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Critical Analysis Of Differentiated Instruction
Critical Analysis Of Differentiated Instruction
Differentiated instruction is defined as the teaching learning of philosophy whose emphasis is students’ since students are different, differentiated instruction emphasizes that one teaching style cannot accommodate all the students particularly when the teachers’ style does not match the students’ style. The article suggests that this style allows teachers the option of varying learning activities, assessment modes, content demands and the environment in the classroom so that they can meet the needs of all students. Differentiated instruction has been in use for years with students who are gifted but is now being used in regular classrooms.
The no child left behind act and individuals with disabilities education improvement act teachers are now faced with a diversity of students within their classrooms. There was no longer mainstreaming and inclusion was the order of the day. When children who have diverse disabilities and those with ELL ruling are included in traditional classrooms, teachers are faced with the dilemma of how to teach these new inclusion students, how they are to teach these students who have different linguistic backgrounds and heritages. The answer to this is differential instruction which targets all children.
The article brings out various argument that support the fact that the fact that differential instruction is meant for all children. Universal design for learning framework (UDL) carries the idea that the instructions that teachers plan are for the success of every student. Instead of teachers waiting for students to fail or lag behind in progress or struggle instructions are planned in such a way that their needs are met on the front end of the entire process of learning.UDL is not a new concept to education as it has been used in special education for a long period of time. Teachers have realized that diversity in instruction gives the opportunity to plan for thesuccess of everyone participating. Retrofit framework is different from UDL as it involves he response to lack of the progress of students using a curriculum that exists and strategies that are considering a slight differentiation of instructions. Traditionally retrofit was used and not UDL.this is seen as the first step when it comes to meeting students needs. The articles compare the two approaches. This is because UDL embraces all learners through gathering information and coming up with instruction that are based on the interests and requirements. On the other hand retrofitting is making plans based on the content that has to be covered, measuring outcomes or products showing mastery. In this form of differentiated instructions, changes are made only when the success of a learner is not forthcoming. This comparison is necessary as it shows the exact type of differential instruction that has to be used in specific situations. The article emphasizes the two learning methods by giving an illustration of in the fifth grade. The illustration shows the usefulness of using a Retrofit approach and the power which the UDL. The articles brigs out Emily’s strengths and weaknesses; what is expected from her when it comes to assessment. There are some discrepancies between Emily’s performance in subjects and the various demands of the classroom. Emily begins to fail and her teachers decide to help. From a retrofit approach, thecontent, process and products for Emily teachers determine her strengths and weaknesses and several steps taken so as to help her. These steps mainly entail changing the strategy the teachers used before with her in the classroom. The teachers used differentiated instruction through retrofitting when they allowed her to directly write on texts. Therefore teachers can use a UDL approach when it comes to designing of how they will teach in Emily’s classroom so that all the students in that class can benefit.
The illustration is useful as it has given out an illustration of how retrofitting can be used in a classroom so as to benefit students. The illustration is also important as it has showed how UDL can be used in classrooms so that all the students in the classroom canbenefit. Teachers should agree on the best mode of teaching for students either retrofitting or UDL.
Reference
Stanford, B. &Reeves, S. (2009).Making it happen: Using Differentiated Instruction, Retrofit framework and Universal Design for learning. TEACHING Exceptional children plus,5(6)Article 4.Retrieved September 7,2013 from http://escholarship.bc.edu/education/tecplus/vol15/iss6/art4
Development of e-Commerce
Development of e-Commerce
Many companies across the world increasingly combine functionality and design to create an internet accessibility that will enable the companies meet the customer’s business requirements. Web development and design requires a perfect balance between design and content. Many companies are now able to offer services of web development and e-commerce and enable their clients gain the understanding that architecture of information is the most crucial component of business operations. The development of e-business has enabled a web design development and a search engine optimization strategy that will result in a strong online business production and the overall success of every company. The development of e-business has also enabled small business enterprises succeed in their online ventures and at the same time ensure that they maximize their profitability.
The United States has and has witnessed tremendous development in e-commerce with wholesale and retail industries recording significant progress. China’s patterns of commercial distribution such as retail chains, supermarkets, distribution centers, and dealership have gradually matured through learning from the western countries. The various forms of distribution have enabled china and other countries achieve economic modernization. However, countries from the East continue to expand their modernization strategies while the western countries such as the United States have experienced an e-commerce revolution that challenges and changes the traditional patterns of distribution and embrace modern business and distribution patterns. The revolution has fundamentally had dramatic impacts on foreign trading, domestic trading, wholesale and retail industries, consumer goods trading, producer goods trading, and intangible and tangible goods trading. The aspect of e-commerce has developed to be an economic phenomenon broadly affecting production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Although e-commerce is still small in numbers compared to other business ventures in the whole economy, it is rapidly growing and it provides more evidence that it will become the core engine of economic growth in the future.
The IT industry has also experienced significant level of development in the past few years. For example, telephone users have significantly increased in the recent years. The IT industry heavily contributes to the countries’ growth in GDP and not only does it fuel economic growth but it also lays a solid foundation for the development of e-commerce in the coming years. However, some experts and scholars argue that the development of e-commerce will lead to the elimination of the traditional wholesale and retail industries, which may eventually lead to higher rates of unemployment in the economy. This concern fails to recognize the opportunities that are likely to come about due to the existence of e-commerce. The pressure created by the development of e-commerce will lead to the weakening and elimination of inefficient distribution channels while giving way for the introduction and enhancement of more efficient ones. This therefore means that the disappearance of traditional wholesale and retail industries should not be a cause for worry but countries should rather devise ways and means of facing the challenges; grasp potential chances; and advance to the establishment of e-commerce. It is observed that the development of e-commerce in countries such as United States is stepping into the takeoff stage, while in countries such as China; e-commerce is still in the infant stage. This implies that e-commerce in countries such as china still has a long way to go in order to catch up although such countries are increasingly investing in e-commerce.
References
Development of E-Commerce and its Future Perspectives
Development of E-Commerce and its Future Perspectives
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Development of E-Commerce and its Future Perspectives
Although, e-commerce has been in existence since 1980, it was officially accepted as a way of doing business in 1995. By 1997, it had grown to a capacity of twenty-six million United States’ (US) dollars and proceeded to hit the one trillion US dollar mark by 2005 (Mohapatra, 2012). The progress of e-commerce has been quite impressive. When it started, it was for a few individuals who had special credit cards and access to internet based systems. However, with time, financial institutions introduced VISA cards and MasterCard provisions to numerous account holders. These cards have the abilities to facilitate transactions on the internet and different online systems. So, e-commerce allows sellers to show buyers what they offer online while the buyers evaluate varied offers, choose befitting options, and make payments for their purchases. In the case of electronically transmittable products, customers do an instant download. These include e-books, marketing, anti-virus, and other software materials. Conversely, physical products get delivered by companies to their destinations of choice promptly. No doubt, this is a better method to do business than all methods that existed before its development.Since its invention, e-commerce has improved by at least twenty percent every year on a compounding assessment basis. Considered in terms of its essential features, it requires minimal amounts of money to facilitate, yet, it results in many advantages to businesses and consumers. Thus, by owning a company website, a firm can market products, make sales to clients, receive payments, effect refunds, and schedule deliveries. As a result, companies do not have to employ workers at every company branch while customers carry out virtual instead of physical visits to stores. So far, the most electronically transacted products and services are insurance, e-books, flowers, e-learning, traveling services, and tourism services among others (Snijders, 2003). Nevertheless, the opportunity has not blocked any product or service out; thus, in days to come, the system will broaden both in its applicability and global penetration.When e-commerce came to the limelight, it was believed that it would not successfully facilitate global businesses. This is because there were limited and controlled electronic connections which were quite expensive. However, classical business approaches also presented a number of hurdles. It was very expensive to travel abroad to import products. Travelling with huge amounts of cash also posed a security risk. However, these hurdles have since been eliminated by the emergence of e-commerce. The presence of the internet provides all the information one would travel abroad to look for. Furthermore, e-commerce has availed many payment methods with instant transmission abilities. Therefore, international business activities have become easier to effect (Szuprowicz, 1998).
However, e-commerce is still experiencing a number of challenges. Although it easy to effect payments via online systems, one must have some basic skills in Information Technology and the technological know-how to effect such operations (Mohapatra, 2012). A number of internet-based transactions have also been blamed for cases of fraud in which unsuspecting buyers have lost large sums of money to criminals posing as businesspersons. Nevertheless, this is one of the areas in which e-commerce is expected to improve in the future. Additionally, it is projected that internet penetration targeting more regions will improve in the future. Consequently, costs per unit of data will reduce and make connections affordable to more people.
E-commerce is currently doing well at less than a half of its potential. It is reducing the need for printing money and helping to save resources used in the same. An estimation of the amounts of money circulating in e-commerce indicates that approximately two trillions US dollars are transacted annually. If proper systems are put in place to track this money, it will be a booster to most economies where unscrupulous citizen and companies are taking advantage of current inefficiency of e-commerce to evade taxes. In summary, all future projections predict continuous success for e-commerce.
References
Mohapatra, S. (2012). E-commerce Strategy: Text and Cases. New York: Springer.
Snijders, H. J. (2003). E-commerce law: National and Transnational Topics and Perspectives. The Hague: Kluwer Law Internat.
Szuprowicz, B. O. (1998). Extranets and Intranets: E-commerce Business Strategies for the Future. Charleston, S.C: Computer Technology Research.