree while his mother Sak K’uk’ is reborn as a cacao tree (says, 2015). His grandmother Yohl Ik’nal is reborn twice, first as a zapote tree and the next time as an avocado tree. His grandfather is reborn as a guava tree and Kan B’ahlam I who was the leader of Palenque reborn as a zapote tree.
Shield Jaguar and her principal wife lady Xoc represents how the wife is an important aspect of any community and in this, the duties and roles of a wife to the community and to the husband are shown clearly through art. Structure 23 and the lintels are what is most important in explaining the history of the people (Magazine, & Meisler, 2014). The Mayans were a very great civilization which produced some of the most complex written languages and at the peak of its civilization in 600 to 800 AD produced art in the form of stone sculptures, delicate figurines, painted ceramics and jade jewelry.
There are three limestone lintels which are intricately carved and they represent Lady Xok who was a very significant figure in the maya community since she has a town dedicated to her (Minster, 2018). She was the principal wife to shield jaguar and ruled Yaxchilán from 681 to 742 AD. The three lintels are in National Gallery of Art Museum in Washington, D.C. there are also two lintels in British museum and another one in museum of history and anthropology in New Mexico. In the first intel lady Xok performs a ritual meant for royalties as an offering to gods for continuation of life and shield jaguar stands next to her with a burning spear. In the sacrifice blood drops on a paper (Magazine, & Meisler, 2014). In the final lintel, shield jaguar wears battle amour made of a material which is covered in feathers and cotton. Lady Xok hands him a jaguar head and a shield. This shows that he is a warrior since jaguar was the fiercest animal known to Mayans and it was a symbol of power and bravery.
These two forms of art have their similarities and differences and this is an important part of the whole context of the art. Firstly, both are similar in that they express the history and the beliefs of their people. In the Mayan culture the lintels represent the real life of the people and how the queen or the wife to the king relates with his king while on the side of Palenque, Pakal is represented as a very important part of the whole leadership and he is the central part of the history of his people. The stone represents partly the real life of the people as well as the afterlife.
In conclusion, the two types of art have a lot in common as well as differences. These show the differences in the two cultures and leadership and also show the similarities which existed. However, the most important thing is that these two cultures valued art and it is through art that their history has been preserved and still exists today.
References
Magazine, S., & Meisler, S. (2014). Of Majesty and Mayhem. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 27, 2021, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/of-majesty-and-mayhem-2313965/
Christopher minster (2018). The Maya King’s Grave. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-sarcophagus-of-pakal-2136165says, A. Ey. (2015). The Mystery Of King Pakal. Ancient Code. https://www.ancient-code.com/the-mystery-of-king-pakal-did-he-lift-off-to-the-stars/
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DO WAGES EXPLAIN LABOR PARTICIPATION RATES IN THE AGGREGATE AND ACROSS GENDERS?
THE UNITED STATES EXPERIENCE, 1960-2010
Format for the Literature Review
The literature review follows the introduction therefore builds upon the content providing in introduction. Hence, when beginning the literature review, one should briefly remind the reader of the hypothesis and purpose of the study as stated in Chapter one. As one has already been informed, an acceptable proposal written in the future tense can be readily converted into an introduction written in the present and/or past tense. In an acceptable proposal and hence in one’s introduction, one has already established the hypothesis and have stated the hypothesis (or hypotheses) in a functional form and identified tentatively a list of, at least, four scholarly articles which directly relate to the hypothesis in its verbal and functional form. This is key because the functional form of the hypothesis should guide one’s literature review. If you will recall, previously, one had established the following hypothesis in functional form as:
LFPR = f RWh, RWw, DUR, BcWhere
LFPR = labor force participation rate
RWw = real hourly wage
RWh = real weekly wage rate
Bc = business cycle dummy.
Hence, this review of the literature based on any identified articles stated in Chapter One plus any additional articles consulted afterwards as having a bearing on the stated hypothesis will be consulted to provide information on:
the labor participation rate as the dependent variable(LFPR);
the relationship between the labor force participation rate(LFPR) and the real hourly wage(RWh);
the relationship between the labor force participation rate(LFPR) and the real weekly wage(RWw);
the relationship between the labor force participation rate(LFPR) and the business cycle(Bc).
Therefore, these relationship’s should guide one’s review of the relevant literature for this study in the sense of providing a research focus consistent with the study’s intent. The identification of the key information about the dependent variable and about the strategic relationship between the dependent and independent variables requires firstly a summary of each scholarly article. There are, perhaps, several ways to summarize the content of a scholarly article for research purposes but reliance on the article’s abstract for this purpose will be quite insufficient. The abstract provides too little in the way of “raw material” required to write a coherent and cohesive review of the literature. The ‘raw material” for the article summaries can be realized by focusing on each article’s:
hypothesis or hypotheses; purpose and objectives
methodology and research approach;
key findings and recommendations;
how the article relates specifically to the hypothesis or hypotheses in one’s studies.
The above information provided in a two to three page summary for each article will provide the “raw material” required to write a review of the literature. The review, however, is a comparative analysis across the various regarding the variables of strategic relevance to your study’s hypothesis. In this respect, one uses the information from the summary of articles to compare and contrast, if you will, the viewpoints of different authors and scholars regarding , for example, the relationship between LFPR and RWh or LFRP and BC or measurement and conceptual perspectives on LFPR itself. In sum, one seeks to provide a coherent and cohesive analysis of the relevant viewpoints, perspectives and findings of the scholars in a comparative, synthetic and interpretive context. The quality of such a review enhances the scholarly expertise and appeal of one’s research and provides a solid foundation for informing one’s efforts at model building and economic theory in Chapter Three. Please the note that the quality of the literature review sought in this research paper can not be realized by merely providing an author-by-author summary of each scholarly article. Remember, these summaries must be converted into a coherent comparative analysis informed by the hypothesis stated in Chapter one.
Tidal Streams and Currents.
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Tidal Streams and Currents.
Outline factors that differentiate tidal streams and currents.
Tidal streams refer to movements of water in the sea. This movement is induced by the gravitational forces that occur between the moon, the earth and the sun. In some cases though to a smaller extent, the gravitational forces may be from other planets. This purely is an astronomical phenomenon which is observable. The verdict is that, the earth has oceans and it rotates. Therefore, overall is that, tidal streams are quite predictable and they are driven by the movement of the moon and the earth.
On the other hand however, ocean current refers to a directed and continuous movement of water in the sea/ocean. They comprise of surface currents as well as deep sea currents. Surface currents are affected by the winds and tides while deep sea currents are affected by temperature and density gradients. Ocean currents are induced by factors of winds, gravity as well as tides. Currents maintain the constant motion and movement of the ocean.
How is information on tidal streams depicted to the mariner?
To a mariner, tidal streams may be both favorable as well as unfavorable. Tide streams increase the speed of water vessels, change the direction of water vessels among other effects. Therefore, it is not advisable for mariners to use vessels against tidal streams. A mariner therefore depends on tidal stream prediction which is measured using the equipment of tide staff, radar tide gauge recorders as well as tide gauges. They also depend on RD Instruments (RDI) and Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ACDPs).
Select a particular current related to Australia and briefly describe the features.
The Australian region experiences four different coastal and ocean currents. These currents play a significant role in shaping the environmental marine conditions. One particular current for instance is the East Australian Current which flows towards the south along the eastern coast of Australia. It has a warming effect which is as a result of its activity in the Antarctica. It also moves heated and warm water from the Coral Sea in the tropical region. It can achieve a top speed of up to 7 knots. It facilitates the movement of fauna from the tropics to the subtropical locations. The current is weakest in winter and strongest during summer.
What equipment including ACDP, is utilized to determine tidal stream and currents?
A number of instruments are used to measure tidal stream and currents. For instance the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ACDP) which measures water velocities using the Doppler Effect caused by sound waves. Additionally, tide gauges may be used to determine currents and tidal streams. This equipment is of core importance not only in determining the currents but also in weather forecast. This goes a long way in preventing worst case scenarios of hazards and disasters.
What are the key features of the equipment?
ACDP has a number of features; it contains oscillators which play the role of receiving and transmitting signals. It also has a clock to measure the transmission time, a receiver to receive the transmitted signals, an electronic amplifier. Additionally, an ACDP has a temperature sensor which detects and determines levels of heat and cold. A compass is also part of the ACDP which helps in navigation. Overall, it measures the velocity of water currents. It also measures the direction and speed of ocean currents.
A tide gauge on the other hand has sensors which record the height of water levels. It also has a computer oriented device that records the measurements obtained by the sensors. However the modern gauges are integrated to the satellite to allow for estimation of a greater picture of the ocean. Overall, tide gauges are used in fishing and shipping industries which are affected by both high and low tides.
What happens to the information collected from the gauges?
The data that is collected and stored in the gauges is of interest to scientists who have their concern in the measurement of weather trends and patterns of the globe. Therefore, this information in the gauges is integrated to scientific computers where it is obtained and interpreted. The information is further used to predict weather patterns concerning tides and tidal streams. This information affects both the sea and land. It is thus important that both the sea and land users be aware of the trends which in some instances result to natural hazards. In the worst case scenario, this can result to natural disasters. To evade this, the information collected in gauges should be spread in a transparent and accountable manner.