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The various positive and negative relationships that people with disabilities experience during their lifetime
Disability and Relationships
(Author’s name)
(Institutional Affiliation)
Introduction
Humans are social creatures who are constantly defined by social contexts like friendships, loved ones, as well as, connections with school and work. Sequentially, each person is constantly searching for social cues to define one’s value even if the search deems as unhealthy and bad for themselves. As research studies illustrate, human beings associate and maintain relationships with each other based on their common interests and preferences. As human beings, we also have a tendency to leave out those that are dissimilar to us whether physically, emotionally or socially. Specifically, people with disabilities have long experienced this seclusion based on their inability to live normal lives.
Disability refers to the state whereby an individual is unable to perform their daily duties resulting from physical or mental weakness. Disabilities can therefore be caused by two main things including birth and illnesses that later develop to disability in the future. Research studies illustrate that people with disabilities have experienced both positive and negative relationships with normal people. These studies also call for the need to reexamine the different relationships that people have with the disabled so as to ensure that they live a positive life. This, will in turn assure the disabled are not left out of the normal day to day activities that they should be experiencing.
This paper examines the various positive and negative relationships that people with disabilities experience during their lifetime. Specifically, the paper looks at family relationships, relationships with friends, relationships with teachers, as well as, working relationships.
Disability and Relationships
As previously mentioned, most disabilities come about from birth or as a result of health problems. Presumable minor health problems may develop and lead to disabilities, which, in turn, results in a threat to performance and even the identity of self. This comes as a result of the fact that most individuals will need both emotional and financial support from others.
As research studies explain, most disabled people come close, to losing everything they toiled for in the bid of receiving personal benefits that are prerequisite to them. Everything, in this case, means not just personal belongings, but also loved ones, as well as, their jobs. The disabled lose their loved ones because these people are pushed to the limits by taking care of the ones who are disabled, thus they feel strained during the process. The disabled lose their dignity, pride, and their faith in the government. (Steven E. Gutstein & Rachelle K. Sheely) (Feb 2002).
Positive Relationships
The benefit which is most frequently told by researchers is the appreciation of support received from loved ones, fewer social constraints lower psychological distress that are all interpersonal benefits of the Illness experience; in regard to methodological implications for interventions. When one considers such disabilities like Rheumatoid Arthritis, or those with AIDS (HIV) especially at a young age is a tragedy more so when the individual with the Illness loses all hope this is not only tragic to the disabled but also for the family of the disabled in all aspects. For example, in the case of Rheumatoid arthritis, most patients have found themselves forced to disability when the necessary treatment is not attained. This disease is not only chronic, it is also widespread meaning that it affects a lot of people in the long run. Accordingly, this disease causes multiple organ failure, which in turn leads to disability to those it affects. For that reason, a better comprehension of how the disease works has allowed medical practitioners to develop the treatment for patients suffering from this. For that reason, the relationship between a disabled individual and his doctors is one whereby the goal is to achieve proper health for the patients. Doctors, therefore, work towards the achievement of the desired treatments for patients so as to help them live better lives.
A growing body of research suggests that positive psychological responses to Illness, such as finding benefits in the experience, are associated with enhanced emotional, health-related, and immunologic outcomes (Kiecolt-Glaser et al) (2002). When looking at the benefits of a serious Illness, there is an enhanced sense of spirituality with more purpose and appreciation for life a sense of mastery may follow when one finds a purpose after disability looking for the good in all events can restore a comfort to many lives. In addition to this, there is special training for the blind and deaf these services offer assistive technology such as speech recognition and brail keyboarding. Disabled people with Intellectual disabilities have related resources communication products such as telephones, transaction machines like ATMs for banking, or Worldwide Websites office copiers and faxes (Wehmeyer et al, 2004). The benefits with these devices increase abilities and endurance, which allows the disabled person to participate in programs and activities that otherwise, would not be available.
Negative Relationships
Negative relationship experienced by the disabled come as a result of the different negative attitudes that people have regarding the disabled in the society. Negative attitudes, therefore, cause the disabled to be left out from normal experiences, thus getting the feeling that they do not belong. Accordingly, negative attitudes toward people with handicaps may involve, psychodynamic and even childhood influences considering most people may have never encountered someone with severe disabilities. Anxiety may occur when this happens some might see disabilities as a reminder of death or even be intimidated by the disabled by fear of not knowing how to communicate without a obvious look of sympathy or feeling as if they need to show the disabled special treatment. Away from the social life, the disabled also experience a degree of negative relations in their prospective or respective workplaces. Research studies explain that the disabled and handicapped are slowly being left out of employment opportunities owing to their disability. Unfortunately, some employers may consider that hiring a person with disabilities may have a negative reflection on the company. This is because they believe that such employees cannot perform their duties as required, thus forcing the company into a possible loss. Such employers may also believe that their customers may not be content with the ideas of a disabled individual attending to their needs and requirements, and for that reason, will not employ the disabled. However, not all employers shut out people with disabilities, instead, some employers believe that hiring people with disabilities to make their company look good. All this leaving the disabled to feel as a minus to society dating, marriage and social lives for those with disabilities may create some invisible negative barriers, therefore making rehabilitation even harder this leaving the disabled feeling as though they only deserve other like-minded people in their lives.
In addition to this, we see less research on dating and marriage, people with disabilities have reflections that focus with positive educational and vocational arenas, leaving the dating and social domains unattended. Disability then is a form of social oppression the continual proportions of disabled people have lead to concerns with the ability to manage an anticipated demographic time bomb. Technology will flourish and disabled people will be ready to challenge their exclusions. Online services such as art therapy, which help the disabled with their emotional, mental and physical well-being it also helps increase social skills and resolve conflicts. Employment services that offer skills training, job coaching, and computer application training, which help the disabled, reach all their goals of employment.
Recommendations
As observed from the information above, people with disabilities have long been forced to endure hardships owing to their disabilities. Such individuals have had their rights taken away from them, and have been forced to live lives that are not conditionally normal. In addition, the social provisions for disabled people has been criticized for reinforcing their dependency, and it seems that many are leading very lonely and isolated lives (Barnes, 1990 ). Though they may have disabilities, the disabled should not be secluded or left out from the society. They should also not be looked upon as people who cannot attain maximum fulfillment in their different lives, and they should not have their rights taken away from them. Disabled individuals have the right to employment, education, and a healthy social life, which can only be attained through changing the negative attitudes of people towards them. It is imperative that researchers find ways to influence attitudes both manifest and latent, modifying negative attitudes toward people with disabilities. Those working in healthcare such as registered nurses seem to have a better attitude toward disabled people compared to entry-level students. For that reason there is a need to have an emphasis on educational disciplines for improvement of integration for people with disabilities including any suggestions for any future research. Further education for employers looking to employ people with handicaps could be beneficial for both employee and employer. Statistics even say that most employers decide within four minutes as to whether they will hire someone with a handicap (Hatfield & Gatewood, 1978).
Conclusion
Relationships experienced by the disabled can be both positive and negative. Positive relationships arise from people recognizing that the handicapped and disabled have a right to normal lives, hence allowing good positive relationships for the disabled. Negative relationships, on the other hand, result from having negative attitudes towards disabled people, which in turn leads to the discrimination of such individuals in the society. It is an individual’s duty and responsibility to ensure that he or she maintains a positive relationship with the disabled so as to reduce the negative consequences of this. Additionally, all organizations and institutions also need to ensure that they ensure positive relationships with the disabled members in the society. Only through this can the members of a particular community be assured of a society free from discrimination of the disabled and handicapped.
References
Gutstein, S. & Sheely, R. (2002). Relationship Development Intervention with Children,
Adolescents and Adults: A Comprehensive Program for Social and Emotional Development in Autism, PDD and NLD. London: Jessica Kingsley Publications.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K., McGuire, L., Robles, T.F., & Glaser, R. (2002). Emotions, morbidity, and
mortality: New perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology. Annual Review of Psychology, 53.1: 83–107.
Wehmeyer, M. L. (2004). Promoting self-determination in students with developmental
jdisabilities: What works for special needs learners. London: Guilford Press.
Life in the Universe
Life in the Universe
Author
Institution
Introduction
Having a clearer understanding of life in the universe has been one of the most fundamental journeys of many scientists. Life, in all its definitions, has been fascinating to many fields including religion, astronomy, philosophy, biology and even physicians among others. Of particular interest is its different forms, the different areas (and planets) in which it can be found, as well as the things on which it exists. Discoveries have been made pertaining to the existence of life, with each subsequent one discrediting previous thought pertaining to life or even supporting them. Questions, however, arise as to whether scientists are closer today than they were in the past to discovering life. While there may be quite a number of fundamental discoveries and developments in science and astronomy, it is evident that scientists are nowhere close to discovering life in which case it would be difficult for this feat to be accomplished in my lifetime.
In the recent times, there has been interest in the role of bacteria, carbon and water in life as it is currently understood to be. This is especially as to whether there is a possibility that life could exist without water and carbon. As Mark Power (classmate) there is a possibility as to the existence of a planet that is devoid of water but with larger life forms. He, however, thinks this is unlikely especially drawing from the current knowledge pertaining to the physical composition of all large animals in this planet. These animals have water making up a fundamental percentage of their bodies. He opines that the absence of water would necessitate that these animals incorporate an entirely different physiology from the one that is currently known. Mark quotes an article in the science daily where more than 20 species of microbes have been found to be existing in extreme conditions that are devoid of the things that scientists currently hold as fundamental for their existence. The soil in the slopes of Atacama region are seen as extremely uninhabitable as not only does it have no water but it is also extremely depleted of nutrients to the extent that the scientists could not detect the nitrogen levels (Lynch et al, 2012). In addition, the high-altitude environment experiences ultra-violet radiation that is twice as intense as that of a low-elevation altitude (Lynch et al, 2012). While it may be unclear how these microbes survive in this harsh condition, it undoubtedly raises questions about the commonly held notion as to the importance or necessity of water in the survival of all organisms. Michael Snow, in answering Mark Power’s question on whether earth-like conditions are necessary for the survival of large multicellular organisms, states that organisms may evolve so as to withstand the elements especially in instances where they have been exposed to such circumstances for long. This is especially considering that human species have undergone varied stages of evolution in an effort to adapt to their environments, in which case they can do it again, at least, in theory.
This notion seems to be supported by Tanner MacDonald, who quotes an article in Washington Post, which outlined a study done in 2010 on bacteria that lives in a Californian lake. Despite the fact that the arsenic (a highly poisonous substance) heavily pollutes the lake, scientists have discovered some species of bacteria that lives there (Kaufman, 2010). Interestingly, the bacteria swapped the toxic arsenic for phosphorus, as the examination of the bacteria’s DNA revealed. This pokes holes on the notion of phosphorus being one of the six fundamental blocks of life, as the discovery showed that arsenic can be used in its place and make a fundamental building block, as well (Kaufman, 2010). As the scientists note, the findings serve as a reminder that life may be much more flexible than it is imagined or assumed to be. It is also worth noting that the bacteria did not only replace a single useful element (phosphorus) with a another toxic one (arsenic), but that also have arsenic as a fundamental building block in their makeup. As much as they are yet to determine whether the arsenic existed in the bacteria right from the beginning or had replaced phosphorus as a form of adaptation, it is evident that quite a lot is yet to be known about life (Kaufman, 2010). In fact, the current knowledge seems to be flawed, with new discoveries discrediting it. It also changes the notion as to the things that could be examined in determining whether other parts of the universe have life as the six fundamental elements may be substituted with others making organisms live in areas where they were previously thought to be incapable of living. Ashley Saxton also explores the debate on what may be essential for survival of living things. While acknowledging that water supports the survival of “living’ organisms, she acknowledges that some forms of life survive without it. In essence, there may exist some other habitable areas that support some forms of life without water.
Needless to say, there is no consensus as to what life depends on or the things that may be termed as essential for the survival of life. Of course, the recent breakthroughs in science as the ones depicted above show that there is increased understanding as to the essentials of life. As much as they conflict previously held knowledge about the fundamentals of life, they add to the knowledge about the multiplicity of living organisms and their requirements. They expand the current knowledge on what may be the fundamentals for the existence of life in the universe. In essence, they cannot be seen as a reversion of the previously held notions or as rendering them inaccurate, rather they allow scientists to eliminate varied things that were thought as essential and circle around fewer things. However, they create the impression that even the commonly held knowledge pertaining to life may be built on sinking sand, in which case they can be disputed any time in the future as new discoveries are made. In any case, the recent discoveries do not only create doubts as to water and carbon as essentials of life but to all other elements as well (Karttunen, 2007). This means that rather than narrowing the field on the elements to examine through the elimination of these elements, the discoveries have actually expanded it and sent scientists to the drawing board as to the things that they should have been examining.
In addition, it is imperative that one takes into account the recent developments in discovering life especially in the outer space. A group of astronomers under the auspices of Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) has been looking for indicators that there exists intelligent life in the outer space (Seeds & Backman, 2011). In this endeavor, they make use of varied techniques with the most promising one being listening for any messages that are sent across the sky based on the assumptions that the extraterrestrial are trying to contact the people in planet earth (Karttunen, 2007). Currently, SETI is yet to get any radio signal to that effect, but scientists note that they have just started the search. In any case, there exists numerous radio wave frequencies to examine, as well as numerous galaxies (Seeds & Backman, 2011). However, it is encouraging to note that technology is becoming better and more enhanced than before, in which case it allows for the conduction of more sensitive searches. Scientists point out that the answer as to whether these extraterrestrial beings are sending signals should be known within about 25 years at least going by the progress made (Seeds & Backman, 2011). As much as the engineers are doing an incredible job of advancing signal processing and radio technology, there exists no way of telling whether there exists aliens out there, or even whether they are making any effort to contact us in planet earth (Wills & Wills, 2001). In essence, despite the technological advances, scientists are unsure as to exactly what they should be looking for and are left to make wild guesses and channeling efforts to them while hoping that they pay off in the long term (Karttunen, 2007). There, in fact, exists no guarantee that even after the 25 years there will be positive results, rather the scientists are simply hoping to get such waves, which would then allow for the exploration of the outer space and the conditions that favor life there (Wills & Wills, 2001). This creates doubts as to the hope that there will be discovery of life in the universe in the near future.
On the same note, there have been fundamental developments in the world of planets which have cast doubts as to any discovery about life in the universe. Until recently, scientists had only identified nine planets including Pluto, which was later downgraded from this status. However, there were discoveries of other planets that orbit other sun-like stars. Of course, this bred the knowledge pertaining to the existence of other planets (Anderson, 2013). It is worth noting that nearly 800 other planets have been found since 1995 with the numbers growing every week. Scientists opine that about half of all stars have planets, with the planets outnumbering the Milky Way’s 200 billion stars (Seeds & Backman, 2011). There is no knowledge as to the number of these worlds look like planet earth as the numbers run into millions and possibly billions (Anderson, 2013). This not only adds to the volumes of planets that must be examined to discover life but also makes it more complicated to know the fundamentals of life. Needless to say, if the fundamentals are different in varied places of planet earth, it is only logical to assume that they would be different between planet earth and other planets (Anderson, 2013). Unfortunately, the same paradigms that were used in looking for life in these areas cannot be entirely accurate as they have been found as flawed even in planet earth.
In conclusion, scientists have been fascinated and extremely interested in discovery of life, its nature and every aspect of it. As much as there are fundamental strides made in this respect, there is no indication that such a thing will be accomplished in my lifetime. This is especially considering that scientists are yet to determine what exactly they should be looking for both in planet earth and other planets. Their knowledge as to what the essentials of life are has been discredited by new discoveries. In addition, there have been new planets discovered in the recent times, which increases their volume of work. Despite technological advances, scientists are basing their experiments on hopes and aspersions especially with regard to determining whether extraterrestrial organisms are trying to create contact or send messages to planet earth.
References
Kaufman, M (2010). Bacteria stir debate about ‘shadow biosphere’. Washington Post. Retrieved 31st March 2013 from HYPERLINK “http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/02/AR2010120203102.html” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/02/AR2010120203102.html
Lynch, R.C., King, A.J., Farías, M.E., Sowell, P., Vitry, C & Schmidt, S.K (2012). The potential for microbial life in the highest elevation (>6000 m.a.s.l.) mineral soils of the Atacama region. Journal of Geophysical Research. Excerpt in Article “Unique Microbes Found in Extreme Environment”. Science Daily. Retrieved 31st March 2013 from HYPERLINK “http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120609152438.htm” http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120609152438.htm
Karttunen, H. (2007). Fundamental astronomy. Berlin: Springer.
Seeds, M. A., & Backman, D. E. (2011). Foundations of astronomy. Boston, MA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
Wills, S., & Wills, S. R. (2001). Astronomy: Looking at the stars. Minneapolis, MN: Oliver Press.
Anderson, M. (2013). Pioneers in astronomy and space exploration. Chicago: Britannica Educational Pub.
the use of setting in James Joyces short story, Araby.
(Name)
(Instructors’ name)
(Course)
(Date)
Dubliners: “Araby” By James Joyce
Introduction
The short story, “Araby” by James Joyce, presents a narrative about the life of an unnamed boy who is infatuated by his friend’s sister. As a demonstration of his love for her, the boy seeks out to buy his sweetheart a gift as the Araby bazaar, which he considers as the best shop to get this gift. Through the use of the various characters in the story, the author puts his message regarding immature idealism and desire, which is subjected to disappointment.
The use of setting in the short story, “Araby” in James Joyce’s Dubliners has been receive a considerable amount of contest regarding the connotation and meaning that it provides its readers (Doloff 113-115). This is, specifically, in relation to bringing out the theme of love in the story. While some believe that the setting in “Araby” has been used to present love as being ideal (Müller 1-36), others argue that the setting has been used to illustrate love as being pragmatic. The former believe that the narrative regards a story about a desire for an ideal love, whereas the latter hold the notion that the boy’s infatuation presents a negative romantic irony (Ehrlich 309-331).
This paper examines the use of setting in James Joyce’s short story, “Araby”. Specifically, the paper examines how the setting has been used to reinforce the different themes and characters in the story, as well as, bring out the idea of dream versus reality. The paper argues the setting in the short story, “Araby”, brings out the theme of love as both ideal and pragmatic.
Background Information
The stories presented in Dubliners are based on James Joyce’s conviction that Dublin, in the years around the 1900’s, was characterized by extreme devout paralysis (Ehrlich 309-331). For that reason, all the stories presented in his book shared a common setting, which was the old Dublin. In most work of literature, the setting defines the atmosphere or the tone of the narrative. Not only does a narrative’s setting set the tone for the story being told, it also gives the narrative its resultant connotation and effect on readers. The short story, “Araby” is devoted to the use of setting to bring out various themes in the story, as well as, build on the characters in the book. Arguably, without the narrative’s setting, the story would not carry the meaning and significance that it does, and for that reason, would not have been a story at all (Doloff 113-115). Primarily, the setting presented in “Araby” portrays Dublin as a place where individuals are presented with an array of dehumanizing experiences.
Place Setting
Just like in all the other stories in the novel, Dubliners, the place setting of “Araby” is in Dublin, Ireland. Specifically, the story is set in the quiet North Richmond Street in Dublin. The most part of the story takes place at the narrator’s home, which is integrated with the scenes in various parts of his neighborhood (Ehrlich 309-331). The Araby bazaar is the second location setting used in the narrative, and it is in this setting that the readers are introduced to the different themes of the story.
Time Setting
The time setting presented in “Araby”, is between the late 19th century and the early 20th century. This can be picked from the small descriptions of the boy’s world, which are associated with the character of the Dublin society during this time.
Presentation of Setting
The setting in “Araby” is presented in two main ways including dream versus reality and darkness versus light. This presentation assists in the development of the various themes in the story, as well as, the character development.
Dream versus Reality
In the story, the boy, who is also the central character of the narrative is presented as person who is hopeful for a world of fantasy. His life in ‘reality’ is presented as being drab, ugly, and free from love (Doloff 113-115). For that reason, he yearns for a different life from the one he is living. In the story, the author explains a young boy’s world that is inimical to his ideals and dreams. To, further, illustrate the boy’s dreams and desires, the author provides a comparison of the boy’s differing views about his real world, as well as, the world in which he hopes to live. The real world is defined as being loveless, dark, and isolated, and it is a world, which the boy is striving to escape from. His dream world, however, is brought out as being vibrant and full of love, a love that he intends to share with the girl of his dreams (Müller 1-36). The contrast between these two worlds is further illustrated when the boy’s disappointment occurs, as he is forced to face reality, and awaken to the world around him.
Darkness versus Light
In the story, “Araby”, the author utilizes imagery of darkness and light, obscurely, to illustrate the boys dreams and reality (Ehrlich 309-331). The usage of darkness, as well as, other gloomy references creates the overall mood of the boy’s life and world. His real life is dull and boring, hence the need for a dark description to help the readers believe his story much better. Contrastingly, light is used by the author as a definition of what the boy considers as his ideal life. Observably, light is used in the boy’s description of Mangan’s sister, with whom he has been infatuated with. For that reason, light is used for the creation of the boy’s fairytale world, a world of dreams and illusions (Müller 1-36). Whereas darkness is used to describe a worldly, dull atmosphere, light is used to describe a heavenly and joyful atmosphere, which the boy longs for.
Impact of the Use of Setting (Arguments)
The immediate effect of the use of setting in the short story is that it illustrates the difference between idealism and realism. Additionally, the readers are introduced to a character that survives on his tawdry superficiality, and, in turn, ends up suffering for it. In essence, literalists agree that the impact of the story to readers involves the provision of a contrast between dreams and reality (Doloff 113-115). However, the connotation of this contrast cannot be established as they cannot agree on whether or not love is presented as a good thing. Spiritual paralysis, which further builds on the concept of dream versus reality is also illustrated in the narrative and assists in explaining the contrasting ways in which love is presented by the author.
Literalists who believe that love is brought out as something that is ideal in the story, explain that the setting in the story embodies a form of spiritual paralysis whereby the ideal, which is love, cannot be attained (Ehrlich 309-331). The setting of the boy’s world defies the fulfillment of his love, as he does not receive the love he has for his friend’s sister back. The argument here is that the boy’s realistic world prevents him from achieving his ideal state of life. The setting, in such a case, is presented in the view of darkness versus light. The dark tone presents the boy’s real life, whereas the light tone presents his ideal dream.
Opposers of the argument, also the supporters of the presentation of love in a pragmatic nature, argue that love is represented as an empty and futile flirtation. They argue that, the boy’s immature infatuation regarding love, prevented him from living his ideal life, as he kept hoping for something that he knew very well he could not achieve (Ehrlich 309-331). In essence, love is presented as a state of disillusionment where people cannot separate the ideal from the real. In this argument, the boy attained his ideal life when he finally grows up and receives gratification for true life and true living (Müller 1-36). In this case, the setting is used with special relation to dreams versus reality, whereby there is emphasis on living the real life as opposed to a hopeless dream.
Conclusion
After a careful analysis of the opposing arguments regarding the real nature of love as brought out in the novel, I have come to the conclusion that love if neither ideal or pragmatic. This is because, throughout the novel, the concept of love is presented from the perception of the boy, and for that reason cannot be concluded as having any tangible effect on an individual. Accordingly, the theme of love as brought out in “Araby” can be both pragmatic or ideal, depending on the lone of thought that one chooses to take.
Work Cited
Barney, Rick et al. Analyzing “Araby” as Story and Discourse: A Summary of the MURGE
Project. James Joyce Quarterly, 18.3(1981): 237-254.
Collins, Ben L. Joyce’s “Araby” and the “Extended Simile”. James Joyce Quarterly, 4.2(1967):
84-90.
Doloff, Steven. Aspects of Milton’s Paradise Lost in James Joyce’s “Araby”. James Joyce
Quarterly, 33.1(1995): 113-115.
Ehrlich, Heyward. “Araby” in Context: The “Splendid Bazaar,” Irish Orientalism, and James
Clarence Mangan. James Joyce Quarterly, 35.2/3(1998): 309-331.
Joyce, James. “Araby”, in Dubliners. Forgotten books, 1954. Web. 22 December 2011.
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Morse, Donald E. Sing Three Songs of Araby: Theme and Allusion in Joyce’s “Araby”. College
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Müller, Sarah. Adolescence, Love and Sex in James Joyce’s Short Stories “Araby” and “An
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Stone, Harry. “Araby” and the Writings of James Joyce. The Antioch Review, 25.3 (1965):
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Robinson, David W. The Narration of Reading in Joyce’s “The Sisters” “An Encounter,” and
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