Recent orders
Low Attendance in Government School
Low Attendance in Government School
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Affiliation
Table of Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256279” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc392256279 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256280” Research Problem: Low attendance in government school PAGEREF _Toc392256280 h 4
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256281” Research Questions PAGEREF _Toc392256281 h 5
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256282” Research Instruments PAGEREF _Toc392256282 h 6
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256283” Research Approach PAGEREF _Toc392256283 h 6
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256284” Reviewing Literature PAGEREF _Toc392256284 h 6
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256285” The importance of good attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256285 h 6
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256286” Parents’ views about low attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256286 h 7
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256287” The causes of low attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256287 h 7
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256288” The effects of low attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256288 h 8
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256289” Findings PAGEREF _Toc392256289 h 8
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256290” Physical Factors PAGEREF _Toc392256290 h 8
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256291” Health PAGEREF _Toc392256291 h 9
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256292” Definite Attitude PAGEREF _Toc392256292 h 9
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256293” Educator Related PAGEREF _Toc392256293 h 9
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256294” Classroom Atmosphere PAGEREF _Toc392256294 h 9
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256295” Home-Related PAGEREF _Toc392256295 h 10
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256296” Discussion PAGEREF _Toc392256296 h 10
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256297” Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc392256297 h 11
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256298” References PAGEREF _Toc392256298 h 12
IntroductionThe issue of low school attendance is presently the center of compelling movement in schools and government schools in Abu Dhabi. It is additionally a high necessity approach concern (Abu-Samaha & Shishakly, 2008 )for which the Government has set a focus to decrease levels of low attendance by one third by 2002. In spite of these efforts, students ‘ nonattendance remains a perplexing and complex issue. This paper presents results from an investigation of low attendance from government schools. The study investigated the perspectives of more alternates that are children, folks, educators, and others working nearly with students about the reason for low school attendance, the parts that folks play in low attendance and the measures taken by Abu Dhabi government and schools to diminish unsuccessful attendance levels. Data was accumulated from 13 elementary schools and 14 optional schools in seven Abu Dhabi government in different parts of the UAE. Altogether, instruction experts, auxiliary school students were questioned, and elementary school students and several finished surveys.
Going to class consistently is urgently critical for an understudy’s instruction and social abilities. Endless low-attendant students are set off guard both socially and scholastically. They pass up a great opportunity for basic phases of social association and improvement with their associates and in the meantime affects adversely on their scholastic advancement. This can come about to low respect toward oneself, social disengagement, and disappointment that could well have accelerated low attendance in any case.
School low attendance is a disturbing issue for executives, instructors, the population, and the public largely, and for the students specifically. Unaccepted nonattendance has a negative impact on associate relationship which could result in low attendance . As indicated by Barza (2013), instructors recognized impacts of low attendance on students as: scholastic under- accomplishment, trouble in making companions which could prompt weariness, misfortune of trust. Additionally, delayed nonattendance can have malicious impacts for the youngster in later life. Students who are missing from school are at the most serious danger of dropping out of school early.
Low attendance additionally influences the instructor’s capability present class work in a consecutive and composed way. This can have an impact on the advancement of every one of students going to the class. The groups of ongoing truants can likewise endure. For a destitution stricken family, it may mean a continuation of the neediness and unemployment cycle that may run in the crew. This additionally helps family clashes.
The general public likewise endures as the offspring of school age stay nearby in the avenues. They might be discovered simply traipsing around. Since they don’t have anything to do, they depend on trivial law violations like taking other individuals’ paraphernalia and properties. Others may fall back on medication compulsion and other conduct that is adverse to pop culture. In this way, if the understudy continues being far from school for a long time, he may grow up to be an obligation of his group and of his nation overall.
It is the point of each school to reduce, if not annihilate low attendance among its learners. One method for tending to this issue is to recognize the reasons why learners get truant from school. When they are singled out, comprehended and examined, particular movements and measures could be embraced. This will in the end redound to the better execution of the learners, instructors and the school when all is said in done.
Research Problem: Low attendance in government school
Since the management of the Government Education Act of 2002, the Abu Dhabi Government has indulged students to guarantee their students go to class. Under present enactment, Abu Dhabi students have a legitimate commitment to guarantee their children go to class between the ages of 6.5 and 16 years. Folks additionally have a commitment to guarantee their children are partaking in school, preparing or ability until they turn 16 or accomplish a recommended capability. Abu Dhabi Government schools work for pretty nearly 200 days every year. Scholars are required to go to class on every a days unless there is a sensible reason. Although individual school and person attendance rates shift extensively, over late years, on any day, 8% of Abu Dhabi’s 380,000 Government school studied in 2010 indicated that were Low attendance from Government school. In light of 2007–2010 information, give or take 60% of Abu Dhabi Government School learners were missing for 80 or more days for every year.
While some learner in attendance is unavoidable and justifiable because of disease and so forth, or upheld through school disciplinary nonattendances, a lot of students are definitely not. These could be unexplained or unapproved low attendance s. Poor school attendance might be connected to various related short and long haul unfriendly conclusions for scholars including lower scholarly results, early school leaving, substance use, neediness, and unemployment and negative wellbeing conclusions. However, these elements may be interrelated in intricate ways and variables that prompt low levels of attendance may additionally freely prompt some of these antagonistic results.
Research QuestionsThe study has five principle questions points, which were to:
Carry out a redesign of late writing on low attendance
Examine the perspectives of more children students about the reasons and purposes behind low attendance
Examine the perspectives of folks, instructors, and others working nearly with students about the reason for low attendance.
Examine the parts folks play in low attendance ; and
Examine the measures taken to decrease levels of low attendance in government schools in Abu Dhabi.
Research InstrumentsThe two research instruments used in the study are surveys and interviews. The transcribing 6 Interviews will be the main source of data and surveys will be the secondary instrument.
Research Approach
This study utilized the descriptive survey method. A survey was utilized to focus the reason for low attendance among the students where they appraised every circumstance/ reason introduced. All the information assembled from the respondents were sorted out, tallied, organized and exhibited in an arrangement of tables and diagrams. Recurrence tallies, rate weight values, and weighted mean were utilized as a part of the examination and translation of information. The reactions of the students were broke down utilizing a 5-point Likert Scale with the accompanying equal: 1 –Never, 2 –Rarely, 3 –Sometimes, 4 -Very Often, and 5 -Always
It is be to be noted that the poll given to the learners were given in their local tongue with the goal them should see better what they were replying, subsequently, giving more risks of precise reactions. The adjusting of figures was carried out to mean characterization of reactions. The measure of focal propensity particularly the mean was utilized to focus the normal estimation of reaction of the students.
Reviewing LiteratureThe importance of good attendanceThe Abu Dhabi government and instructors in our example accepted that great attendance was critical on the grounds that it is interfaced to students’ accomplishment and future vocation prospects. They called attention to that poor attendance has unfavorable consequences for Key Stage 2 and 3 tests and is connected with problematic conduct. By and by the necessity given to attendance changed amongst Abu Dhabi government and schools in light of the fact that some had been more fruitful at tending to the issue. Numerous Abu Dhabi agents felt that schools were over-prepared to acknowledge the reasons given for unlucky deficiency (Dickson, 2013). Conversely, educators focused on that they emulated counsel on attendance given in Abu Dhabi rules. A few Abu Dhabi education agents and a few head teachers imagined that it was unhelpful to recognize distinctive sorts of approved and unapproved nonattendance on the grounds that folks frequently excused their children’ unlucky deficiencies. Most thought it was imperative for schools to be proactive in examining unlucky deficiencies, work in organization with different organizations, and assemble a society of adapting inside a group.
Parents’ views about low attendance
In the principle folks accepted that school-related components were the reason for students’ poor attendance . Notwithstanding, most folks still felt that their children’ instruction was profitable and accepted that great attendance was paramount. Folks of poor attenders were less positive about school and more inclined to keep their children off school (Ridge, Farah & Shami, 2012).
The causes of low attendance
37% of the 678 elementary school students said that sooner or later they had truanted without their guardians’ information. They highlighted school-related purposes behind their low attendance . Being tormented was the in all likelihood cause. Different reasons included fatigue, abhorrence of educators and evasion of tests. Most students thought their guardians would keep them off school for reasons which schools would consider adequate, however a couple of showed that their guardians approved unlucky deficiencies which were unsatisfactory to the school. Particular motivations to miss school incorporated the craving to inspire companions and surliness (Abou-Saleh, Mohammed et al., 1998).
26% of the 518 optional school students confessed to having skipped school sooner or later. In schools with all-white admissions, young ladies in Years 7, 8 and 9 were more inclined to truant than young men. Not many students from ethnic minority gatherings confessed to low attendance . Auxiliary students’ purposes behind unlucky deficiency concentrated on school as opposed to home and included weariness, issues with lessons and educators, reckoning of inconvenience, dissatisfaction at school runs, the size and intricacy of optional schools and dread of returning after a long low attendance . Tormenting, having no companions and companion weight to ‘bunk off’ were additionally said. A few students specified home-related elements, for example, trouble when folks part up, and a couple of noted individual components, for example, sluggishness and the propensity of poor attendance .
The effects of low attendance
Abu Dhabi government and educators accepted truants invested their time close home or with their guardians. They would regularly be unwinding yet some were possessed as careers of their guardians or more children. Actually when out of the house, truants were well on the way to be with their guardians or in parks, woods or open spots, for example, strip malls. Just a couple of truants were thought to get included in wrongdoing. Confirmation from self-reported truants gives a comparable picture.
Practically all the Abu Dhabi government and educators suspected that low attendance influenced students ‘ scholarly accomplishment. It could likewise detach students from their colleagues. Educators called attention to that low attendance could influence standard attenders. At the point when truants came back to class, they were more inclined to be troublesome, and interest instructors’ consideration. This upset the work of different students as well as brought on hatred.
FindingsPhysical Factors
Among the things referred to, the separation of their home to the school and the threat postured by strolling to the school has the same reaction normal or a mean of 2.04. It implies that both are not explanations behind them to be low attendant from government school.
Health
Fever/influenza is the most widely recognized reason of learners for being low attendance. It has the most noteworthy reaction normal of 4.4. It is trailed by cerebral pain with a normal reaction of 2.37. Different ailments like the runs come in third with 1.61 normal reactions. The slightest regular explanation behind them for being truant is stomachache with 3.29 averages.
Definite Attitude
That the person doesn’t wake up right on time is the most well-known motivation behind why he/she is missing. This record for 2.95 mean. An alternate reason normally referred to is that they can’t focus on their studies and that they were not ready to study their lessons. This came about because of 4.42 and 4.38 mean individually. Feeling slow and playing workplace refreshments additionally keep them far from school. The previous has a reaction normal of 2.26 while the recent has 2.24.
Educator Related
At the point when the students are reproved for their awful conduct by the instructor, this has a tendency to make them be truant from their classes. It has the most astounding normal reaction of 2.48 while the reason that they cannot comprehend their lessons takes after close behind with 1.92 mean.
Classroom Atmosphere
The most noteworthy mean of 2.57 was agreed to commotion inside the classroom which implies that this is the essential motivation behind why they have a tendency to be truant. Harassing by individual understudy takes after with 4.19 reactions normal.
Home-Related
Guardians request that I be missing from school” reason came about to the most elevated mean of 2.52. Family unit tasks come next with a reaction normal of 1.87. Alternate reasons extended from 1.18 to 1.59 incorporate having no cash to use for snacks and other little costs in school, no breakfast/nourishment, and that their guardians squabbled.
Discussion
Low attendance is accepted to have a real effect on scholar adapting, however exactly how low attendance influences scholastic accomplishment has not yet been clarified. The straightforward examination of indigenous learners’ low attendance rates shows a genuine test to teachers in Abu Dhabi, regardless of the possibility that there are different elements that impact what has all the earmarks of being higher rates. While indigenous learners’ unlucky deficiency rates are not as high as first thought, they are still higher, on normal, holding different components steady, than non-indigenous scholars’ low attendance rates by about 60 for every penny. Comparative discoveries exist for students from lower grade foundations: lower grade students ‘ nonattendance rates are higher than center/upper grade learners’ are, yet the contrast is not as extraordinary in the wake of controlling for school-level variables.
The discovering reported above about the rate of indigenous students in a school and its impact on an indigenous person’s low attendance rate offers belief to speculations expressing that instructive burden is exacerbated by centralizations of comparably distraught scholars, despite the fact that this applies in this examination to indigenous students just. It is safe to say that it is an issue of importance for indigenous scholars. Schools that select higher extents of indigenous students are placed in more remote zones of Abu Dhabi, and these schools do have higher unlucky deficiency rates than different schools.
While contrasts in unlucky deficiency rates change as per scholar foundation, this clarifies just 28 to 29 for every penny of the difference; a great part of the fluctuation in school low attendance rates stays to be clarified. Some of this change may be clarified by scholar calculates not utilized within the present study, for example, those that look at mentality to class, folks’ instruction levels and past accomplishment, among others. School considers that were excluded, for example, school association, initiative and age of the showing staff, might additionally help to clarify a percentage of the change (Ridge, Farah, & Shami, 2012).
This study has highlighted the criticalness of gathering a fitting outline for investigation of school information, particularly when the information are accumulated as a major aspect of an instructive framework’s regulatory gathering. Such information are regularly used to build oversimplified benchmarks for the framework, and for every individual site inside the framework, as a component of a responsibility program. While such a methodology may be the perfect in light of the fact that we accept that scholar foundation ought not have a negative impact on learner accomplishment, in all actuality there are still accomplishment contrasts connected with foundation qualities. In the event that benchmarks for low attendance are to be situated, they must record for a portion of the contrasts between person syntheses of the school, generally schools may be undeservedly punished.
ConclusionAmong all the reasons exhibited, health is the essential motivation behind why learners are missing from their classes. Diseases is the heading offender in this class. Oral wellbeing, which as per the Department of Education is the primary motivation behind why students are missing, is simply third among the reasons referred to in the said classification by the Grade students considering over in other government School. This means that the government should come up with policies that favor school attendance in Abu Dhabi.
ReferencesAbu-Samaha, A. M., & Shishakly, R. (2008). Assessment of school information system utilization in the ABU DHABI primary schools. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 5, 525-542.
Barza, L. (2013). School-business partnerships: the case of the ABU DHABI. Journal of Strategy and Management, 6(2), 180-189.
Dickson, M. (2013). Jobs for the Boys: Teaching as a career choice for secondary school boys in Abu Dhabi, ABU DHABI.
Eapen, V., Al-Gazali, L., Bin-Othman, S., & Abou-Saleh, Mohammed. (1998). Mental health problems among schoolchildren in United Arab Emirates: prevalence and risk factors. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(8), 880-886.
Ridge, N., Farah, S., & Shami, S. (2012). Patterns and Perceptions in Male Secondary School Dropouts in the United Arab Emirates.
Love, Forgiveness and Trust
Love, Forgiveness and Trust
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Tutor’s Name
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Forgiveness is the acceptance that although someone made a mistake it is important to reconcile with the person by looking behind the fault and maintaining a friendly relationship with the person. Forgiveness will boost morale of the individual responsible for the fault thus enhancing productivity of the person. Furthermore forgiveness creates a comfortable environment of corporation amongst different people. The act of forgiveness is deeply rooted in love and compassion of the person offering it but it does not mean that the forgiver has completely forgotten the fault or mistake done.
It is important to note that forgiveness helps people to be able to take risks and explore other inventions that are useful to an individual, business or even the entire society. Bitterness and failure to forgive may discourage one from exploring very useful ventures because it encourages personal initiative and creativity. Moreover, forgiveness may help people to address issues and challenges that may have caused fault thus improving on them.
Forgiveness should not be limited to certain boundaries however the injured party may ascertain the repetition of the act as well as the intentions of the guilty party. If the act is very repetitive even after several subsequent forgiveness then another chance of forgiving may not be a solution to the issue. Punishment may be used in such instances. Moreover, if the damage is huge and very impactful or could lead to very serious consequences then the intention of the guilty party should be attained first. If the guilty party anticipated serious consequences then forgiveness would not be satisfactory. May be punishment would be the best remedy.
Releasing negative emotions and forgiveness is very important particularly how it is exercised. Initially, self reflection is very important when considering the way to show forgiveness. An individual should understand that a lot of energy is consumed while holding grudge thus consuming our strength and that forgiveness is much better option for our mental and physical health. Forgiveness enhances positive behaviors and healthy relationships among individuals and the society. It is also important to understand why the wrongdoing occurred and try to find explanations as well as exercising self understanding while putting ourselves in the transgressor’s shoes. The forgiver should then express the emotions attached to the hurt by effectively communicating our feelings towards the transgressors and assurance that transgression will not occur again. The final road to forgiveness which is really difficult is letting go of the bitterness by understanding that they must have happened for a reason and that all humans make mistakes.
Organizations and businesses can benefit a lot from implementing love, forgiveness and trust as their important values. The employees will work as a team and strive to achieve a common organizational goal with lots of courage and trust. The organizations’ employees may be highly innovative thus improving the performance of the business. The companies practicing these values may have loyal employees who are able to take risk whenever possible for the good of the company.
Adopting the philosophy of love, forgiveness and trust is crucial to the success of the company or any other business. Employees will always be supportive to the company because they will be highly empowered by the philosophy. Love, forgiveness and trust enable individuals to feel that they are really cared for and that they are part of the bigger family of their organization. It would be easy for delegation of duties as well as training of individuals to take place where there is love, forgiveness and trust. The philosophy will give way to other ethical practices such as equal promotion and fairness as far as recruitment is concerned. There would be sufficient freedom of the employees that may boost employee initiative and innovativeness. It would be easy to follow the leader’s advice and values that are anticipated to positively influence the objectives of the business. Employees will be able to venture into risky activities because they believe that they are cared for and that they are supported by the company leadership and management.
As an ethical leader, I would encourage openness and interactive forums amongst the employees ranging from the most senior people in management and the lowest ranking employee in the organization. I would encourage employees to visit me in my office at any particular time or give them my personal phone number or emails so that they can interact with me anytime from anywhere.
Some of the steps I would take to encourage these principles are setting guidelines and informing every employee about the need of love, trust and forgiveness within the organization. I would encourage employees and all my followers to acknowledge any hurt or wrong committed by anyone and offer apologies as soon as possible. I would ask the followers on the need to clear the offenders’ conscience as well as relieving the anger or any shame of the victim. I would finally ask the employees to practice compassion for everyone and establish a spiritual practice of prayer.
Louisiana Purchase 1803
Louisiana Purchase 1803
Introduction
The history of the United States of America is laden with numerous occasions and events, some of which were negative while others were positive. Wars and revolutions, as well as movements have shaped the country into what it is today and given the nation fundamental pillars and lessons on how to tackle varied issues in the future. However, there exist quite a number of positive aspects or events in its history, events that affected the country and shaped its destiny for years to come. These mainly involved territorial expansion. Any country acknowledges that the territory is one of its most fundamental aspects. In fact, it is recognized as one of the fundamental pillars of its sovereignty, in which case it is always guarded, with any violations of the same by any other country brewing conflicts some of which may be violent. In essence, the varied instances of territorial expansion marked a crucial instance in its history with an incredible influence on the future of the United States (Burgan, 2002). One of the most crucial territorial expansions of the United States was the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.
The Louisiana Purchase (1803) refers to a land deal that was struck between France and the United States that allowed the United States to acquire about 827,000 miles square of a piece of land that was situated or lay west of the Mississippi River through the payment of 15 million dollars (Burgan, 2002). The United States president at that time, President Jefferson deemed the expansion necessary especially as pertining to the United States security. In the spread of the United States across the Appalachians, the United States acknowledged the increased importance of the Mississippi River as a conduit or channel for transporting produce from the West (Burgan, 2002). At that time, the west was a piece of land that lay between Mississippi and the Appalachians. The Spain had occupied the Louisiana territory for close to four decades (since 1762), including 828 square miles. This is the territory that today comprises or at least an enormous component of the separate states that lay between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River.
However, there were constant conflicts between the United States. These conflicts were mainly revolving around the right to plot a route in the Mississippi. It is worth noting that, a resolution to the Americans’ entitlement towards transporting or transferring their goods and produce to ocean-going vessels situated in New Orleans had already been made in the Pinckney Treaty of 1795 (Burgan, 2002). The making of the Pinckney Treaty, coupled with the weak control of the Louisiana territory by the Spanish empire, gave American statesmen the idea that the United States efforts to expand westward would face no restriction in the long run.
However, Napoleon Bonaparte had intentions of reviving the French Empire. His long-term goal was to use Louisiana territory as his empire’s granary once he had recapture St. Domingue, an incredibly valuable sugar colony from slave rebellion. In essence, Louisiana changed hands from Spain to France in 1800, taking possession of the territory in 1802, a situation that was seen as a threat to the United States (Burgan, 2002). This is especially considering that the French sent enormous French armies to St. Domingue, intending to send even more armies to New Orleans. This bred apprehension in westerners who dreaded the prospects of relatively more powerful French controlling the New Orleans. In fact, this was bound to be a point of conflict as President Jefferson acknowledged that the possessor of New Orleans would automatically be a threat, habitual and natural enemy of the United States. In essence, President Jefferson started preparing for a military conflict between the United States and France in Mississippi Valley (Burgan, 2002). At the same time, he dispatched John Monroe to France where he would join Robert Livingston and float the offer of 10 million dollars for purchasing the West Florida and the New Orleans. It is worth noting that if such attempts were to fail, the United States meant to establish a military alliance with England.
Nevertheless, the prospects of war were averted after Napoleon shelved his plans for Louisiana. In fact, he offered the two the entire Louisiana territory for 15 million dollars. This had been necessitated by the fact that his army in St. Domingue was dying in large numbers from the yellow fever, not to mention the prospects of war between England and France. The two men agreed to the deal despite the fact that it far exceeded the orders that were given as pertaining to the price. This is how the United States came to purchase the Louisiana territory (Burgan, 2002).
Needless to say, the purchase of Louisiana in 1803 had consequences both in the long-term, as well as the short-term. One of the effects of the purchase was with regard to the implied powers and authority of the Federal government. It is worth noting that, as much as President Jefferson and the United States in its entity was elated by the prospects of owning the Louisiana territory, the constitution did not incorporate any provision that gave him the power to buy any territory (Levinson & Sparrow, 2005). However, the entire or a large percentage of the American public supported the purchase, acknowledging the immense value that Louisiana had for the growth of the United States in the future. In essence, President Jefferson, despite the gaps in the constitution, went ahead and made the purchase, choosing to do without the passage of a constitutional amendment that would have validated the purchase (Burgan, 2002). This, therefore, cemented the notion of implied powers of the federal government. The purchase exposed the silence of the United States constitution with regard to the country’s geographic expansion or growth (Levinson & Sparrow, 2005). It revealed a number of flaws and contradictions that are inherent in the political system of the United States. These included the existence of the United States territories as a collection of states, as well as the contradiction pertaining to the definitions of, as well as rights that accrued to citizens of states and those of the acquired territories in a democratic United States (Levinson & Sparrow, 2005).
In addition, the 1803 Louisiana Purchase cultivated increased growth and development of the United States and led to or resulted in the establishment of what John Marshall termed as the American Empire (Levinson & Sparrow, 2005). In fact, scholars note that the purchase of Louisiana paved the way for the position in which the United States is today with regard to its military, economic and political leviathan that incorporates both non-state and state areas in its domain (Levinson & Sparrow, 2005). They note that Louisiana Purchase was a prerequisite for the Missouri Compromise, its subsequent overruling in Dred Scott, the westward expansion of slaver, as well as the 1861 ultimate conflagration of the Missouri Compromise.
In addition, the Louisiana Purchase is credited with the multicultural and heterogeneous society that the United States has become today (Levinson & Sparrow, 2005). This is especially having in mind that an enormous number of people who inhabited Louisiana did not fall under the category of Native Americans, black slaves or even the white northern Europeans, which are the categories that are associated with the early America republic.
References
Burgan, M. (2002). The Louisiana Purchase. Minneapolis, Minn: Compass Point Books.
Levinson, S., & Sparrow, B. H. (2005). The Louisiana Purchase and American expansion, 1803-1898. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.