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This paper entails the source evaluation a specified article. The authors, Tsedal B. Neeley, Pamela J. Hinds, and Catherine D

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Source Evaluation

This paper entails the source evaluation a specified article. The authors, Tsedal B. Neeley, Pamela J. Hinds, and Catherine D. Cramton, have conducted the study from which the article was adopted. It is easy to identify these writers because the article starts by listing them immediately after the article title. The writers seem to have a deep understanding and knowledge about the topic area, which is about the hidden turmoil of language in global collaboration (Neeley, et al., 2012). Their biographies depicts that they are experts in organizational behavior, global collaborations, management, and cultural/cross-cultural adaptation among other related fields.

Regarding reliability and validity, the source as well as the information contained within the article can be considered trustworthy or even factual because of their expertise and experience in research activities. Their arguments are based on research in which reliable respondents have given their views with respect to the study topic. The use of respondents implies that the information is reliable, valid, and even objective/subjective. They have even used direct quotes from various respondents to support their arguments with evidence (Neeley, et al., 2012).

The use of primary data from respondents shows that the information is up-to-date and very relevant to contemporary thinking. Most of the issues addressed are presently happening. The article and its information are generally good (Neeley, et al., 2012). It can be concluded that the article meets most of the expected academic conventions at university level. The style and structure are meaningful while the language used is acceptable. It has generally met most, if not all, academic rules expected for individuals producing materials at the university level.

Bibliography

Neeley, T. B., Hinds, P. J. & Cramton, C. D., 2012. The (Un)Hidden Turmoil of Language in Global Collaboration.. Organizational Dynamics , Volume 41, pp. 236-244.

This paper entails coding and transcription of interviews conducted previously.

Interview Transcription

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This paper entails coding and transcription of interviews conducted previously. The interviews were conducted to investigate health issues like obesity and diabetes and their attribution to poverty. Ten different people were interviewed. The interview questions were:

What policies on obesity do you perceive as having failed?

Why do you think these policies failed?

What should be the best strategy to be applied in handling the obesity problem?

What policies can you consider to be a disgrace in the fight against poverty, obesity and diabetes 2?

What can you cite as the major cause of failure of these policies?

Do the nutrition policies, zoning policies, labeling act help in reducing obesity?

What health policies would you recommend the government to implement in order to guarantee a diabetes free environment?

What should be done to encourage healthy eating habits?

Do you think that if the government offered meal vouchers to Americans living in deprived neighborhoods will reduce the rates at which consumers purchase and consume foods with high calories?

There has been recent creation and establishment of recreation parks despite the looming land and space crisis. Do you think this will encourage more people to participate in recreation activities such as swimming, sports and games?

Their responses portrayed both similarities and differences. The interview results were transcribed and coded accordingly to enhance data analysis (Ryder, 1966). This was done as follows:

Theme Number Part. 1 Part. 2 Part. 3 Part. 4 Part. 5 Part. 6 Part. 7 Part. 8 Part. 9 Part. 10

1 Failed Policies P1L1-2 P1L3 P1L3-4 P1L1-2 P1L3-4 P1L16-19 P4L12 P1L1-2 P1L3-6

2 Policy makers’ expectations P1L3 P1L23-29 P2L13-19 P2L17 P1L1-2 P1L23-25 P1L3-2 P1L3-2 P4L13-19

3 Health Practitioners expectations P1L6 P1L1-2 P1L23 P3L14-16 P3L9-10 P2L24-26 P1L1-2 P4L16-19 P1L1-2

4 Expectations of American Society P2L5 P1L6 P2L17 P3L4-6 P3L16-19 P5L13-19 P3L8 P2L16-19

5 Consumption of high calorie foods P3L4-6 P2L5 P3L9 P2L16-19 P2L3-9 P3L27 P5L13-19 P3L16-19 P4L26-27

6 Participation in exercise P3L8 P3L9-10 P2L10 P5L13-19 P3L8 P5L22-23 P3L16-19 P5L18-19

7 Zoning laws aimed at preventing mushrooming of fast-food cafeterias P3L9-10 P3L8 P4L1 P4L31 P5L5-12 P4L22-23 P5L22-29 P3L22-23 P4L22-23

8 Zoning laws in poor neighborhoods P4L1 P4L22-23 P5L13-19 P3L15-23 P3L39 P3L16-23 P5L25-33 P4L14-19 P5L13-19

9 Hispanics and the blacks constitute of poor neighborhood P4L2-3 P4L21 P4L13 P2L30-31 P4L25-32 P5L15-23 P5L28-31 P2L33-36 P3L15-23

10 nutritionally unbalanced food consumption P4L4 P4L16-23 P4L19-24 P3L16-23 P5L28-31 P2L25-30 P5L13-19 P2L30-31 P4L16-23

11 lack of money to purchase nutritionally balanced foods P4L5-8 P1L13-16 P4L16-24 P5L13-19 P4L1-5 P4L16-23 P3L15-21 P3L19-24 P1L13-26

12 High Priced foods P4L10 P3L1-5 – P4L16-24 P3L16-23 P1L34-38 – P4L16-24 P2L13-16

13 False advertising of foods as ‘safe’ P5L1 P3L16-23 P4L14 P5L4 P4L16-23 P5L13-19 P3L15-23 P1L13-16 –

14 desirability of the current policies P5L2-3 P2L13-11 P4L16-23 P1L13-16 – P5L13-19 P5L28-31 P5L13-19 P5L13-16

15 Problem is due to poverty P5L4 P1L34-38 P6L6-10 P3L16-23 P6L23-26 P4L26-33 P3L26-32 P6L6-10 P5L11-15

16 Obesity and Diabetes are related P5L15-17 P4L31 P3L9-20 P5L26-33 P4L21-24 P3L16-23 P5L19-23 P4L16-23 P3L26-33

17 Food outlets offer high calorie foods P5L18 P4L6-11 P1L34-37 P5L6-10 P6L6-10 P3L21-24 P3L9-20 P6L6-10 P5L13-19

18 Fast-food cafeterias deals with high carbohydrate foods P5L19-20 P4L31 P3L29-40 P4L31 P4L25 P3L34-39 P1L34-38 P3L9-20 P4L31

19 shopping behaviors contributions P5L21-25 P3L26-33 P6L6-10 P4L16-23 P4L26-40 P3L9 P3L28-31 P3L29-40 P1L34-38

20 Behavior in supermarkets and cooking areas P5L31 P5L37 P6L13-16 P5L21-26 P6L1-5 P6L6-10 P4L16-24 P6L23-26 P6L13-16

21 Purchase of foods high in carbohydrates P5L37 P6L6-10 P5L13-19 P4L16-24 P5L25-27 P6L21-24 P6L13-16 P2L25-27 P6L23-26

22 Consumption of food in foods high in carbohydrates P6L1-5 P6L1-5 P6L6-10 P6L13-16 P6L6-10 P6L13-16 P6L6-10 P6L6-10 P6L6-10

23 Purchase and consumption of high calories foods P6L6-10 P6L13-16 P6L1-5 P6L6-10 P6L13-16 P6L6-10 P6L21 P6L13-16 P6L13-16

24 high level of fats P6L13-16 P6L21 P6L21 P6L21 P6L1-5 – P6L13-16 P6L25-27 P6L21

25 minute fiber P6L21 P3L28-31 P6L25-27 – P6L25-27 P632 P6L25-27 P5L24-27 P4L25-30

26 foods labeled as ‘low fat’ or ‘safe’ P6L25-27 P632 P632 P6L25-27 P6L21 P6L21 P632 P6L25-27 P632

27 effects that on health P632 P6L25-27 P6L21 P632 P632 P6L25-27 P6L21 P632 P6L25-27

From the above table,

Part.= Participant

P= page number

L= Line number

Simple coding explanation

All the 10 participants were interviewed based on the above questions. All the 27 themes presented in the table were presented by the participants but their arrangements appeared at different points in terms page numbers and lines with the pages. For instance, the theme of failed field policies, by the first participant, appeared in page 1 from line 1 to line 2. The same theme is presented in the first page but between line 3 and line 4 and in page 1 line 1 to line two for the 3rd participant (Ryder, 1966). The same theme appears in page 4 line 12 for the 7th participant. The same applies to all other themes for all the participants. A blank square implies that the specific theme presented along that specific raw was not tackled by the respective respondent. For example, the theme of minute fiber was not addressed by the fourth respondent.

References

Ryder, R. G. (1966). A Clerically Simple Procedure for Coding Interview Materials. American Psychologist, 21(8), 812-816.

This paper argues that the Lewis model fits better than the Harris-Todaro Model in the explanation of the pattern of developm

Economic Argument

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Claim

This paper argues that the Lewis model fits better than the Harris-Todaro Model in the explanation of the pattern of development experienced by Venezuela.

Reason

The Lewis model predicts that in a developing economy, workers move from the agricultural sector to manufacturing sector, leading to an increase in the average income and urbanization, and reduction in inequality and poverty (Misra & Puri, 2010). On the other hand, the Harris-Todaro Model predicts that workers move from the rural to the urban areas, expected income in the urban areas reduces, and the wages in the agricultural sector increase. The equilibrium is reached where the expected wages in the rural and urban areas are equal. Eventually, unemployment in the urban areas increases, and employment in the urban informal sector increases (Lall & Selod, 2006).

Evidence

Economic development in Venezuela between 1989 and 2010 followed the predictions of the Lewis model. As expressed in table 2 in the appendix, income per capita increased from US$2,382 in 1989 to US$13,559 in 2010. The Gini index reduced from 43.8 percent to 39 percent over the same period. Within the same period, the number of people living in the urban areas increased from 84 percent to 93 percent (World Bank, 2014).

Acknowledgement

The Lewis model is based on the assumption that excess, unproductive labor in the agricultural sector moves to the manufacturing sector where there are higher wages than in the agricultural sector (Misra & Puri, 2010).

Response

The assumption of the Lewis model may not always hold. When this happens, empirical results derived in studies may be opposite of expectations (Misra & Puri, 2010). A good example is the increase in poverty levels in Venezuela from 31.3 to 32.5 between 1989 and 2010, as indicated in table 2 in the appendix.

References

Lall, ‎S. V. & Selod, H. (2006). Rural-urban Migration in Developing Countries: A Survey of

Theoretical Predictions and Empirical Findings. Washington DC: World Bank Publications

Misra, S. K. & Puri, V. K. (2010). Economics Of Development And Planning — Theory And

Practice (12th edition ed.). Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House.

World Bank (2014). World Development Indicators. Retrieved from

HYPERLINK “http://data.worldbank.org/country/venezuela-rb” http://data.worldbank.org/country/venezuela-rb

Appendix

Predictions of the Lewis and Harris-Todaro Model models

Predictions of the Lewis Model Predictions of the Harris-Todaro Model

More people move from agricultural sector to manufacturing sector

The aggregate income increases Income

Income inequality reduces in urban and rural

Poverty level reduces

Urbanization increases

More people move from rural to urban

Expected income in the urban areas reduces

Wages in the agricultural sector increase

Equilibrium is reached

Unemployment rate in the urban areas increases

Employment in the urban informal sector increases

World Bank data on income, inequality and poverty levels and share of urban population in Venezuela

Income Per Capita (US$) Inequality (Gini Index) Poverty Level Share of Urban population

1990 2,382 43.8 31.3 84

2010 13,559 39 32.5 93