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The Relationship Between Deforestation and Global Warming and how to Control Deforestation
The Relationship Between Deforestation and Global Warming and how to Control Deforestation
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Deforestation is the cutting down of trees in the forests permanently without replacing them. In other words, deforestation can be defined as clearing forested land and converting it to a new use such as farming, setting up of ranches and creating homes for humans. Global warming, on the other hand, increases in the atmospheric temperature above the average in the climate system which results in climatic change. Human activities on the earth cause this climatic change, things like deforestation, greenhouse farming, burning of fossils and wood to produce fuel end up causing global warming. When substances are burnt to release fuel, gases are emitted which pollute the atmosphere. Carbon (iv) Oxide is one of the gases emitted from these fossils. Australia is among the world largest CO2 producers. Deforestation is among the causes of climate change, however, when there are fires in the forest, insect invasions that lead to trees dying, they are not regarded as deforestation because these areas will always grow back. When the area affected by forest fires is claimed by man for other activities, trees will not grow back thus this is then classified as deforestation.
Causes of deforestation
Overpopulation is one of the causes of deforestation where land is cleared so that people can settle. The world’s population increases yearly where the number of children born every year is higher than the death rates. The population is estimated to increase by 1.1% every year that is an approximate average of 82 million per year (Entwisle, B., Stern, P. C., National Research Council (U.S.)., & National Research Council (U.S.). 2005). To accommodate this population increase trees are cut down and land reclaimed for settlements. As population increases, there is the need to expand roads, railway lines and airports to facilitate a means of transport. To make sufficient infrastructure, forests are cleared down for road construction, railway lines expansion and airports and ports expansion.
Mining is another activity that creates the need for cutting down trees. Scientist research in the tropical forests for any available minerals underground, and when they discover they then clear the land to start mining the minerals underground. There is a rise in mineral prices thus when a mineral is discovered no one compromises the forests since there is a lot of money in selling minerals. After mining the lands are then followed by constructions such as houses, roads or reclaiming the land by creating electricity generation systems. Mining is a good activity only if the forests are spared and people research on bare land for minerals.
Paper industry is a threat to the forests since wood is used to make paper. The world’s top paper producers include countries like, China, Canada, America, and Japan which produces over 420 tons of paper every year. To produce 400 tons implies that approximates 600 million trees are converted into the paper which is a lot if reforestation (the process of cutting down old trees and replacing them by a new tree) is not done. The paper industry grows due to the increasing world’s population which means the demand for using paper increases.
Agricultural activities such as cattle keeping, farming, and poultry keeping is a significant cause of forest depreciation. The rise in population means an increase in food demands thus agricultural plantations and other human efforts have to be in place to facilitate this need. Agricultural plantations by humans are expanded by clearing forested land and reclaiming them for agricultural use. greenhouse farming is the current trend in many countries across the world, to set up this houses land has to be cleared and in a way, forests are cut down for this use. cattle ranching is very common in America especially in Latin America where cattle keeping is a major agricultural activity. The need to have large ranches and new ones makes the humans clear forests. Research shows that for the past thirty years’ forest ins Latin America have reduced by over 20 percent and regions that grow pasture and invest in cattle farming have grown through similar agricultural activities (Durham, W. H., & Painter, M. 1998). There has been an increase in cattle population which in return the dairy products and meat have increased as well as agricultural produce to sustain the human population have increased too.
Logging is another threat to the forests, where a large number of wood needs by the matchstick industries, furniture and manufacturing industries as a source of fuel. Timber has become expensive and many people risk the forest because of the income obtained by selling timber to the industries. Cooking in large institutions commonly use wood for fuel, where illegal cutting down of trees in the forest is done to obtain the wood. Logging facilitates clearing down trees to create roads in the forests for trucks to pass since tree cutting happens in the middle of the forests where quality trees are found (Entwisle, B., Stern, P. C., National Research Council (U.S.)., & National Research Council (U.S.). 2005). Through selective logging, large trees felled end up destroying small trees reducing the forest canopy. The trees cut are used for furniture making, paper production, and fuel production.
In the world toad, the above activities in the forests are done and fewer people bother replanting the trees back to maintain the forest canopy and tree population at large. This leads to a depreciation in the forests. Another cause of deforestation was based in the mid-20th century where forests were burnt down by warriors to scare away the enemy during wars. Also, people cleared the forests to set up hiding homes during a war to attack the enemy through guerrilla warfare. After wars, nobody bothered replanting the trees but went back to their homes celebrating a victory. A research by Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) in the tropical forests concluded that between 200 and 2009 a total of approximately 32milion acres of land containing tree plantations were cut down every year. The EDF currently warns the world that the pace at which people are cutting down trees for different purposes is alarming and governments need to do something about the situation.
How deforestation causes global warming and climatic change
Trees, directly and indirectly, affect the earth’s temperature which brings about a global warming case. Trees are responsible for climatic change and when cut down they impact negatively on climatic change. Tress aid in the drawing up water from the earth soil and releasing it into the environment, that is the atmosphere. This is commonly referred to as the water cycle where cutting down trees interrupts the water cycle. Since trees have been cut down thus the failure to draw water from the soil making the atmosphere dry. In most cases when you go to deserted places, areas where trees are few and turning centers you will always find the humidity level to below (Grover, V. I. 2009). In tropical areas where there is more tress, there is always high levels of moisture in the atmosphere thus low and favorable temperature conditions for human living. When the environment is less humid it leads to an increase in the atmosphere’s temperature. Cutting down trees without replacement aids in the long-term climatic change such as desertification characterized by temperatures above 26 degrees Celsius.
Trees aid in locking up Carbon (iv) oxide in the atmosphere where they take up CO2 and release oxygen to the atmosphere which is then used by animals and humans during breathing. Cutting down trees means that carbon (iv) oxide is retained in the atmosphere which in turn causes global warming. Trees use carbon(iv) oxide during photosynthesis and this reduces CO2 Levels in the atmosphere, which results in long-term fluctuation of this gas (Hunt, C. A. G. 2011). Long-term effects of deforestation are felt when there is no carbon intake and the levels in the atmosphere increase causing a rise in temperature. The temperature of the earth mainly comes from heat due to the sun, where the level of temperature is between heat from the sun and the one bouncing back into space. Carbon (iv) oxide is a heat absorbing gas which then absorbs the heat meant to go back to space and later releases it to the atmosphere causing a rise in temperature thus global warming. The process of trees using up carbon (iv) oxide from the atmosphere is called carbon “sink” where deforestation hinders the effectiveness of this activity. Per every two acres of tropical forests, it is believed that 350 metric tons of carbon are stored thus cutting down an acre at once implies 180 metric tons of carbon(iv)oxide gas is released to the atmosphere which is dangerous (Hunt, C. A. G. 2011).
Albedo process is affected by deforestation. Albedo refers to the fraction of electromagnetic radiations reflected by a body or surface according to the dictionary. Weather scientists refer the albedo process to the event in which radiations from the sun are reflected back into space which in turn reduced temperatures in the atmosphere. In most cases, radiations from the sun are always reflected by the snow surfaces. Cutting down trees leads to reduced moisture which affects snow formation thus less of the sun’s radiations are reflected in space. When most of the radiations are absorbed in the atmosphere there results in warming which after a period of time becomes global warming. General Circulation Models (GCM’s) have explained that deforestation leads to a slower albedo rate by the land.
Lastly, deforestation indirectly cases global warming where trees cut are burnt to produce fuel where in this process Carbon (iv) oxide and other gases are released into the atmosphere. Also, trees produce wood which is the key raw material in the paper industry, by facilitating the paper industry there are gases emitted such as nitrogen, methane and carbon gases. Humans cut down trees to set up greenhouses for food production where there are gases emitted in this type of farming. The gases include methane, chlorofluorocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, which absorb heat from the space and later release to the atmosphere resulting in global warming. Cattle keeping and livestock farming is another source of greenhouse gases, burning of fossil fuels releases carbon and nitrogen oxides which also contribute to global warming.
How global warming (climate change) affects tree population
It is a vice versa activity where trees are cut down they cause global warming, and this climate change later destroys other trees or prevent fast growth. The first effect of global warming on the forests is that increased temperatures in the atmosphere will lead to a slow growth rate of trees. Also, heating up of the atmosphere in some environments mostly leads to shifting of the geographical habitat of some tree species thus depreciating forests coverage in the affected regions. Specific tree species grow in specific conditions; an example is the mahogany tree which grows in tropical conditions thus if the region’s conditions are no longer favorable the species might end up being extinct in the region reducing the population (United States. 1989). Cactus is known to grow in arid and semi-arid regions thus global warming in a specific region will lead to this type of species being common in the arid region.
Global warming increases the risk of drought and dry season in some areas and flooding and heavy rainfall in the alternate areas. The risk of drought implies that there will be less plant growth when such season come. Drought makes it hard for trees to grow since the moisture in the atmosphere is less to even facilitate the first stage of plant growth. Global warming leads to interrupted snowmelt timings thus leading to seasonal water availability which in turn affect effective tree and plant growth (Grover, V. I. 2009). Some tree species do not grow in drought areas thus by global warming provoking drought it means that there will be less natural trees growing thus the natural forests will be affected. Drought can lead to forest fires because shrubs and trees that are dry produce fuel used by wildfires thus global warming comes with risks of causing a wildfire. Trees always produce sap that prevents insects such as pine beetle which destroys them, however, when there is drought it becomes hard to produce the sap thus easily destroyed.
Lastly, global warming indirectly affects forests through flooding which in turn causes soil erosion making the forest areas to be less in nutrients making trees to grow slowly or wither then die. At the oceans, warm currents due to global warming build up slowly giving time form the storm formation and when they make a landfall they are characterized by heavy rainfall. Scientists say that climate change may result in intensified storms which can cause floods due to the record rainfall (United States. 1989). Other effects of global warming include ocean acidification due to an increase in the concentration of gases in the atmosphere. Change in ecosystems since animals and other creatures will migrate to other regions that favor them compared to the harsh conditions in the drought region (Grover, V. I. 2009). Reduced crop production which will, in turn, affect food availability which will result in migration by humans. Human activities lead to global warming which then affects their general health since drought brings issues such as lack of food and water scarcity which may long-term lead to malnutrition. Drought also leads to the death of wildlife and wildlife diseases because of unfavorable conditions characterized by high temperatures, less food and lack of enough water.
Solutions to deforestation
Since deforestation comes with negative effects being among the key causes to global warming there are solutions to reduce the rate of deforestation thus preventing global warming. Many are less aware of the long-term effects of deforestation which are very adverse such as global warming, drought, and loss of species living in the forest. To help solve the problem the first thing is to educate on the dangers and disadvantages that come with deforestation as a human activity. Education can be done through government programs set to increase awareness in the nations, individuals educating friends and family and having schools to teach about deforestation and its effects of global warming. Through education, people will be aware and an impact on reducing tree cut down will be made.
Advocating for reforestation is the best way to solve deforestation since there is the need to cut down forest then replanting is the best thing to do. When one cuts tone tree then he or she needs to plant two, this should be a policy in all the regions. This will help compensate the trees cut at the moment and those that were cut before without replacement (Wolvekamp, P. 1999). Law and regulations need to be in place which they will advocate for replanting trees once one has the permit to cut down one and in failing to abide by the rules, there should be huge fines and consequences that will make people have no choice.
Green business should be the way to go by everyone where it encourages reusing and recycling products. Greenways of manufacturing and using minimal resources possible can help reduce the rate of deforestation by a great margin. Recycling wood used in fires can be through using the charcoal produced further for fuel production. Plastics and paper can be recycled to avoid cutting down trees for more production yet the plastics are thrown away after a single use (Greenpeace South East Asia-Indonesia, & In Webster, S. 2014). People should have the option of using recycled paper, printing books, notebooks and tissue paper this will reduce the demand of new products which indirectly will limit the industries to acquiring less wood from the forests for paper production.
Eating less meat will reduce the need to clear forests to set up cattle ranches and farms. Also, technology should be on the lookout to come up with new ways to expand the roads, for example, investing in underground roads and railway tunnels rather than clearing forested land for expansion. For those who are aware of the dangers of deforestation should always buy fiber products that have a certification from the forest systems and authorities. Organizations should come together that is the wildlife, forestry and water departments need to team up and advocate for forest conservation because forests are home to wildlife and major water catchment areas. When these organizations come together they can advocate for forest conservation and ensure they aim at the same goal of protecting, restoring and preserving forests. Community forestry should be encouraged where schools, government, and organizations team up to protect their local forests by advocating for conservation (Wolvekamp, P. 1999). Community forestry also entails planting trees in areas left bare to make the environment sustainable. Schools also need to be planting trees during ceremonies, sports days and on the worlds environmental day to increase the number of trees in their environment.
Things to note about forests and deforestation
Amazon forests give about 20% of the oxygen in the world thus we need to protect this forests and other forests to retain and improve oxygen level.
Deforestation may be a threat to hydro diversity where over 25000 species may go extinct in the next 100year if deforestation rates continue to increase as it the case right now. Among the endangered plants that may go extinct if deforestation rates continue to increase are Rafflesia and Orchids (Wolvekamp, P. 1999).
Deforestation leads to global warming which in turn causes floods, heavy rains, soil erosion, and wildlife deaths.
Global warming is said to be increasing and the key factor speeding it is deforestation where each year forests estimated to the size of Panama are cut down.
The Amazon, Cerrado, Eastern Australia, Congo Basin, Borneo, Greater Mekong, New Guinea, Sumatra, Eastern Africa, Atlantic Forest and Choco-Darien are among the top ten forests that are under the danger of deforestation. This forests are home to over 50% of the animal species and need to be protected (Owens, C. 1999).
In conclusion, forests are very important to humans, animals and other plant species thus need to be protected and more trees planted. The effects of global warming are bad enough to affect the existence of some species thus to protect this lives we need to advocate for the importance of forests and prevent unplanned cutting down of trees with no intentions of replanting. Countries need to participate fully in the program by the United Nations called Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD). It is our role as individuals to protect and educate the illiterate about the importance of forests and effects of deforestation.
References
Durham, W. H., & Painter, M. (1998). The social causes of environmental destruction in Latin America. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
Entwisle, B., Stern, P. C., National Research Council (U.S.)., & National Research Council (U.S.). (2005). Population, land use, and environment: Research directions. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Greenpeace South East Asia-Indonesia,, & In Webster, S. (2014). Down to zero: How Greenpeace is ending deforestation in Indonesia : 2003-2013 and beyond.
Grover, V. I. (2009). Global warming and climate change: Ten years after Kyoto and still counting. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Hunt, C. A. G. (2011). Carbon sinks and climate change: Forests in the flight against global warming. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Owens, C. (1999). Deforestation. Chanhassen, MN: Child’s World.
United States. (1989). The potential impact of global warming on agriculture: Hearing before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, second session on the potential effects of global warming and global climate change on U.S. agriculture and forestry, December 1, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O.
Wolvekamp, P. (1999). Forests for the future: Local strategies to prevent deforestation, economic blunders and injustice. London: Zed.
This paper is focused on the discussion of the societal vice and the effects it has had on America and its citizens.
Outline
Introduction
A brief explanation of the contents of the paper which is racism
History
An analysis of the facts that led to racial discrimination in the American society and the existing races in the country
American Position
The stand of American citizens on the issue and whether or not preventive measures are taken
Effects
A discussion of whether any good has come out of it and the reaction of the victims and the natives of the country
Disadvantages
This section gives an analysis of how the concept has affected the victims negatively
Conclusion
Final sum up and the possible recommendations to curb the problem and summary of the whole discussion
Introduction
Generally speaking, the United States of America has been one of the countries affected most by racial discrimination. This is basically the intolerance of different communities or ethnic backgrounds by the opposite or differing group. Undoubtedly, America is commonly recognized for its mixture in races such that the numbers/percentage of the natives has been on the constant decrease since they attained their independence. It is also worth noting that this is largely attributed to their history and has been recorded in some instances as very intense. However, with time, most people have adopted to the fact of mixed races that scholars have claimed to be inevitable and irreversible. Usually, the government of any country is fully mandated to protect its citizens and the residents from social, political, and economic strain that may compromise their security and peace of mind. This has forced the United States of America to take a strict stand on the issue in order to guarantee peaceful coexistence. The ramifications of racial discrimination are also quite obvious especially for the minority communities. Studies have shown that racism is mostly based on skin color and not necessarily the ethnic background of the individuals. This paper is focused on the discussion of the societal vice and the effects it has had on America and its citizens.
Abstract
From the introduction, it is clear that racism is not an accepted act in the society and by the government at large. The circumstances that led to the coexistence of different races in America are quite unfortunate which have led to the groups with darker skin color being compromised. This is also very clear from the history sine the initial American inhabitants were the Red Indians. Controversy over the rights of either group is also questionable since all the current citizens are hardly the original inhabitants. It is unlikely that the citizens with lighter skin color are much discriminated considering they may look like the Whites who settled before the white, thus supporting the argument that discrimination is based on skin color rather than ethnic community/background. It is also worth noting that the settlement of the blacks was as slaves, thus creating a negative stereotype in the opposing groups. It has become quite difficult for them to appreciate them as equals. This basically explains the concept and that the history of the country elaborates its existence. This has been of much negative effects considering it is generational and to some extent, the gap keeps widening. Studies have however shown that racism is likely to reduce following the election of a black resident, Barack Obama. He is viewed as a possible link for the two races that have differed over the years.
History
As discussed earlier, the history of America is a great influencer of racism and the racial discrimination that exists in the country. More than 200 years ago when America gained its independence, it had very little man power that could develop its economy which they finally had a chance to control. They were colonized by the British who were the controllers of their economic and political affairs. At this time, the British army and its soldiers transported Africans from their countries to work as slaves in the land. Resistance was not an option since at the time; most African countries were fighting for their independence, thus, under the control of their European masters. In the process, White British settlers occupied most of America, thus the natives appeared insignificant. The Black community was also on the increase since they gave rise to new generations. At independence, much time had passed, new generations were brought up that could not distinguish the Whites as from Britain. However, it was so vivid that the Black people were from Africa. They could not trace their locations though thus, had to continue living in America.
Disregard for each other was evident and the slavery did not immediately stop. Some white settlers still owned black families who worked for them under very harsh conditions. The incompatibility of the two groups was clear with most Africans very bitter of the fact that they were forced from their land to a place where they could not be appreciated. This gave birth to racial discrimination where despite the actual person an individual was, they were viewed as a threat and an outcast to the other. The term was much avoided in the past for fear of negative reaction on its mention. The association of certain behaviors such as criminal activities was associated with the lacks as the whites having been the educated and learned for long, openly avoided them for fear of being victims. This is seen even in today’s America where there is no guarantee of coexistence and mostly, residential areas are clearly defined for either one oft the groups but not both. This is undoubtedly a reaction from the history of the country.
Position/stand
Ironically, despite the role of a country’s leadership to protect all its citizens, it is quite clear that some of the ancient president of America were supportive of racial discrimination. This has since changed with the rise of some leaders such as Martin Luther and Jeff Kennedy. Some popular historic figures such as Nat Turner and other former presidents of the State have openly disregarded the behavior and claimed that it can only work to the destruction rather than the building of the country. Though they perished for their consistent fight, they gave a slid stand on the issue that gained popularity among the people of booth races. It was actually possible for them to experience minimal incidences of intermarriages which were unheard of. The American government today, following the historical circumstances has been quite stern on the racial behaviors and how the people respond to it. Response to the mentioned leaders has not always been positive, thus shows further the position of the people.
Though not documented or much publicized, the people of America are quickly gaining a more positive stand on the issue of social and racial discrimination. This is especially due to the recently experienced economic crisis that affected both the White and Black community, thus, reducing the social discrimination as well. As had been perceived, the lower social classes had mostly the black community which furthered the prejudice. With this crisis, this changed and classes were all inclusive, thus, need to coexist together. It is therefore a fact that the people’s position changed and viewed each other slightly more as equals. Despite the crisis, the change in the people’s perception has changed with the increased interaction and rise of the black community to higher ranks than they were initially doomed to be. Despite studying, they reach further extremes both academically, career wise and in terms of their talents. Despite the measures that the government takes to improve the situation, it has been proved beyond doubt that the solution lies with the people and decision to end racial prejudice is highly dependent on the leadership and inspiration provided.
Effects
It is quite difficult to justify that some good as actually come off racism and discrimination based on skin color. However, this is indirectly evident from the American history. Judging by the reactions to the wrong treatment of the black community, some inspirational leaders rose that would begin the journey most analysts refer to as liberation. Particularly, they needed liberation from the bondage of hopelessness and feeling of being less human. For instance, Martin Luther is a celebrated historical figure whom despite his death for what he believed in, continued the journey to equality of all American citizens regardless of the skin color. He clearly stated that his wish would be to see a day where the treatment of people would not be due to what color of skin they have or part of the country they come from. He wished for people to be judged by their merit sand capabilities. It is believed that election of President Obama is a continuation of what he started and a journey to the giving of hope to the hopeless. Though a negative at, racism through some of these leaders worked a great deal toward improving morale and esteem of people with the realization that they could achieve equality.
Disadvantages
Bitterness
The most pronounced disadvantage of the racial discrimination is the bitterness that the black community in America has faced. In this case, the inclusion of the Latin American people is inevitable considering their skin color is less light. Generally, this is due to the fact that settling in the country for most African Americans was not optional and that it was forced during the colonial period. It is also due to the feeling of less opportunities as they are still considered as the weaker link regardless the fact that the have resided in the same environment for very long. The White community though less pronounced, they are to some extent also bitter with the racism existing. The excessive distance created and particulars decide as of different races may leave them quite disturbed. This is especially because they limit the chances of socialization and giving of hope to the affected parties. Despite on group appearing more of a victim than the other, research has shown that both parties are negatively affected.
Delinquency
With the low self esteem that the black community might have following discrimination based on race, likelihood to feel the urge to revenge may arise. This has led to reports of various criminal activities by people including kids. Schools have also reported extremely violent behavior on the opposing sides since the discrimination seems to be in all sectors. It was previously noted that giving of hope to the victims especially the blacks has been quite a challenging task. Most of the kids have emulated poor behavior alongside the hopelessness in their neighborhoods which has led to the adoption of criminal behaviors. Targets in most cases are the White people. However, social analysts have proven that instead of getting the satisfaction they are looking for, the cycle keeps going round as they widen the gap. For instance, an attack by a black gang in a white community would increase the distance and widen the gap of socialization. This will be experienced not only by the specific victims but by the whole group, thus, turns out to be a fresh form of discrimination. Therefore, the problem keeps building up rather than get solved.
Conclusion
Undoubtedly, racial discrimination has caused more harm than good, not only for the United States of America but other countries affiliated. With much focus on the skin colors, it is possible to note that most non citizens of America with white skin color are treated better by the whites. For instance, Indians received less harsh treatment since thy bear the lighter skin. Complains from Africans and African American citizens have caused an alarm over what was presumed a very critical problem. The fact that there is no specific victim in this case and that they al have suffered harsh treatments from each other is also worth noting. It is also clear that delinquencies have also risen from the effects and trauma from such acts. What might have started a s a simple brush off has led to yeas of bitterness and hared such that co-operation between the blacks and whites is difficult to push through. However, scholars and researchers are optimistic that the election of President Barrack Obama to power may be the first step towards uniting the two groups in order to have them see beyond their skin colors and backgrounds and judge based on merits and individual capabilities.
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This paper is aimed at providing a rapid appraisal of fifteen articles, articles
Research Article Project
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Research Article Project
This paper is aimed at providing a rapid appraisal of fifteen articles, articles . The articles are mainly on the surgical site infection (SSI) that follows a knee and hip arthroplasty. The SSI has increasingly become a common complication of the orthopedic surgery that can result to mortality, morbidity, and hospital costs.
Merollini, K. MD; Crawford, R.W & Graves, N. (2013). Surgical treatment approaches and reimbursement costs of surgical site infections post hip arthroplasty in Australia: a retrospective analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 13:91.
The article indicates that surgical site infection following the basic hip arthroplasty is caused by the wound contamination when carrying out surgery and the treatment that should be administered is unclear within Australia. The problem statement is therefore clear since it seeks to identify the various treatment approaches and the costs in Australia and Queensland. The article has provided adequate statistical information between January of the year 2006 and December 2009 in Queensland hospitals. Further, the diagnosis and subsequent treatment of the infection was determined using ICD-10-AM and ACHI codes and these were able to demonstrate the gravity of the inadequate treatment approaches that could be administered. The study included 114 patients, which was sufficient sample that could be able to help in the study. Indeed, the article has satisfied the scientific merit of research paper and the topic under investigation is relevant.
Miletic, K. G., Taylor, T. N., Martin, E. T., Vaidya, R., & Kaye, K. S. (2014). Readmissions after Diagnosis of Surgical Site Infection Following Knee and Hip Arthroplasty. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 35(2), 152-157. doi: 10.1086/674854
The article has adequately described the problem statement. Having noted that SSI is a common complication the article investigated the readmission costs and rates for the total knee and hip arthroplasty. The article has reported a retrospective cohort study using the data that was obtained from Thomson Reuters MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters and the Medicare Supplemental data bases between the year 2007 and 2009. The article incorporated statistics in evaluating the differences existing between the groups using student t- tests and x2. Indeed, the article has applied adequate data collection and analysis techniques and the problem statement falls within the topic of interest.
Asaid, R. R., Williams, I. I., Hyde, D. D., &Tiang, T. T. (2013). Infection rates following hip and knee joint arthroplasty: large referral centre versus a small elective-only hospital. European Journal OfOrthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, 23(2), 165-168. doi:10.1007/s00590-012-0937-8.
The study indicates that there are infections that occur after hip arthroplasty and therefore aims to assess the incidence and the subsequent risk factors. There was statistical information incorporated. Nevertheless, the study did not give adequate information on the statistical methods used in the data analysis. Despite all this, the study was within context since it aimed at reducing the infections occurred after hip arthroplasty.
Cabral, R. (2012). Infection in periprosthetic hip fractures. Hip International, S79-S82. doi:10.5301/HIP.2012.9575
The problem statement of this article is relevant since it is aimed at addressing the prevalence of complications caused by hip arthoplasties where the bone has the ability of leading fracture around the femoral and acetabular prosthesis. This often involves a difficult surgical solution. The study was carried out between October 1990 to the December 2010 where 112 clinically cases with the periprosthetic hip features were clinically treated. Nonetheless, the study is not clear on the statistical information that was incorporated in the analysis of the data presented. The study has used percentages to report the rate of occurrence of the particular problem in the general population. Finally, the article has supported the problem statement that is indicated.
Baker, J. F., Vioreanu, M. H., & Harty, J. A. (2012). Clostridium perfringens infection complicating periprosthetic fracture fixation about the hip: successful treatment with early aggressive debridement. Hip International, 22(1), 122-125. doi:10.5301/HIP.2012.9046.
The article acknowledges that an infection because of joint arthroplasty is a serious complication in the orthopedic surgery in the context of mobility and subsequent morbidity in the eradication of the infectious organism. The article contains a case report of 87 year old that went through primary left total hip arthroplasty. There is no adequate statistical information provided. Nonetheless, the article supports the proposed change where is shows the kinds of treatments that were accorded to the patient.
Schrama, J. C., Lutro, O. O., Langvatn, H. H., Hallan, G. G., Espehaug, B. B., Sjursen, H. H., & Fevang, B. T. (2012). Bacterial Findings in Infected Hip Joint Replacements in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis: A Study of 318 Revisions for Infection Reported to the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. ISRN Orthopedics, 1-6. doi:10.5402/2012/437675
The study recognizes that prosthetic joint infection is prevalent and not very frequent complication among patients with joint replacement surgery. The article problem was well founded since the study was intended to find out the infections involved during hip joint replacement. The article incorporated statistical information from the Norwegian Arthroplasty Registry and several other statistical techniques such as chi-square and t-test. These techniques ensured validity and reliability of the results. The article reported that there are no statistical significant differences in the various bacterial findings on the patients. However, the article supported the intended investigation on the hip joint infection.
Llewelyn, C. A., Taylor, R. S., Todd, A. M., Stevens, W., Murphy, M. F., & Williamson, L. M. (2004). The effect of universal leukoreduction on postoperative infections and length of hospital stay in elective orthopedic and cardiac surgery. Transfusion, 44(4), 489-500. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.03325.x
The study indicates that there is prevalence in hip arthroplasty and therefore aims to assess the incidence and the subsequent risk factors. There was statistical information incorporated. Nevertheless, the study did not give adequate information on the statistical methods used in the data analysis. Despite all this, the study was within context since it aimed at reducing hip arthroplasty.
Randau, T. M., Friedrich, M. J., Wimmer, M. D., Reichert, B., Kuberra, D., Stoffel-Wagner, B., & … Gravius, S. (2014). Interleukin-6 in Serum and in Synovial Fluid Enhances the Differentiation between Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Aseptic Loosening. Plos ONE, 9(2), 1-6. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089045.
The article recognizes the problem statement by stating that periprosthetic joint infections that occurs after joint replacement is severe and has remained a challenge to the orthopedic surgery. The article reports on statistical information from 120 patients and several other statistical techniques in data analysis that included ANOVA with Dunn’s post hoc.
Calderwood, M., Kleinman, K., Bratzler, D., Ma, A., Bruce, C., Kaganov, R., & … Huang, S. (2013). Use of Medicare claims to identify US hospitals with a high rate of surgical site infection after hip arthroplasty. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 34(1), 31-39. doi:10.1086/668785.
The study indicates that there are infections that occur after hip arthroplasty and therefore aims to assess the incidence and the subsequent risk factors. There was statistical information incorporated. Nevertheless, the study did not give adequate information on the statistical methods used in the data analysis. Despite all this, the study was within context since it aimed at reducing the infections occurred after hip arthroplasty.
Haenle, M., Podbielski, A., Mittelmeier, W., Bader, R., Gradinger, R., &Gollwitzer, H. (2010). Infections after primary and revision total hip replacement caused by enterobacteria producing extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL): a case series. Hip International, 20(2), 248-254.
The article indicates that implant infections is a serious infections that follows total hip replacement. The article problem was well founded since the study was intended to find out the infections involved during hip joint replacement. The article incorporated statistical information from the three case studies but no adequate statistical techniques on data analysis. However, the article supported the intended investigation on the hip joint infection. The study was relevant to the problem statement and aim of the article.
Witsø, E. (2012). The role of infection-associated risk factors in prosthetic surgery. Hip International: The Journal of Clinical And Experimental Research On Hip Pathology And Therapy, 22 Suppl 8S5-S8. doi:10.5301/HIP.2012.9564.
The article recognizes the infections associated risk factors in the prosthetic surgery and therefore aims at reducing the same. The problem statement is therefore well brought out. There was statistical information incorporated. Nevertheless, the study did not give adequate information on the statistical methods used in the data analysis. Despite all this, the study was within context since it aimed at reducing the infections occurred after hip arthroplasty.
Johnson, A. J., Zywiel, M. G., Jones, L. C., Delanois, R. E., Stroh, D., & Mont, M. A. (2013). Reduced re-infection rates with postoperative oral antibiotics after two-stage revision hip arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 14(1), 1-7. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-123.
The article recognizes the prevalence of reinfections that follows a two stage reimplantation and therefore aims at reducing the same. The problem statement of this article has not come out pretty clear in the context of the topic in question. The statistical information included a review of the data bases of the patients who got treated at a center. Further, the article incorporated mean and several other statistical techniques in data analysis. Indeed, the article supported the problem statement that aims at reducing the reinfections.
Dale, H., Skråmm, I., Løwer, H., Eriksen, H., Espehaug, B., Furnes, O., & … Engesæter, L. (2011). Infection after primary hip arthroplasty. ActaOrthopaedica, 82(6), 646-654. doi:10.3109/17453674.2011.636671.
The study indicates that there are infections that occur after hip arthroplasty and therefore aims to assess the incidence and the subsequent risk factors. The statistical information was received from prospective data from the year 2005-2009. The study involved 3 national health registries in Norway. Nevertheless, the study did not give adequate information on the statistical methods used in the data analysis. Despite all this, the study was within context since it aimed at reducing the infections occurred after hip arthroplasty.
Causey, A. (2010). Learning zone: assessment. Total hip replacement. Nursing Standard, 24(51), 59.
The study indicates that there is prevalence in hip arthroplasty and therefore aims to assess the incidence and the subsequent risk factors. There was statistical information incorporated. Nevertheless, the study did not give adequate information on the statistical methods used in the data analysis. Despite all this, the study was within context since it aimed at reducing hip arthroplasty.
Romanò, C. L., Romanò, D., Albisetti, A., & Meani, E. (2012). Preformed antibiotic-loaded cement spacers for two-stage revision of infected total hip arthroplasty. Long-term results. Hip International, S46-S53. doi:10.5301/HIP.2012.9570.
The study indicates that there are infections that occur after hip arthroplasty and therefore aims to assess the incidence and the subsequent risk factors. There was statistical information incorporated. Nevertheless, the study did not give adequate information on the statistical methods used in the data analysis. Despite all this, the study was within context since it aimed at reducing the infections occurred after hip arthroplasty.
References
Asaid, R. R., Williams, I. I., Hyde, D. D., &Tiang, T. T. (2013). Infection rates following hip and knee joint arthroplasty: large referral centre versus a small elective-only hospital. European Journal OfOrthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, 23(2), 165-168. doi:10.1007/s00590-012-0937-8
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Calderwood, M., Kleinman, K., Bratzler, D., Ma, A., Bruce, C., Kaganov, R., & … Huang, S. (2013). Use of Medicare claims to identify US hospitals with a high rate of surgical site infection after hip arthroplasty. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 34(1), 31-39. doi:10.1086/668785
Causey, A. (2010). Learning zone: assessment. Total hip replacement. Nursing Standard, 24(51), 59.
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Dale, H., Skråmm, I., Løwer, H., Eriksen, H., Espehaug, B., Furnes, O., & … Engesæter, L. (2011). Infection after primary hip arthroplasty. ActaOrthopaedica, 82(6), 646-654. doi:10.3109/17453674.2011.636671
Haenle, M., Podbielski, A., Mittelmeier, W., Bader, R., Gradinger, R., &Gollwitzer, H. (2010). Infections after primary and revision total hip replacement caused by enterobacteria producing extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL): a case series. Hip International, 20(2), 248-254.
Johnson, A. J., Zywiel, M. G., Jones, L. C., Delanois, R. E., Stroh, D., & Mont, M. A. (2013). Reduced re-infection rates with postoperative oral antibiotics after two-stage revision hip arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 14(1), 1-7. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-123.
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Randau, T. M., Friedrich, M. J., Wimmer, M. D., Reichert, B., Kuberra, D., Stoffel-Wagner, B., & … Gravius, S. (2014). Interleukin-6 in Serum and in Synovial Fluid Enhances the Differentiation between Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Aseptic Loosening. Plos ONE, 9(2), 1-6. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089045
Romanò, C. L., Romanò, D., Albisetti, A., &Meani, E. (2012). Preformed antibiotic-loaded cement spacers for two-stage revision of infected total hip arthroplasty. Long-term results. Hip International, S46-S53. doi:10.5301/HIP.2012.9570.
Schrama, J. C., Lutro, O. O., Langvatn, H. H., Hallan, G. G., Espehaug, B. B., Sjursen, H. H., & Fevang, B. T. (2012). Bacterial Findings in Infected Hip Joint Replacements in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis: A Study of 318 Revisions for Infection Reported to the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. ISRN Orthopedics, 1-6. doi:10.5402/2012/437675
Witsø, E. (2012). The role of infection-associated risk factors in prosthetic surgery. Hip International: The Journal of Clinical and Experimental Research on Hip Pathology and Therapy, 22 Suppl 8S5-S8. doi:10.5301/HIP.2012.9564