Recent orders
A high-end restaurant in the city of LA, wants to understand how it improve its business
INTRODUCTION:
A high-end restaurant in the city of LA, wants to understand how it improve its business. For this purpose, it samples 30 customers who visit it. A consultant is hired by the restaurant owner to provide insights into what can drive business higher and what can be done to attract new customers. So the research problem is to determine variables/ aspects that can deliver more business. The owner believes that a customer who spends more on his visit tends to a repeat customer delivering more business. Such a customer also pays a handsome tip. The restaurant request its customers to fill in a feedback form if possible. This asks many questions from the customer which can be used by the consultant.
Based on this feedback from the owner, the consultant provides the following research model.
Ratings = f( average tip per person, ambience ratings, bill amount, online ratings, spending on alternate restaurants by the customer). This is a linear regression model where the dependent variable is ratings provided by the customer on the feedback form. These ratings are taken as a proxy for customer pull. Better ratings implies more business.
Ratings are assumed to be dependent on :
Average tip per person = Tip paid per bill / number of seats for the bill.
Ambience ratings: Ratings on a number of aspects by the customers on the feedback form. These include services offered, lighting on the table, general environment in the restaurant, degree of hospitality, etc. these are complied into a single index by the consultant and labeled ambience ratings.
Bill amount: This refers to the total bill amount exclusive of taxes
Online ratings: these refer to the ratings given by customers on the restaurant site on the Internet.
Spending on alternate restaurants by the customer. The feedback form gathers information on alternate spending by the customer on competitor’s restaurant in the last 6 months. This variable is included to gauge the impact of competition on our business.
The consultant hypothesizes that:
Higher is the tip, greater are the ratings
A better ambience leads to better business
A customer with a larger bill amount would lead to more business.
Higher online ratings must lead to more customers, so that existing customers must be encouraged to give online reviews and ratings.
The effect of spending on competitor restaurant cant be outlined and needs investigation.
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS:
The descriptive analysis shows the mean, standard deviation, variance, median , mode, skewness , kurtosis and coefficient of variation for all variables.
CORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS :
Correlation tell us how two variables are associated. We show the correlation matrix in the appendix which can be used to conclude that:
Overall ratings are positively associated with ambience ratings, Bill amount and online ratings. This makes sense as a customer who likes the restaurant is likely to give high overall ratings as well as a high rating on the online option. Since ambience is part of the total experience of dining, high ambience ratings by a customer are associated with high overall ratings. Since this is a high end restaurant we would expect such a customer to have a high bill as this allows her to sample different cuisines ( rather than stick to a small expenditure) .
Overall ratings are negatively associated with the tip paid and with the spending on alternate restaurants. A regular customer who likes this restaurant is likely to visit other restaurants so that the negative association is understandable. The relation with tipping tells us that tipping may be looked down at by customers, so that workers can be trained to decline/ discourage tips. The management can also make it a policy that individual tipping is not allowed.
The correlation does not tell us about the cause and effect. It only deals with association and not causation. The correlation matrix can be confirmed with a scatter plot as shown for three variables in the appendix.
REGRESSION RESULTS:
A simple linear regression is done. This leads us to the following estimated equation:
Ratings= 55.26 -17.499*Tip +328.8322468*Ambience ratings +.126*Bill +.0244*online R – .0938*SPA. This tells us ( based on the sign of the cff) that
Ratings and average tip amount are negatively related. This would imply that large tips must be discouraged. A $1 rise in per person tip decreases ratings by 17.499
Ambience ratings are positively affecting overall ratings. The restaurant needs to improve its ambience ratings and all factors that combine to arrive at the ambience ratings. A 1 point rise in ambience ratings gives marginal ratings of 328.8322.
Higher the bill amount higher is the overall ratings. For every dollar spent ratings rise by 0.126
Higher are online ratings greater are overall ratings. A 1 point rise in online ratings causes overall ratings to rise by 0.0244.
Higher is the spending on alternate eating places lower are the overall ratings for this restaurant. This shows that competition is strong. For every dollar spent on competition the overall ratings fall by 0.0938.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING.
We can test each coefficient for its significance using a t test and an overall F test for the overall regression model itself.
We use a p value test for significance. Assume that we choose a 5% level of significance. If the p value >.05 we conclude that the cff is not significant. If the p value < .05 then the cff is significant in a statistical manner. Based on this rule we observe that 2 variables are not significant. These include online ratings and spending on alternate restaurants. The p value of online ratings cff is 0.429 > .05. This implies that online ratings have insignificant role in overall ratings and therefore in getting new business.
The p value of alternate restaurant spending is 0.144 >.05. This would imply that there is no real competition with alternate restaurants. The clientele for this restaurant is specific and does not depend on what the competition has to offer.
The cffs of all other explanatory variable are significant as the p value is < .05.
We can also test for the overall significance of the model using the F test. As the results show the p value of the F test value is 1.3649E-09. This is very low and shows that the overall model is statistically significant. This corroborates the R2 value of 0.84. This implies a high value of R2, which is also called the coefficient of determination. It tells us the % of variation in the dependent variable that can be explained by the independent variables. In our case 84.06% of variation in the overall ratings can be explained by the independent explanatory variables.
CONCLUSION:
The linear model postulated by the consultant was good as it gave a significant relationship. It tells us that certain factors like ratings for ambience, amount of bill and average tip per customer are important variables that drive overall ratings and therefore good business. Higher ratings are an indicator /proxy for new customers.
The model can be improved by bringing in new variables like specific ratings on food quality, no of times a customer dines here, no of times the customer eats out of home, income level of customer, marital status/ number of kids and other variables. These may help to improve the predictive power of the model.
Within this model the results show that the owners need to focus on ambience and get new customers who order large amounts. The owners need not spend any money on improving online ratings as they are insignificant. The owners need to build further on the exclusivity of the restaurant as customer spend on other restaurants is also insignificant in explaining overall ratings and business.
APPENEDIX
ratings overall average tip per person ambience ratings Bill amount online ratings spending on alternate restaurant
ratings overall 1
average tip per person -0.678233971 1
ambience ratings 0.356752299 0.113846089 1
Bill amount 0.419316325 0.069764701 0.1477934 1
online ratings 0.036329711 -0.22154346 -0.2636172 -0.2641712 1
spending on alternate restaurant -0.608732054 0.481957971 -0.0437954 -0.2962957 -0.156364776 1
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.916839769
R Square 0.840595163
Adjusted R Square 0.809940387
Standard Error 4.718128042
Observations 32
ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 5 3052.096 610.4192 27.42134 1.3649E-09
Residual 26 578.77904 22.26073
Total 31 3630.875
Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95%
Intercept 55.26318738 21.29892914 2.59464629 0.01535715 11.48261196
average tip per person -17.49919152 2.466198484 -7.0956136 1.55345E-07 -22.56853506
ambience ratings 328.8322468 69.65896631 4.72060187 7.02705E-05 185.6461923
Bill amount 0.126038647 0.029282701 4.30420149 0.000210704 0.065847193
online ratings 0.024436149 0.030422233 0.80323324 0.429122301 -0.038097646
spending on alternate restaurant(SPA) -0.093809919 0.062303487 -1.5056929 0.144199498 -0.221876569
A Healthy Community
A Healthy Community
Overview
The main public health problem in India is environmental hygiene. A recent survey conducted on environmental hygiene in India showed that, there is poor management of sanitations. This raised the importance of highlighting control approaches on environmental sanitation. The control of sanitation is a great challenge to the appropriate economical interventions, which associates with the environmental hygiene in India. This article discusses various approaches to the environmental hygiene in India. It also discusses on Healthy People 2020 that offers an outline for prevention for the country. The study Identifies specific threat in India. The paper also focuses on the specific health behaviours that are targeted to improve the sanitation in India.
Introduction
A healthy community should consider hygiene and clean environment. Environmental sanitation promotes the health of the people by offering clean surroundings and eradicating diseases. There are various factors related to environmental hygiene. They involves, the available resources, the people’s hygiene, inventive and suitable technologies according to the condition of the people, the country’s socioeconomic growth, governmental commitment, traditional aspects associated with environmental hygiene, capability of constructing the troubled regions, communal factors involving behaviours of the people and measures approved by the government.
India lags behind many states in the sectors of environmental hygiene. The government of India need to emphasize and promote interventions on clean environment. The government needs to introduce new strategies and target procedures with a follow-up assessment in order to improve the hygiene. It needs to identify the operational system of ecological hygiene. It should have deference to the structure and highlight the control approaches that consider the people’s needs. The approaches are important because of the water limitations, industrialization, and rapid growth of the population, health issues, urbanization and unequal distribution of water facilities (Das, 2009).
A survey conducted states that, in 2006 there was inadequate sanitation that estimated almost $54 billion or 6.4% of the GDP in India. The economic impact of health issues was over 70% or $38.5 billion. An estimated 12% of the community had health-related diseases like diarrhoea and followed by severe lower lung infections. The factual estimations suggest that, all sanitation and water developments are costly in all developing sub regions. In India, the sectors that demand water are increasing rapidly. The sectors are mostly in the urban areas. It is expected that the country’s population will increase by more than 50% by 2025 (Das, 2009).
The estimation states that, most populated areas will be the urban centres. These developments may be enhanced by the population growth, industrial development and increasing incomes. The National Urban Sanitation Policy initiated in 2008. The organization promoted the hygiene in the towns and cities of the country. In November 2008, the department of Urban Development appointed the analysis as part of its National Urban Sanitation Policy. In rural regions, the institutions of local management in charge of managing and preserving the substructure became weak and had inadequate financial assets to perform their work. In India, there is no town with constant source of water. A survey conducted states that, 72% of Indians lack access to enhanced sanitation infrastructures (Das, 2009).
In 2000, Indian government had initiated a number of inventive approaches to develop the sanitation and water sources. These approaches include, total sanitation led by the citizens, public and private collaboration to develop the stability of urban water in Karnataka, and the utilization of microcredit to women in order to advance the facilities of water. Total sanitation approach offers tough policies on Information, Education and Communication (IEC). Total sanitation also offers education on hygiene and builds the capability of the people. Since 2010, the key objective of the Indian government is to eliminate the exercise of environmental pollution from industries (Das, 2009).
The government boosts the effort by launching the Nirmal Gram Puraskar. They identify the hard work in terms of money awards for entirely enclosed Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). The government takes into account the organizations and individuals who contribute significantly. These institutions and individuals ensure full hygiene exposure in their place of work and their residents. Currently, the government has implemented a project in rural regions by considering constituencies as an entity of operation (Das, 2009).
The latest analysis suggested that, most of the developing countries require cost-effective interventions. This maintains better domestic water and quality organization to complement the on-going expansion of coverage and advancement of services. Most of the approaches have the greatest impact of hygiene and household treatment. They considerably decrease the levels of infection such as diarrhoea. These approaches include numerous interventions like clean water and clean sanitation. The interventions used to improve clean water at the domestic level are operational than the water from the source (Das, 2009).
In evolving countries, the community health issues are reported to public organizations, such as hospitals, ecological sanitation, and public services. The institutions hesitate to recognize the sanitation at home. The organization should have a setting that equalizes all the sanitation issues concerning the community. This is to ensure a reduced chain of disease programme in the community. Inspectors of home sanitation and community sanitation must act in order to improve the efforts that promote community health. An analysis conducted through detailed interviews, approximately 800 homes at Hyderabad town in India. The survey stated that, an extensive section of poor homes would spend more money on water and drain network, even if they are provided with market proportions of funding (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011).
Healthy People 2020 is an organization that sets specific objectives that concerns the public health in the world. The role of Healthy People 2020 is to guide the community to avoid the chain of diseases by providing Quality Drinking Water. The organization emphasizes to the water companies to assess and manage quality water from source to customer. The institution insists on quality safety and avoidance of contamination. It advises the water production companies to participate, be active, and address the requirements of the people in evolving countries. The developing countries may have no access to clean water supplies. The strategies have a vital goal as it emphasizes on maintenance of bacterial quality that prevents waterborne disease. Moreover, the organization addresses the community to be safe from chemical that may be poisonous (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011).
Water quality developments may have least impacts when the sanitation settings are poor, irrespective of quantity of contamination in water. Once the sufficient sanitation settings are introduced, they can eradicate the infectious diseases. The programme pathways are sufficient in maintaining diarrheal infection. Families that live under good hygiene conditions, get positive impacts. Quality water determines the health of people. Sanitation is important when measured at the public level, but not important when measured at family levels. Improved and quality drinking water have no impact in the regions with very deprived ecological sanitation. However, the regions with healthier public sanitation, reduces the accumulation of fecal coliforms. Through two guidelines of magnitude, fecal coliforms can lead to a 40% decrease in diarrhoea. The first guideline involves private excreta removal. Once the guideline provided, it is expected to decrease diarrhoea by 42%. When Excreta is eliminated around the house, can lead to a 30% decrease in diarrhoea (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011).
The discoveries propose that developments in both hygiene and water supply are essential to infant wellbeing in evolving countries. The researchers also suggest that the hygiene is not epidemiologic, but institutional, behavioural, and economic aspects that should appropriately define the importance of interventions. The study emphasized that approaches of quality water and the use water treatment were observed to be actual than numerous interventions. These interventions involve the sanitation, combined water, and hygiene measures. Researchers show that washing of hand can reduce diarrhoea infections by about 30%. This major reduction is similar to the outcome of offering clean water in both urban and rural regions (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011).
National water strategies are evolving to public-based board approach because local specialists are in regular interaction with consumers. Approximately 50% of women involve themselves in the public activities. Generally, national programme initiated the water sections, organized water agencies and started the capability of private or charitable agencies. These agencies permit for more effectual and operative responses to the developing countries. Local organizations and agencies should have better equipped resources to assist the local members in order to eliminate poor hygiene (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011). Planning of Local water source is very essential in establishing the financial and individual dimensions as well as the poor people in undeveloped regions. The approaches have positive impacts on states such as Banaskantha, Sabarkantha and Mahesana, in Gujarat. The major problems in Gujarat were the water source developments as it was recognized as an increasing demand for community water facilities. They also had difficulties in insufficient provision of facilities due to remote regions and fiscal restrictions in sanitation agencies. Infrastructure was also a major problem in Gujarat (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011).
Disease and death occurs due to waterborne infections. Both diseases and deaths have not decreased corresponding with rise in accessibility of clean water source. More significantly, infant and children endure a big risk of the disease. The diseases like diarrhoea results from the contaminated sanitation. An estimated number of 0.4 to 0.5 million children under the age of 5 years die in India due to diarrhoea. While the number of infant deaths has reduced over the years in the countries, the major problem that has resulted to these deaths is the failure to create important headway in educating individual and household hygiene. The hygiene should be more sensitive to the infants, young children, and the environments surrounding birth (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011).
Some policies administer on unwanted solid in order to reduce environmental contamination. They include a wise plan in town settings, induction of public staff and enlightened generation, participation of public-based and nongovernmental groups, building up and process of manure plants through NGOs and the private region, improvement of the dimensions of some country structures. For instance, State Compost Development Corporations that stresses on the commercial operations and participation of private sections. Diverse resolutions for hygiene in dissimilar parts of the country or within the same region can be led by disparities in type of housing, design for settlement and density, state of poverty, and the availability of networked services (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011).
Conclusion
The major areas to consider in eradicating sanitations issues include execution of cheaper sanitation structure with lesser subsidies. Better household hygiene improves the health of the community. Availability of technology varieties, choices for hygienic developments for women, local and urban drainage schemes are also the major issues that concerns environmental sanitation in India. The NGO should involve themselves in the interventions for reducing unhygienic environment. Appropriate procedures of private involvement and public corporations can evolve policies in India. The procedures should focus on sustainability with governmental obligation to develop the environmental hygiene.
References
Das, A., & Das, A. (2009). Farmersʼ suicide in India: implications for public mental health. The International journal of social psychiatry. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822540
Jain, A., Kumar, Sg., & Kar, S. (2011). Health and environmental sanitation in India: Issues for prioritizing control strategies. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
The River Nile
The River Nile
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The River Nile
The Nile River forms a crucial mark in the history and advancement of North African states. The river has a notable popularity of being the longest river, in the world, and also emanating from the largest freshwater lake in the globe. It is crucial to highlight that the river forms a critical symbol in understanding the geography of northeastern Africa. The river forms from two distinct channels; the White Nile that springs from Lake Victoria and the Blue Nile that emanates from the Ethiopian highlands. These two channels encounter at Khartoum, from where the grand river lurks, through the desert, to the Mediterranean Sea. In spite of the idea that Egypt forms a central discussion in the developmental role of river Nile, other countries, such as Sudan, were other principal beneficiaries of the natural blessing.
The River Nile was a core countenance to the desert environment to which it served. This is because deserts do not possess water that is critical for basic and commercial livelihoods. From the ancient periods, the River Nile was the only vital endowment that sustained life in the ultra dry areas. This is because the meager oases could not sustain life in the vast population that scattered around the deserts. In this perspective, it is arguable that the river was a core source of hope for the given population.
The previous North African states majorly comprised mixed tribes and different sets of communities. Most states had single rulers who defined their powers within district regions. The river Nile was a unifying factor since it was indispensable in the domestic and commercial of individuals. The control of the river was a critical idea since a vast population depended on its waters.
To begin with, the river was principal in agricultural advancement. Agriculture is a wide area that majorly splits into plant and animal keeping. In terms of animal keeping, the river was critical in providing water for drinking and survival of the animals. In a typical desert, there is huge reliance on the camels as the animals that can survive in the heat and meager availability of water. A population, however, requires food from domestic animals as meat. The North African people highly regarded meat as a festival emblem and a luxury for festive moments. In addition, animals were critical for transport and land farming. The animals required constant means of water that could sustain them for arduous tasks. In this sense, individuals had to keep other types for animals in providing sustenance for the population.
The river was the core source of food that provided both water and a fertile growing land. The poorest population seemed to have survived on a few vegetables, bread, and beer. History also confirms that most state workers attained their payments through provision of foods as a compensation for their laborious efforts. Individuals made bread from emmer wheat by grounding the war materials into powder. Their form of beer was a nutritious type that the people made from barley and mixed with other fruits and dates. Oil was a notable product that individuals manufactured from trees that they nurtured along the rivers.
The river had fertile banks that ensured flourishing production of agricultural materials. These banks comprised fine alluvial soils for the thriving of several agricultural plants. For instance, the growing of rice depended on the perpetually wet fields that entailed considerable fertility. The Nile has always experienced an abundant flow of water that rushes from two of the Nile braches during certain periods. The population crafted technology of managing this flow of water from both sources of the Nile. During huge rainfalls, it was notable that the banks of the rivers remained unusable because of floods. The individuals conducted such waters into extensive fields without damaging crops. This suggests that irrigation was a critical activity that easily managed the farm lands. The individuals constructed dykes and dams that managed excess water. In addition, the farmers constructed sluices and canals for managing water into smaller spaces in the farms. In this perspective, drought was a manageable phenomenon that could allow for productive agriculture. In the latest agricultural developments, Egypt has formed a critical mark in the production of vegetables and fruits. This is an interesting idea that is occurring on the backdrop of a dry land.
It is crucial to highlight that the River Nile was a critical resource in fishing. To begin with, the lake provided materials that were instrumental in the making of boats and other fishing materials. There was a large availability of trees that could enable the making of temporary boats for regular fishing. In addition, the river was a principal source of fish for a region that lacked any meaningful static water. The large size of the river enabled flow of water in slower speeds. Besides, the water could collect in certain regions as the river branched into smaller parts. These factors, coupled with the idea that the Nile waters were fresh, enabled large availability of fish in the river. Fishing was a prominent lifestyle that availed food and provided commercial success to the involved individuals. As a significant industry, the women and artists benefitted by making boats and fishing hooks that would avail large catches.
The papyrus was a vital element in the advancement of North Africa. The papyrus plant requires incessant water in order to feed its supple stems and its huge requirement for wetness. In this sense, the River Nile was principal in providing the banks and water for survival of this plant. The plant was altogether instrumental in the civilization of the areas that surrounded the same. This is because the stems could be employed towards many purposes. For instance, the desert people could use the papyrus reeds for the manufacture of ropes and the support of boats for travelling across the river. The stems were also employable towards making primitive boats for hunting and fishing. The papyrus reeds had an additional quality of giving short life spans. This suggests that individuals could use the reeds to make papers for writing.
In the advancement of North Africa’s states, there was a significant growth in settlements. Settlements were elements that naturally grew out of economic involvements (Gilbert and Reynolds 2012:67). For instance, the fishing activity created a community of fishermen that shared a common interest of involving themselves in water activities. The farmers consequentially attracted the boat makers and traders who would benefit out of availing the fish to other communities. Eventually, people made homes that grew into cities. As the towns grew, there was interdependence between the fishermen, farmers, and others because of trade. It is crucial to highlight that this growth involved thinkers and technologists who would think upon strategies of evolving methods of production.
It is notable that Egypt is highly regarded as a principal source of modern civilization. This civilization highly propped on the architecture that Egyptians practiced. For instance, the Egyptians made the pyramids that are still confounding elements in terms of empiricism and aesthetics. It is, however, vital to note that these structures hugely depended on large availability of water that could allow for shaping of bricks and other building materials. The individuals could harvest trees from the river in making roofs and other structures for building houses, worship places, and other living places. This kind of construction enabled the kings to build dynasties and control huge populations since they possessed significant protection from adversaries.
The River Nile was a critical element that eased transport. It is crucial to highlight that the deserts were a vast environment that only camels could provide transport. The camels were, however, slow and could not huge loads. In this regard, the River Nile could allow boat travels for individuals who participated in trade and travelled for settlements. The river could fill this role because it is large. Besides, it flows slowly and faces mild hamper from boulders and rockers that normally underlie rivers. The individuals were clever in taking feasible routes and going to specific destinations that would be occur through river travels. By utilizing the flow of winds, boats could easily move in the Nile waters.
It is notable that the River Nile was a critical force towards tourism. In the leap towards colonization, the foreigners shared a huge attraction to the scenic river. The regions that were close to the rivers were favored places for settlements since they a picturesque view. For instance, lush vegetation and scenic trees lined the basins of the river. This vegetation was a critical attraction in the development of cities as the individuals developed a sense of pride in the beauty of the desert. The Nile River has clear waters and other types of vegetation that are prominent living places for birds and other types of animals. In this sense, it formed a considerable attraction to foreign interests that would thrive on the interesting environment that the waters could provide. The presence of the river created a mini-climate that was critical for cool temperatures at day and warmer temperatures at night. This is an element that props settlements.
The Nile was a critical element in the migration of populations. Due to its attraction and frequent flooding, populations would move in search of better places. Besides, the nomadic lifestyles dictated that individuals move close to the rivers during periods of drought. In this regard, there was transfer of skills and frequent communication that could aid trade and intellectual growth.
The River Nile was, therefore, a vital mark in the advancement of the North African states. To begin with, the waters helped in agriculture since they could sustain animals and plants. Irrigation was a critical tool that depended on the large water body. In addition, the river was critical in establishing settlements and supporting beautiful architecture. It is notable that cities and other forms of settlements grew out of economic involvements that related to the river. The river, due to its size and slow-moving waters, enabled transport. As a critical mark of a civilization, the river influenced migration and foreign attraction for further advancement by the given communities.
References cited
Gilbert, Erik and Jonathan Reynolds 2012 Africa in world history: from prehistory to the present. New York: Pearson limited press.