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this paper reviews the aspect of illegal immigrants.
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Illegal Immigrants
As the corporate environment becomes more complex and turbulent due to the implications of globalizations, populations are increasingly being forced to look for finer niches that can enable them to earn a living with ease. Seemingly, various opportunities that can enable the respective populations to further this good are available in the developed nations. For this reasons, populations are increasingly moving to the developed nations that have sufficient opportunities for economic exploration. However, it is worth appreciating that the geographical space as well as social utilities can not accommodate the traffic wishing to move to the region. This has culminated in illegal immigration that has far reaching implications on the general wellbeing of the country. It is in this consideration that this paper reviews the aspect of illegal immigrants.
In the United States, an illegal immigrant can be defined as a person, usually a foreign national who has gone against the national laws and immigration policies of the United States by remaining or entering the country without following the proper legal channels required (Mohl 245). The number of illegal immigrants in the United States has been steadily declining since 2007 primarily due to the US government’s crackdown on illegal immigrants which involved identifying and locating such persons and then deporting them back to their country of origin.
Statistical evidence indicates that the majority of illegal immigrants in the United States are Hispanics and other people from Latin America (Mohl 245). The main reason for this is that the US shares a border with Mexico which is also inhabited not only by Mexicans but also other illegal immigrants from Latin American countries. These people are attracted by the prospect of a better life for them and their families and believe that just by crossing the border into America they can secure a good job, get a good house and live comfortably.
With regard to composition, Flores indicates that illegal immigrants living in the US constitute of 56% Mexicans, 22% Latin American Natives, 13% Asians, 6% Canadians and Europeans and 3% Africans and other nationalities (Espenshade 196). The definition of illegal immigrants in the US is complex. The first definition refers to entry in the United States. This is the most common way of classifying illegal immigrants. Most of them (around 7 million) arrive in the United States via illegal entry. They usually gain entry into the country via smuggling which is considered a profitable business by those who conduct it.
The second definition refers to those that overstay with their visas in the United States. Sometimes someone comes to visit a relative or to study and then when the visa expires they remain in the country. Most of these people normally lack the money to continue staying in the US but they also do not want to go back home, so they stay with the hope that they might secure a job or some good fortune might befall them. The final definition refers to the faction that violates Border Crossing Cards. A border crossing card is a card that allows one to enter the United States for a definite period of time and when this time runs out the holder of the card is supposed to leave US territory. A number of people use this opportunity to overextend their stay and in the process are classified as illegal immigrants.
Population demographics indicate that since the early 1990s, the number of illegal immigrants has been more than the number of legal immigrants (Barkan 230). This is a worrying trend that has got the US government doing everything it can in order to reverse it. Since majority of illegal immigrants are Hispanics, they tend to move to areas which are heavily populated with Hispanic communities and therefore finding them is difficult. This has changed however, with the latest statistics showing that the current illegal immigrants have taken to living anywhere within the country. It is estimated that close to 14 million people come from families in which either of the parents or the head of the household is an illegal immigrant (Barkan 231). It has been noted that the current batch of illegal immigrants seem to be better educated and well articulated compared to other groups which arrived earlier.
This is illustrated by the fact that at least 25% of illegal immigrants who have arrived in the United States in the not so distant past have at least a college education. Despite this, illegal immigrants generally tend to be less educated when compared to the rest of the US population. 49% of them have not completed high school education, which is in stark contrast to only 25% of legal immigrants and a measly 9% of Native Americans. Illegal immigrants can be found in different sectors of the US economy, and this is because they tend to be desperate and therefore accept any job that they can be offered. In 2005, the National Public Radio released figures which showed the percentage of illegal immigrants that work in the various sectors of the US economy.
They revealed that 33% are in the service industries, 3% in Agriculture, 16% in construction and allied occupations, and 17% in repair, installation and production (Flores 88). Other figures that were released in 2006 indicated that 21% are found in the service industries, 4% in farming, 19% in construction and other allied occupations, 25% in repair, installation and production, 12% in sales, 10% in management and 8% in transportation (Barkan 256). Illegal immigrants generally have low incomes when compared to the earnings of Native Americans and legal immigrants. They however tend to experience an increase in their earnings as they continue their stay in the United States.
These figures show the population of illegal immigrants in various states within the United States as of January 2006.
State of residence Estimated population in January Percent of total Percent change Average annual change
All states 11,555,000 100 37 515,000
California 2,930,000 25 13 53,333
Texas 1,640,000 14 50 91,667
Florida 980,000 8 23 30,000
Illinois 550,000 5 25 18,333
New York 540,000 5 – –
Arizona 500,000 4 52 28,333
Georgia 490,000 4 123 45,000
New Jersey 430,000 4 23 13,333
North Carolina 370,000 3 42 18,333
Washington 280,000 2 65 18,333
Other states 2,950,000 26 69 200,000
Source: Barkan 277
As indicated earlier, illegal immigrants have had diverse impacts on the holistic wellbeing of the country. To begin with, Flores ascertains that the economic implications have been immense (92). Illegal immigrants exact a huge toll on the economy since they do not pay taxes but use facilities and benefit from programs offered by the government just like other native-born Americans and legal immigrants. As such, they are often considered to be the main cause of the various economic problems that affect the American people. Their impact is felt in various areas including wages and employment, mortgages and taxes and social services.
This practice has also impacted in different ways on law enforcement and Apprehension. In this regard, Illegal immigrants compel the government to spend a lot of money in order to control illegal immigration and therefore they increase the amount of expenses incurred by law enforcement agencies which have to track them, deport them and prevent their involvement in illegal activity. Since majority of them have problems securing jobs, they tend to be involved in illegal activities just to make money. This leaves law enforcement agencies with a huge task of controlling those activities. Illegal immigrants engage in identity theft, drug trafficking, slavery and gang violence (Barkan 281).
Also worth mentioning is the environmental impact that the immigrants have had on the United States. According to Mohl, the influx of illegal immigrants has led to environmental degradation in various areas (266). This is primarily because they are often ignorant of the need to preserve and protect the environment and therefore exercise little discretion in the way in which they live and conduct themselves. This is probably caused by poor education or the lack of it. The United Sates has been compelled to employ a significant percentage of financial resources in addressing environmental degradation. The low environmental literacy amongst this faction of the population has culminated in overexploitation of natural resources and in some instances depletion of the same. At this point, it can not be disputed that illegal immigration has had adverse effects on the general welfare of the United States.
Works Cited
Barkan, Eliot. Return of the Nativists? California public Opinion and Immigration in the 1980s and 1990s. Social Science History, 27.2 (2007): 229-283. Print.
Espenshade Thomas. Unauthorized Immigration to the United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 21.1 (1995): 195-201. Print.
Flores William. New Citizens, New Rights: Undocumented Immigrants and Latino Cultural Citizenship. Latin American Perspectives, 30.2 (2003): 87-100. Print.
Mohl Raymond. Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late Twentieth Century Alabama. Alabama Review, 55.4 (2002): 243-274. Print.
This paper reports on the plans to implement a training program for Beebe High School, Arkansas
School Program
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School Program
This paper reports on the plans to implement a training program for Beebe High School, Arkansas. This will be in response to the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (JROTC) demand for such an evaluation. As a fresh graduate of Recruiting and Retention School, I will do all that I can to deliver the best plan that if implemented, will change many schools in the larger United States of America (USA) (Kliebard, H., 2004).
Before coming up with my proposals, I will first of all carry out an evaluation of this school. This will acquaint me with the relevant information I will use as a baseline for my analysis. In doing this, I will focus on the following areas:
Population
Knowing the total number of learners in this school is very important. It will help me in making the right decision without any over estimation. As a result, I will come up with the right mode of instruction to adopt.
Economic status
Ascertaining the level of economy of this school and the learners will help me in designing an appropriate program. In other words, the program should be appropriately based on this.
Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (JROTC).
When doing this activity, I will consider JROTC. It is the military department that deals with the high school pupils. Therefore, before designing a program, I consider its policies and guidelines. If I do this, I will not do anything contrary to its demands (Kliebard, H., 2004).
Military reputation
The success of my plan will depend on the general image of military to the public. Depending on this, I will design the program to restore confidence to the people. As a result, it will make the program appealing to them.
The program
The above evaluation will acquaint me with the appropriate information to use in a proper designing of the training program to be used in other schools. If I do this, I will get an admirable training program with the following features:
It should be dynamic
A dynamic program will be flexible enough to cater for the diverse needs of the learners. A typical program brings together many learners from different backgrounds. All of them have varying needs and abilities. In order to make them fit in the military career, special attention should be taken to deal with each of them. If this is done, the program will make sense to them.
It should be psychologically sound
A good program should incorporate all the theories of learning to make it applicable in various situations. It should clearly spell out the expository and heuristic strategies to be adopted during its implementation. The inclusion of the techniques will help the program to appeal to the learners. Besides, it will make it easier to handle the learners without many problems. Eventually, they will understand what is being taught (Lutz, C. and Lesley B., 2009).
It should be relevant
The program should address the prevailing conditions in the learners’ environment. Meaning, it should cater for newness, creativity and novelty. Such experiences will help learners to relate the learning to their real life hence appreciating the program. If the content is not addressing real issues affecting the learners, it will lack credibility. This means that it should have the recommended scope for a thorough cultivation of the learners’ attitudes, interests, skills and appreciations (Lutz, C. and Lesley B., 2009).
In conclusion, I would like to agree with the fact that a training program can only succeed if it is well designed to address the diverse needs of the recruits. Therefore, in designing military training program for the high school pupils, an extensive research should be carried out to ascertain the extent to which it will succeed. For it to appeal to the target group, it should be dynamic and relevant to them. Otherwise, none of them will aspire to joining military.
References
Kliebard, H. (2004) The Struggle for the American Curriculum., New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
Lutz, C. and Lesley B. (2009) Making Soldiers in the Public Schools: An Analysis of the Army
JROTC Curriculum. American Friends Service Committee.
this paper provides an intrinsic analysis of the theme of revenge as explored by Shakespeare and Hurston
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Revenge
Introduction
In most literary works, authors lay great emphasis on the ability to relay vital information to the audience. To attain this, different approaches are employed to ensure that the required standards are attained without compromising the quality of work. In order to develop the plot in an effective manner and at the same time be able to deliver the expected quality, authors employ themes and styles. In his Hamlet, Shakespeare succeeds in exploring a host of themes that augment each other towards the development of the plot.
One of the themes that assume a central position in his study is the theme of revenge. Notably, all activities revolve around this and Hamlet employs it in satisfying his anger. Likewise, Hurston’s Spunk explores the theme of revenge and makes it central to his plot. Just like Hamlet, Hurston pursues revenge to satisfy his anger. Notably, the theme of revenge is equally useful in the development to this plot. It is in this consideration that this paper provides an intrinsic analysis of the theme of revenge as explored by Shakespeare and Hurston.
Revenge is a painful and emotional feeling that compromises the ability of an individual to pursue rational thought. It is characterized by “immense feelings of hatred that are also spiteful as well as anger” (Bone 144). By undermining the ability of an individual to think effectively and be in position to make informed decisions, revenge always influences an individual to carry out activities that have grave implications. Just like Hamlet, Joe pursues revenge even after his death. Notably, the inherent strong feelings and urge compel an individual to pursue the desired activity and fulfill the same under any circumstances. Essentially, it is posited that “an individual cannot be able to experience peaceful feelings without having fulfilled his plans for revenge” (Bone 144). As it will come out from the study, the protagonists go to extreme lengths to satisfy their anger by pursuing revenge.
In Hamlet, revenge is an integral theme as it influences the activities that are assumed by the main character. To begin with, it is certain that the ghost of Hamlet’s father urges him to pursue revenge against King Claudius. It advices him to “revenge his foul and most unnatural murder” (Shakespeare 51). The ghost further tells him “The serpent that did sting thy father’s life now wears his crown” (Shakespeare 53). This ascertains that King Claudius indeed murdered his brother, King Hamlet and took over his throne. The ghost of King Hamlet continues to taunt Hamlet by informing him that the honor of any man is to have the capacity to avenge his death. Coupled with the anger he had for his mother marrying King Claudius too soon, Hamlet accepts to avenge King Hamlet’s death.
In order to pursue this without raising any suspicions, Hamlet decides to feign madness. His revenge has far reaching implications on the life of several individuals who get hurt despite not participating in any way in King Hamlet’s death. In particular, Hamlet’s plot to revenge his father’s death has adverse effects on his girlfriend, Ophelia. His feigning of madness makes him to treat her in a shocking manner. Not only does he call her a whore but he also fails to reciprocate her love, regardless of the fact that she loved him whole heartedly (Perry 88).
Coupled with the death of her father, this harsh and unfair treatment makes her to run mad and eventually commit suicide. Even after this, Hamlet still believes “ This is most brave, That I, the son of a dear father murder’d, prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, must like a whore, unpack my heart with words” (Shakespeare 93). In this regard, it is certain that Hamlet does not care about the adverse implications that his actions had on other people. He stays put to satisfy his urge of revenging the death of his father.
His need for revenge drives him to have Claudius tried in court in order to test his innocence with respect to killing King Hamlet. In this regard, it is certain that Hamlet was following the instructions given by his father’s ghost. In particular, Perry indicates that his “test was meant to provide a sign that would be instrumental in proving the ghost’s message” (56). The King’s outburst gives Hamlet a chance to insult his mother about her infidelity. Hamlet later mistakes Polonius who had hidden behind a rug for King Claudius and stabs the rag with a dagger. Again, the resultant physical and emotional turmoil can be accredited to the vengeful feelings of Hamlet.
Notably, Hamlet despises Claudius so much that he abandons his plan to kill him while he is praying on the premise that he would possibly go to heaven as opposed to hell. He cites “Now he is praying…a villain kills my father and for that, I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven” (Shakespeare 68). In this respect, it can be posited that Hamlet believed that by exercising, he would be able to kill Claudius and send him to hell.
The theme of revenge is also inherent in the duel that Laertes and Hamlet engage in on return from England. Before this, Hamlet takes measures to apologize for his past activities and blames his madness for the murder of Rosencrantz and Guildenstem who had accompanied him to England. In this scenario, it is certain that Laertes is also working under the influence of anger and hatred for Hamlet. In this regard, it can be argued that he had ulterior motives to kill Hamlet for his selfish interests.
Nevertheless, he accepts the apologies and promises to maintain honor. Thus he informs Hamlet “I am satisfied in nature, whose motives in this case should stir me most to my revenge; but in terms of honor I stand aloof … I do receive your offered love like love and will not wrong it” (Shakespeare, line 319). Despite this, he goes ahead to choose a sword that is poisoned. During the fight, the swords get swapped and he is also stabbed with poison. When his mother dies from drinking poisoned wine and he is also informed that he would die because of the poisoned sword, Hamlet finalizes his plans for revenge by forcing the king to drink the wine too. He yells “Here, thou incestuous, murd’rous, damned Dane, Drink off this potion. Is thy union here? Follow my mother.” (Bullough 88).
In his Spunk, Hurston also explores the theme of revenge and employs this in the development of his plot. This revenge is undertaken by a supernatural power that is angered about the infidelity of its former wife. On realization that his wife was having an extra marital affair with Spunk, Joe Kanty takes measures to kill the former. It is indicated that “ Joe came out there wid a meat axe an’ made me kill him” (Bone 144). However, as indicated, he instead gets killed and his wife has a chance to marry Spunk whom she had fallen in love with. Notably, the population expects Lena to find to marry again as it is exemplified by the author, “The women ate heartily of the funeral baked meats and wondered who would be Lena’s next’ (Hurston 8). Since they had been in love for a significant period of time, it is certain that Lena had already accepted Spunk as her husband even before the death of Joe Kanty.
Women in this society are portrayed as adulterate beasts that pursue relative behaviors that hurt their husbands. Unlike in Hamlet, Joe has the ability to pursue revenge even after his death. According to Gates and Lemke, this is a clear indication that vengeful feelings were hurtful even to the death. It is a symbol of the gravity of pursuing revenge. Essentially, the relative hateful feelings enslave an individual and make it difficult for the same to experience peace even in the world of the spirit. In this respect, it is indicated that “Now Joe knew his wife had passed that way. He knew that the men lounging in the general store had seen her, moreover, he know that the men knew he knew” (Chidi 184) This implies that Joe was angered by the fact that his wife would marry Spunk, a person he knew very well and interacted with on a daily basis.
This can be used to explain why the spirits of the dead in both instances decide to return. It is posited that since they had bitter feelings at the time of their death, they are restless and find it difficult to enjoy the peace that is characteristic of the spirit world. In his analysis, Bone ascertains that Joe could not have had any peace of mind in the spirit world because of the fact that he did not only have a painful death but he also died while cursing. This clarifies the presumption that the protagonist experienced immense physical as well as emotional pain. The immense physical pain can be attributed to the nature of death that he succumbed to. On the other hand, the emotional pain stems from the vengeful feelings that he had for Spunk.
Joe’s return to haunt Spunk made his (Spunk’s) life miserable and one that was devoid of peace. In this condition, he does not exhibit ill feelings for his wife but rather pursues Spunk whom he believed could not have married his wife. Thus at this point of time, it is certain that his anger is directed towards Spunk whom he believed had influenced his wife in to the relationship. Notably, a similar scenario is exhibited in Hamlet. Beside the ghost of King Hamlet indicating that his wife is “an adulterous beast” (Shakespeare (32), it does not take any measures beyond this. It instructs his son to pursue King Claudius instead and kill him in order to secure his honor.
By assuming the form of a huge back cat, it is certain that Joe’s spirit is angry and would therefore go to extreme lengths to pursue its revenge. From a historical point of view, a black cat was a representation of evil spirits. In addition, it was a symbol of a bad omen in conventional societies and as therefore avoided in all instances. Perhaps this can be used to explain why Spunk was frightened at its sight. In this respect, Neale cites “But Spunk says twan’t no bob-cat nohow. He says it was Joe done sneaked back from hell!” (Neale 19). The fact that Spunk believed that Joe was in hell indicates that he was aware that Joe was pursuing him to satisfy his revenge.
Conclusion
Revenge is a bitter feeling that compels an individual to pursue certain activities in anger. This clouds the ability of the individual to base the inherent activities on a rational thought and informed decisions. Thus in most instances, revenge culminates in adverse effects and hurts other individuals, regardless of the fact that they would not have directly offended the pursuant. This is inherent in Hamlet when individuals such as Polonius and his daughter Ophelia succumb to death as a result of Hamlet’s bitter feelings and relative activities. Fundamentally, the theme of revenge is employed by both Hurston in Spunk and Shakespeare in Hamlet to develop their respective plot. From the preceding analysis, it is certain that revenge had far reaching implications on the welfare of both the protagonist and the target individuals.
In Hamlet, this contributes significantly to the downfall of Hamlet who wanted to revenge against Claudius. It not only leads to the death of his mother, but to his painful demise too. Most importantly, it can be implicated for the death of Claudius who is forced to drink the poisoned wine. In spunk, the urge for revenge leads to the death of the Joe as he attempts to kill Spunk. Nevertheless, he comes back in form of a spirit and succeeds in killing Spunk. At this point, it can be concluded that the theme of revenge has been successfully employed by both authors to develop their plot.
Works Cited
Bone, Robert. “Zora Hurston.” In Down Home: Origins of the Afro-American Short Story. Columbia: University Press, 1988, pp. 144-5.
Bullough, Geofrey. Major Tragedies in Hamlet. Columbia: University Press, 1993.
Chidi, Ikonne. From Du Bois to Van Vechten: The Early New Negro Literature, 1903-1926, Contributions in African-American and African Studies 60. USA: Greenwood, 1981.
Gates, Louis & Sieglinde, Lemke. Introduction to The Complete Stories. USA: HarperCollins, 1995, pp. xiv-xv.
Hurston, Neale. Mules and Men. USA: Harper & Row, 1990, pp. 2, 19
Perry, Margaret.“The Short Story.” In Silence to the Drums: A Survey of the Literature of the Harlem Renaissance. USA: Greenwood Press, 1986.
Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. The Riverside Shakespeare. USA: Houghton, 1974.