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The Ripple Effects of Sleep Deprivation
The Ripple Effects of Sleep Deprivation
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The Ripple Effects of Sleep Deprivation
As the world advances, more people could exhibit particular behaviours that may entail the need to have fun, work or study for extended hours. Besides, disorders such as sleep apnea, insomnia, and anxiety could lead to loss of sleep (Mysliwiec et al., 2013). Accordingly, not sleeping for the recommended duration of around eight hours a day could result in catastrophic consequences. Previous studies suggest that enough sleep promotes proper functions of the brain and body by allowing them to restore their chemical balance, develop and heal (Health Line, 2020). Even so, common signs of insufficient sleep could entail daytime fatigue, irritability, yawning and excessive sleepiness. Besides, the adverse consequences of lack of sleep tend to attract ripple effects by expanding and worsening over time.
Brain Damage
Extended sleep deprivation leads to exhaustion and damage to the brain. Since sleep plays crucial roles in ensuring that the brain remains healthy and works properly, inadequacy or lack of it could result in detrimental consequences. As one of the most vital organs of the body, the brain acts as the main controller of virtually every human activity as well as psychological and biological processes. Hence, damage to the brain would render humans less effective and efficient. Accordingly, a person may behave awkwardly due to brain damage. Specifically, lack of sleep facilitates Alzheimer’s brain damage following high-production and distribution of tau in the brain.
Moreover, inadequate or lack of sleep leads to undesired changes in mood (Pilcher & Huffcutt, 1996). Specifically, sleep deprivation adversely impacts on certain functions of the brain. In the short-run, persons without enough sleep tend to be quick-tempered, emotional and moody. Unfortunately, the situation could escalate and worsen, leading to depression and anxiety. Although anxiety acts as one of the factors that lead to loss of sleep, the opposite is true. That is, lack of sleep leads to anxiety. Besides, sleep deprivation worsen anxiety, hence, making it more difficult for the victim to sleep (Sanders, 2018). Therefore, sleep deprivation causes a change in mood, which in turn lead to anxiety and depression at the long-run.
Also, insufficient or absence of sleep impairs concentration and thinking (Ratcliff & Van Dongen, 2018). Since inadequacy of sleep weakens the performance of the different parts of the brain, a victim would exhibit certain characteristics such as poor problem-solving capacities, creativity and concentration. Similarly, memory issues emerge from sleep deprivation. Since the brain utilizes sleep periods to establish and develop vital connections that facilitate processing and remembrance of new information, short- and long-term memory loss could occur due to inadequacy of sleep.
Accidents and Conflicts
As adverse effects of sleep deprivation occur, an individual and other members of the community could encounter related consequences. Since lack of sleep impairs certain functions of the brain, a victim would be more prone to errors and mistakes that may attract fatal accidents (Health Line, 2020). For instance, lack of concentration could increase the chances of road accidents among drivers. Likewise, the inadequacy of sleep results in poor body balance, which in turn, renders an individual more prone to accidental falls and related accidents. When lack of sleep compromises with the brain’s essential functions of the brain that facilitate balance, an individual would experience imbalances.
Moreover, a quick-tempered and moody individual with poor problem-solving capabilities could appear unsocial. Subsequently, an individual would engage in more conflicts and fights with other members of the community. Hence, the adverse effects of deprivation of sleep would escalate and affect more people in the community.
Poor Immune System
Sleep deprivation would discourage development and operation of the immune system. The immune systems tend to rely primarily on sleep time to generate vital protective elements, including cytokines that are essential for the body on matters regarding the fight and prevention of diseases. Besides, the body heals and grows as one sleeps. Therefore, deprivation of sleep would discourage the development of the immunes system as well as significant healing and growth processes. Since the body rids itself of toxic byproducts during sleep times, such harmful elements would accumulate to high levels during instances of sleep deprivation (Health Line, 2020). As such, an individual could become more prone to ailments because the body cannot fight pathogens nor clear toxic byproducts effectively.
Poor Health
Insufficient sleep tends to accelerate the development of lifestyle and chronic diseases like diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and cardiac arrest. Since sleep serves as the period through which the body rests, sleep deprivation means no rest. Instead, the body and brain would be overworked by sleep deprivation. Moreover, the lack of sleep would negatively affect the production of vital hormones that facilitate essential processes like digestion. Precisely, insufficient sleep negatively affects the production of ghrelin and leptin hormones that control feelings of fullness and hunger (Health Line, 2020). As a result, an individual could exhibit high appetite that attracts more food consumption, hence increasing chances of becoming obese. Still, sleep deprivation could render a person exhausted, hence discouraging participation in important physical activities that facilitate the development of muscles and use of calories (Patrick et al., 2017). Therefore, obesity seems to be inevitable among persons who encounter lack or inadequacy of sleep.
Consequently, obesity could facilitate the development of other disorders such as diabetes, high blood pressure and heart attack. For instance, excessive body weight would result in overworking of vital body organs like the kidneys, lungs and the heart. Subsequently, such organs could feel overwhelmed and may cease to function if adequate rest is not available. Also, the lack of sleep would trigger the body to generate excess insulin. Since insulin controls sugar levels in the blood, an individual would probably experience type 2 diabetes from the large volumes of insulin (Health Line, 2020). Therefore, lack of sleep disrupts the normal functioning of the body, thus attracting more health complications.
Breakage of Families and other Sex-associated Relationships
Insufficient sleep leads to poor sexual performance because it attracts low libido. Specifically, poor sleep could lead to a decline in the generation of vital sex hormones, including testosterone in men and estrogen in women (Health Line, 2020). Accordingly, families and other persons whose connections rely mainly on sexual activities could disintegrate. Instead, blames, serrations, and divorces could ensue due to the failure for either of the engaged parties to accomplish their roles and responsibilities.
Death
Additionally, chronic sleep deprivation could result in the death of an individual. Various aspects that may entail physical accidents, ailments and organ failures could lead to the death of a person. For instance, a lack of sleep triggers a stroke that causes death (Aguirre, 2015). Therefore, lack of sleep could indirectly lead to death by facilitating other events such as stroke, high- blood pressure and diabetes.
Conclusion
Overall, sleep deprivation attracts ripple consequences that tend to worsen over time. Although minor symptoms and signs such as sleepiness, fatigue, and yawning signify inadequacy of sleep in the short-run, other catastrophic consequences could occur at the long-run. Such worst impacts may include the poor immune system, brain damage, accidents and conflicts, and breakage of families and relationships that rely basically on sex for their existence. Eventually, sleep deprivation would lead to death by facilitating the occurrence of such events as stroke and accidents. Still, the varied adverse consequences of sleep inadequacy tend to be interrelated as evidenced with the linked. Therefore, insufficient or lack of sleep is a serious aspect that draws devastating consequences that multiply and worsen over time.
References
Aguirre, C. (2015). What would happen if you didn’t sleep? – Claudia Aguirre. Retrieved 14 March 2020, from https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-would-happen-if-you-didn-t-sleep-claudia-aguirreHealth Line. (2020). 11 Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Your Body. Retrieved 14 March 2020, from https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep-deprivation/effects-on-body#8
Mysliwiec, V., Gill, J., Lee, H., Baxter, T., Pierce, R., Barr, T. L., … & Roth, B. J. (2013). Sleep disorders in US military personnel: a high rate of comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea. Chest, 144(2), 549-557.
Patrick, Y., Lee, A., Raha, O., Pillai, K., Gupta, S., Sethi, S., … & Smith, S. F. (2017). Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive and physical performance in university students. Sleep and biological rhythms, 15(3), 217-225.
Pilcher, J. J., & Huffcutt, A. I. (1996). Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: a meta-analysis. Sleep, 19(4), 318-326.
Ratcliff, R., & Van Dongen, H. (2018). The effects of sleep deprivation on item and associative recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44(2), 193.
Sanders, L. (2018). A lack of sleep can induce anxiety | Science News. Retrieved 14 March 2020, from https://www.sciencenews.org/article/lack-sleep-can-induce-anxiety
The Rights of the Colonists
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The Rights of the Colonists
The ‘Rights of the Colonists’ was a document written in the year 1772 by Samuel Adam (Adams, 417). During this time the United States was a colony of Britain and Adams was among the radical leaders who organize successful protests in the fight for their rights. Due to oppression, the colonists had no option rather than fight for the recognition of their rights. It is around this time that the United States was fighting for their independence and it is around this time that they were preparing for independence. It was only four years before the signing of the Declaration of Independence. The ‘Rights of the Colonists’ was written during the series of meetings conducted in Massachusetts after the governor dissolved the colony’s assembly. A committee of correspondence was, therefore, necessary to be appointed, and thus three hundred townspeople met and did the voting. Samuel Adams was given the mandate of preparing the first draft as his colleagues had seen the potential in him.
The rights of the colonists defined the rights of the colonist in distinct groups, and these include the natural rights of the colonists as men, as Christians and as subjects of the British crown (Schwartz. The natural rights included the inherent rights of a person that includes the right to life, liberty and right to own and defend property. Every subject in England is entitled to the natural rights to worship God of his conscience, dictating the rights of Christians in worshiping. The rights of the colonists as subject postulated that the subjects were to be provided with the absolute rights similar to the Englishmen and all the freemen, in and out of the society that includes personal liberty, security, and private property. The author was motivated to possessing the same rights as the Englishmen, as he termed the rights to be inseparable to the subjects born in Great Britain as they recognize that as their home.
The document, ‘Rights of the Colonists’ is vital in that it reminds us about the history of the U.S before attaining its independence, reminding us that our forefathers as well fought for the independence that we enjoy, they were as well discriminated and treated as subjects. The ‘Rights of the Colonists’ was significant as it was aimed at bringing equality between the locals and the colonizers. The Boston town meetings were a series of preparing the future of the United States, and it is from these meetings that the ‘Rights of the Colonists’ were drafted. All men are equal, and there should be no discrimination in applying the law (U.S Constitution), Adams was well conversant with this, and therefore he drafted the document calling for the realization as well as the granting of equal rights as those of the Englishmen.
The colonists were deprived the right to property as the parliament, and the King of Britain believed that they were entitled to levy taxes to the colonies to fund its activities such as the French and Indian war and this led to the imposition of taxes on tea (Ward). The colonists were not happy about the new taxes and upset by the fact that the British government had decided to tax the colonies without their consent. The colonists, therefore, had to take action, not again pleading with the government as it had already violated their rights. The ‘Rights of the Colonists’ therefore was developed to safeguard and protect the basic and inherent rights, prohibiting the parliament and the King from further exploitation without the colonists’ consent. Rights are universal and inherent, and therefore they should not be restricted by any individual, government or state. Everyone has the right to worship and get entitled to the same treatment and rights as those born and bred in that country. There should be no discrimination in the application of the rights implying that every person should be treated equally.
Work Cited
Adams, Samuel. “The Rights of the Colonists.” Work 7 (1906): 417-428.
Bill of Rights Institute. ‘The Rights of the Colonists’. Retrieved form: https://billofrightsinstitute.org/founding-documents/primary-source-documents/the-rights-of-the-colonists/Schwartz, Bernard. The great rights of mankind: A history of the American Bill of Rights. Rowman & Littlefield, 1992.
Ward, Harry M. The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society: War and Society in the United States, 1775-83. Routledge, 2014.
This paper reviews the concept of consumer attitude and underscores its importance in consumer decision making in purchasing
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Consumer Behavior
Introduction
At a time when globalization and competition within the business world have intensified significantly, it has become increasingly difficult to influence the attitudes of consumers towards particular brands. Emergent research ascertains that consumers tend to be faced with various challenges whenever they attempt to offer a logical explanation regarding their tendency to be strongly attracted to certain brands as opposed to others. Similar challenges are also experienced when they try to offer an explanation as to why certain brands tend to evoke strong negative feelings whenever they come in contact with them.
Empirical studies affirm that the price of goods and their benefits are no longer the sole factors that determine the selection of a given product by the consumers. Advertising has been identified as one of the factors that trigger certain emotions in the consumers. However, more often than not, consumer attitudes tend to be strongly attached to the exclusiveness and intrinsic worth of the product. This paper reviews the concept of consumer attitude and underscores its importance in consumer decision making in purchasing furniture. Using one advertisement, it further evaluates the impact of consumer attitude on consumer decision making in purchasing furniture.
Consumer attitude refers to an intention that is either permanent or achieved and which leads to either favorable or unfavorable response to a specific objects or group of objects (Banyte, Egle & Regina, 2007). Consumer attitudes play an integral role in determining the ability of the consumers to purchase furniture. At this point, it should be appreciated that furniture is a durable good and generally, it is not purchased frequently (Mitra, 2006). As such, consumers tend to be critical when making relative purchases and attitudes play a leading role in determining the inherent tendencies. Attitudes always encourage the consumers to either make purchases or refrain from buying. In other words, they determine the motives of consumers and therefore have a direct effect on the final decision made by the consumers with regard to making purchases.
With respect to purchasing furniture, attitude plays an important role in determining the final decision of consumers. Basically, it attracts them towards desirable or pleasant attributes and makes them to distance themselves with unpleasant products. This according to Banyte et al (2007) enables the consumers to purchase furniture that they perceive desirable and pleasant. Further, attitudes play an instrumental role in unconsciously defending the ego of the consumer during the buying process. This increases the confidence of the consumer regarding the particular choice that s/he has made during purchasing.
Usually, attitudes are employed by consumers in turning their qualities and perceptions in tangible and easily expressed forms. In this respect, consumers are able to relate their values, prospects and lifestyles with certain qualities found in the furniture (Banyte et al, 2007). This is important in enhancing the consumer satisfaction with the given product. In the long run, this impacts on the decision making process of the consumers as they are likely to choose products that they are satisfied with.
As indicated earlier, advertisement influences the attitude and perception of consumers in different ways. In return, this impacts on the decision making process of consumers seeking to buy furniture. For instance, it is certain that the Topolansky furniture advertisement has diverse impacts on consumer attitude that shape their decision making process. Notably, the impacts affect the perceptions of the consumer throughout the respective phases of decision making. At the problem recognition stage, the consumer recognizes the need to make the purchase (Sherry, 2005). With regard to furniture, the consumer might recognize that the current furniture is no longer functional or is worn out.
At this particular stage, the respective consumer tends to be dissatisfied with the quality of the product. There exists a disparity between the degree of the quality of furniture that the consumer desires and the actual quality that s/he has. In most cases, Perner (1999) indicates that consumers are motivated by the need to acquire new products that have entered the market or are simply encouraged by marketers to upgrade or change the brand. Notably, the Topolansky advertisement of furniture seems to capture all these concerns in an effective manner. In particular, the feature of new arrival is likely to make the consumer to recognize the need to make necessary changes. As such, this is likely to increase the urge to make the purchase.
The next step of information search entails various efforts undertaken by the consumer in a bit to find relevant and comprehensive information about the types of furniture that are likely to bridge the gap between their desire and reality. Sources of information are wide and varied and can be categorized as either external or internal. Consumer attitude in this regard enables the consumer to not only receive and select information but to also organize and interpret the same in order to make viable deductions. The promotional message found in the Topolansky advertisement with regard to reduction of prices would possibly attract consumers seeking to make furniture purchases. In addition, it can be ascertained that the presentation of the message in the advertisement can increase consumer attention, comprehension and enable the same to recall it.
At the alternative selection stage, consumers make comparisons between different brands and products (Mowen & Minor, 2009). The characteristic assessment if greatly influenced by the perceptions and attitudes that consumers have from the outset. Essentially, consumer attitudes tend to be both cognitive and affective in nature. The presentation in the advertisement is likely to evoke different attitudes in the consumer as a variety of attributes and presented therein. The presentation of multiple attributes is an ideal strategy that is employed by the company to offer the consumer base a wide range of alternatives. By placing emphasis on the vital attributes that the consumers prefer, the advertisement has succeeded in proving vital information that can be employed in shaping the criterion employed by consumers in making purchases.
The next important stage in consumer decision making entails the purchase decision. This is done after a critical analysis of the different alternatives that have been presented to the consumer (Sherry, 2005). In some instances, purchase intention does not necessarily lead to actual purchasing. At this stage, marketers are encouraged to adopt approaches that are likely to influence the consumer to make purchases. Topolansky seems to have mastered this art as distinct strategies are employed in encouraging the consumer to make actual purchase. Specifically, the promotion regarding price reduction is likely to entice the clients to make positive decisions. The fact that the reduction of price does not compromise the quality of the furniture makes this desirable and attractive to the consumer base.
Finally, the post purchase evaluation stage is defined by the consumer’s evaluation of the purchasing decision after s/he has used the product for a certain period of time. This is based on a comparison between the performance of the product and the consumer expectations (Perner, 1999). Post purchase discontent results when the performance of the particular furniture is not in line with consumer expectations and vice versa. This is particularly common with costly products such as furniture. The Topolansky advertisement has addressed the issue of post purchase discontent by providing sufficient information regarding the quality of their furniture. This information supports the process of learning that increases the awareness of the consumer about the provided furniture. This also shapes attitudes and consumers are able to make an informed choice before buying the furniture.
Conclusion
Consumers are increasingly being faced with the challenge of making vital decisions with regard to choice of brands. This can be attributed to a wide range of quality products that are currently available on the market. Advertisement plays an important role in shaping the attitudes of the consumers that then determine the decisions made by the consumers at different stages of decision making. Since furniture is a durable good and costly good, consumers tend to be very critical when making purchases. The Topolansky advertisement has several important features that play an important role in shaping consumer attitudes. In the long run, this is likely to have diverse impacts on the ultimate decision that the consumer would make with respect to purchasing the furniture.
List of Reference
Banyte J, Egle J & Regina V, 2007, Relationship of Consumer Attitude and Brand, Emotional Aspect, Accessed 27th June, 2010 at, < HYPERLINK “http://www.ktu.lt/lt/mokslas/zurnalai/inzeko/52/1392-2758-2007-2-52-65.pdf” http://www.ktu.lt/lt/mokslas/zurnalai/inzeko/52/1392-2758-2007-2-52-65.pdf>
Mitra T, 2006, Consumer Behavior Report, Home Furniture and Appliance Trends, Accessed 27th June, 2010 at, < HYPERLINK “https://mr.pricegrabber.com/september_2006_home_furniture_and_appliance_trends.pdf” https://mr.pricegrabber.com/september_2006_home_furniture_and_appliance_trends.pdf>
Mowen C & Minor M, 2009, Consumer Behavior, A Framework, Accessed 27th June, 2010 at, < HYPERLINK “http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:rCqYrZ2ysC0J:www.consumerbehavior.net/powerpoint/Ch7%2520Attitude.ppt+impact+of+consumer+attitude+on+consumer+decision+making&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ke” http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:rCqYrZ2ysC0J:www.consumerbehavior.net/powerpoint/Ch7%2520Attitude.ppt+impact+of+consumer+attitude+on+consumer+decision+making&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ke>
Perner L, 1999, Consumer Behavior, Accessed 27th June 2010 at, < HYPERLINK “http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer_Behavior.html” http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer_Behavior.html>
Sherry R, 2005, Consumer Behavior, Accessed 27th June, 2010 at, HYPERLINK “http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/Consumer-Behaviour/997433” http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/Consumer-Behaviour/997433
Topolansky Advertisement, 2010, Accessed 27th June, 2010 at <http://www.topolansky.co.za/?gclid=CNKm5djUwKICFQ93ZgodeVw_6Q>