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A & P
A & P
Question 1
One of the chief differences amid the lymph vessels and the blood vessels is that the blood vessels together with the entire circulatory system constitute a closed system while the lymph vessels together with the lymph system does not constitute a closed circulatory system (Földi & Strössenreuther, 2005). Another difference between the two is that the flow of blood through the blood vessels is usually uninterrupted while the flow of lymph fluid via the lymph vessel system is usually interrupted by the lymph nodes. Besides, the blood vessels carry blood while the lymph vessels transport lymph fluid (Wingerd, 2005). Despite having differences, the lymph vessels and blood vessels also have similarities. One of the similarities is that they are both involved in the transportation of fluids. Besides, the transport of lymph in the lymph vessels is fostered by similar factors, which favor the transports of blood through the blood vessels.
Question 2
The thymus gland is remarkably crucial to the immune system since it processes lymphocytes, which fight infections in the body. The gland is vital to young adults and children as it programs lymphocytes in attacking antigens such as the viruses. Therefore, the thymus gland has a chief role in nurturing the lymphocytes through secreting a hormone. Hence, lack of the thymus gland in the immune system can lead to failure of the immune system processing lymphocytes, which help in the fight of cancerous cells and viral infections (Lavini, 2008). Therefore, there will be decreased immunity, when there is a lack of the thymus gland in the immune system. Besides, lack of the thymus gland in the immune system may affect the functions of the hormonal tissues; for example, lack of the thymus gland from birth is usually associated with alterations of the adrenal gland, pituitary gland, ovaries and thyroid.
Question 3
The arteries comprise of three layers, which are Tunica Interna, Tunica Media, and Tunica Adventitia. Tunica Adventitia is the outermost layer of the arteries and has collagen fibers, which are loosely woven (Wingerd, 2005). The function of the Tunica adventitia is holding vessels in place and preventing tearing of vessels in instances of body movements. The Tunica Media is the middle layer of the arteries. The layer has smooth muscle tissue having sheets of elasin. This layer has the function of allowing vasodilation and vasoconstriction. On the other hand, Tunica Interna is the innermost layer of the arteries (Wingerd, 2005). This layer has an endothelium lining and is usually continuous with the endocardium. The role of the Tunic Interna is preventing the adhesion of blood cells to the vessel wall and preventimg thrombosis; in case the endothelium becomes disrupted, fatal thrombosis can occur.
Question 4
The continuous flow of the blood is remarkably essential for the transport of various substances, thus facilitating their removal and exchange. In order for the blood to keep flowing, it requires enough pressure that forces it to continue flowing through the blood vessels. The pressure required to keep the blood flowing to the capillaries is generated by the arteries. The arteries are elastic allowing them to accept large volumes of blood and contract squeezing back to their usual size after they release pressure (Wingerd, 2005). The elasticity property of the arteries maintains the pressure of the blood allowing blood to transport various substances through the capillaries. Therefore, the continuous flow of blood facilitates the exchange of substances through the capillaries. In case there was less pressure, the flow of blood carrying different substances to the capillaries would not be facilitated implying that exchange of substances may not be feasible.
References
Földi, M., & Strössenreuther, R. H. K. (2005). Foundations of manual lymph drainage. St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby.
Lavini, C. (2008). Thymus gland pathology: Clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features. Milan: Springer.
Wingerd, B. (2005). The Human Body: Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology. New York: Wolters Kluwer Health.
The path to success
Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Course Tittle
Date
The path to success
Success is every student’s ambition in their academic life, whether in colleges or any other learning institution. Everyone in the college endeavors to attain success in their entire college life, which will enable them to live successful lives in their later after-school life. Not only the students but also their parents yearn for the success of their children in colleges. For a student to attain success in college, it is essential to recognize the barriers on their path to success (Banks et al., 118). Barriers hinder them from achieving their success. By identifying them, it enables them to have in place strategies to overcome them. And with the plan, any student can be optimistic about their success in college.
To attain success as a college student, I need to recognize the barriers in my success path and have strategies to overcome them. Some of the potential obstacles to my college success include ineffective time management, not being assertive enough, and a lack of people who inspire me to work hard. To overcome ineffective time management, I ought to prioritize my academic life alongside the daily activities I always get involved with my college life. To attain good assertiveness, I need to have my stand without being influenced by the fellow students and remain faithful on my schedule about my academics. I also require to look up to someone, a mentor who has been successful in their life and emulate them, as my role model.
Ineffective time management is a barrier in my college academic life. Most of my time, I am ever involved in games and socializing, which usually takes my significant time. Thus, I am easily distracted by games, especially hockey which I love so much, and socialization from my college work. Meanwhile, I have trouble focusing on the essential activities and prioritizing them when I usually have them in college. Lack of assertiveness is a barrier for me in my success in college. Most are times when I get influenced by my fellow students join them in what activities they are engaging themselves in. For example, fun activities. Which usually interrupts my schedule for college work. Lack of a role model in my life is a barrier to my college success. At no moment in my life, I ever yearn to be successful in college as a person I know, and with this, I never get motivated in my college work. Hence, success is uncertain for me in college.
To overcome the barriers, I ought to have some strategies. For ineffective time management, I need to have an anti-procrastination mindset. This is because procrastination is a theft of time. And with this kind of mindset, I will be able to do my college work as I had planned with postponing. Also, I have to ensure that I have a written life vision and goals in my studies. To enhance assertiveness in myself, I have to form a habit of standing out and saying no to friends’ influence, which may distract my college work schedule. And always keep my stand on how I want to carry out my activities. Lastly, to attain success in my college work, I need to ensure I have a role model. A mentor who has been successful in their lives, and I learn from their failures and achievements. Having a role model will motivate me to be like them in my college work and eventually succeed as a college student. Also, build a friendship with students who want to succeed in life, which will inspire me in the college.
Time waits for no one. One needs always to plan rather than have proper time management. Also, develop an anti-procrastination mindset. It is always said better three hours too soon than a minute late. A role model should be someone in existence because their existence can confirm possibilities; one may have every reason to doubt their success in college. As a student, I need to have confidence and stand because I stand on shaky ground if I challenge myself.
As discussed above, in the path to success, there exist barriers. It is a student’s responsibility to recognize them to form strategies to overcome them. For ineffective time management, one ought to have an anti-procrastination mindset and plan a schedule on the time they have for their college work. To attain assertiveness, one needs to develop their stand on what they want, particularly their time usage. (Heller et al.32). As a student, it is essential to have a mentor or build friendships with students to succeed in getting some inspiration from their college work. “Success usually comes to those who are too busy looking for it.”
Work cited
Banks, Tachelle, and Jennifer Dohy. “Mitigating Barriers to Persistence: A Review of Efforts to Improve Retention and Graduation Rates for Students of Color in Higher Education.” Higher Education Studies 9.1 (2019): 118-131.
Heller, Monica L., and Jerrell C. Cassady. “The impact of perceived barriers, academic anxiety, and resource management strategies on achievement in first-year community college students.” Journal of The First-Year Experience & Students in Transition 29.1 (2017): 9-32.
The Paradox of Fiction
The Paradox of Fiction
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Course
Date
How is it possible for an individual to get emotional due to characters, events or situations that are non-existent or imaginary? How is it that a fictional character, situation, or story can elicit emotions such as joy, anger, fear, sadness, or tears? The paradox of emotional response to fiction also referred to as the paradox of fiction arises from such questions. Given that, the paradox of fiction is defined as a dilemma in the philosophy that makes enquiries into how individuals express strong emotions to things that do not exist or are not real. It is a debate about the deduction that the emotional reactions elicited by individuals to fictitious characters, situations, or stories are absurd and illogical (Davies, 2009).
The paradox makes use of a group of three premises that appear as factual or convincing on the surface, however, on closer scrutiny becomes contradictory. According to these premises (a), individuals react emotionally to situations, things, or people they know are not real, (b) for an individual to be emotionally touched, they must believe that these situations, things, or people are real, (c) individuals who know characters, things, or occurrence are fictional cannot simultaneously accept them as true or real (Podgorski, 2020). To further explain the aforementioned premises it means that individuals can only express their emotions, be it happiness, pity, fright, tears, envy, anxiety, hate and so on towards things, occurrence, or characters that are present or were present; and therefore, such belief of existence or reality is absent when individuals expressively engage with imaginary contents or characters.
Nonetheless, unreal characters, as well as circumstances, can seem like having the power to evoke or produce deep emotions in people occasionally. The main reason why the three premises are accepted as true by the looks of it until proven otherwise is that they cannot all be correct all at once unless they are taken separately. Therefore, if any two premises, perhaps 2 and 3, are believed to be accurate together, it means the third premise, say 1, must either be untrue or otherwise produce a paradox (Podgorski, 2020).
Different aesthetic or art philosophers have proposed several contradictory solutions to the paradox of fiction which have been categorized into three simple groups, namely the illusion theory, thought theory, and pretend theory. In my view, the two best solutions from the three groups to this problem are as follows: the first is that it is possible for people to be emotional or emotionally charged by things or events that they know to be unreal. The second-best solution is that individuals do not really experience genuine feelings with non-existents characters or objects but instead quasi-feelings that are less intense and that we conceive to be genuine emotions (Davies, 2009).
The first solution is superior to the second because from my point of view we do not react to the fictitious event or character we see or hear but the thought that that fictitious character or event could be true or may have existed or happened in the past or may even exist or happen in future. It is natural and logical for human beings to elicit certain feelings or emotional reactions to thoughts of past, current, or future events. For instance, the thought that a character in a movie or story represents a situation that occurred in the past, or may occur in the future like losing a job, dying of an incurable disease such as cancer and leaving behinds kids who depend on you, getting rich at a young age, winning, or achieving something one has been wishing for; for such a long time or after a long struggle may cause a person to shed tears, be sad, feel pity, happy or envious even with the knowledge that it is fictitious. Therefore this solution answers the problem or question of the paradox fiction.
Moreover, the paradox of fiction can be explained through the triggering of personal experiences. The movie scenes and events which an individual can link to the personal memories evoke the subjective emotional response of a person. For instance, when an individual encounters a scene in a film that relates to their personal experiences their emotions are easily triggered. The emotions enable one to be carried by the fictional events. Psychologists have established that in the chance that stimulus triggers a memory of an individual; the emotional response is least likely to be modulated by surrounding factors. Therefore; they suggest that personal involvement and past experiences are responsible for an emotional reaction towards fiction. The psychologists continue to argue that subjective emotional experience was the primary cause of emotional reaction to psychological arousal. We can thus allude that emotional reactions towards fiction are as a result of personal involvement and action to a large extent as well as other factors which may play a significant role in emotional reaction (Sperduti, 2016).
Furthermore, it is widely known that a genuine emotion only happens when the reaction is towards a real object. Then the question is how we would have genuine emotions to fictional objects, events, and actions. It bits logic that a human being can be attached emotionally to a fictional film. The paradox of fiction can be explained from the daily observations and the human validation that such commitments are inexistent. Fiction for it to happen it has to be created, and these creations are borrowed events but are formulated in such a manner that they drive some information. Fiction is a creation of the society and the daily observations that people make. To a large extent, fiction is intertwined with the daily happenings which suggest, therefore; that it is related to humans. Although fiction is just a reflection of the observations, it is also a borrowed humanity concept (Young, 2010). Thus, it enhances the connections between individual emotional reactions to fiction. This development links humans with fiction and therefore it suggests that emotional reactions are due to the daily observations which the individuals can connect to.
The fiction of paradox has been an issue that has been hotly debated. Fiction is closely connected to emotions and the definition of emotion whether is it real or unreal unravels the topic of fiction. Emotions can be real and unreal depending on the context and the situation. There are two possibilities associated with fiction (a) the emotions can be real if an individual is emotionally connected to the film, (b) the emotions can be situational and out of human weakness which will easily disappear once one returns to his normal senses. The latter is normally determined by cognitive, affectivity, bodily changes, and action tendencies. The former mostly happens when for instance, the film is about a personal experience that one has endured before. Therefore; fiction can be both real and unreal depending on the circumstances that an individual finds themselves in at that point (Tullmann, 2014).
In conclusion, the paradox of fiction is a topic that will be expounded more as years pass. It is evident from the above discussions that both psychology and human emotional studies are yet to establish a common ground. For individuals to react to fiction there are circumstances such as believing in situations and characters, personal experiences that people can relate to, the state of mind of an individual, and human observations influence them to do so. Fiction as well as triggers memories which invoke the subjective emotional responses of individuals.
References
Davies, S. (2009). Responding Emotionally to Fictions. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 67(3), 269–284. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6245.2009.01358.x
Podgorski, D. (2020, March 26). Why Stories Affect Us (Paradox of Fiction). Retrieved April 11, 2020, from https://thegemsbok.com/art-reviews-and-articles/philosophy-articles-friday-phil-colin-radford-paradox-of-fiction/Sperduti, M., Arcangeli, M., Makowski, D., Wantzen, P., Zalla, T., Lemaire, S., … & Piolino, P. (2016). The paradox of fiction: Emotional response toward fiction and the modulatory role of self-relevance. Acta Psychologica, 165, 53-59.
Tullmann, K., & Buckwalter, W. (2014). Does the paradox of fiction exist?. Erkenntnis, 79(4), 779-796.
Young, G. (2010). Virtually real emotions and the paradox of fiction: Implications for the use of virtual environments in psychological research. Philosophical Psychology, 23(1), 1-21.