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The Green House Effect Summary
The Green House Effect Summary
There has been a lot, which has been said about the green house gas effect. It is a global issue that has attracted the attention of many people because it affects people’s lives in one way or the other. In this summary, I will talk about how radiation is an important aspect of the green house effect. Furthermore, it will focus upon the issues raised by some authors concerning this phenomenon.
In the summary I looked at the information presented by John Houghton who focused on gases that absorb the wavelength radiation. These two gases are carbon dioxide and water vapor; they are known to be good emitters of radiation. For example, black is known to be a good emitter as well as an absorber. The author claims that “absorbing gases in the atmosphere absorb some of the radiation emitted by the earth’s surface and in turn emit radiation out to space” (Houghton, 2009). This means that the two mentioned gases have a role to play in reducing the green house effect that takes place on the earth. Later on, when carrying out research about this intriguing topic I came across a book titled ‘The Greenhouse Effect’ by John Ardill and Stewart Boyle (1989). The authors claim that in the future, radiation will not be as effective as it is today. This is because human beings continue to engage in activities that threaten the absorption of gases. For example, cutting down of trees in the Amazon forest will have adverse effects on the radiation levels existing on earth.
A balance between the outgoing and incoming radiation has to exist in order for radiation to occur well in the atmosphere. John Houghton even came up with a useful diagram that effectively explained this point. Clouds are known to reflect radiation that originates from the sun and then directs it into space. At the same time, clouds emit and absorb thermal radiation and this creates a greenhouse gas blanketing effect. The two known effects work in an opposite manner as one is thermal radiation absorption, and the other is solar radiation reflection. Houghton claims that “the net effect of clouds in the total budget of radiation results in a slight cooling of the earth’s surface” (Houghton, 2009). This means that in order for the earth to always be cool, there has to be a significant number of clouds in the sky. In the book ‘Future Weather and Greenhouse effect’ by John Gribbins (1982), it is predicted that earth will have extremely high temperatures in the future. Gribbins has also come up with a diagram that shows how radiation will be low because of the existence of very few clouds.
In conclusion, it is evident that there is a lot that people can say when talking about the green house gas effect. It seems that they key issue is radiation that affects the temperature levels on earth. Houghton has proven that water vapor and carbon dioxide have a role to play with regards to the absorption and emitting of gases. Also, the other authors, Gribbins, Ardill and Boyle seem to concur with the information presented by Houghton. They all believe that radiation is an issue of concern that should be controlled in order to reduce the green house effect. Indeed, there is still a lot that can be learnt from this issue and the earth needs to be protected for future generations.
References
Boyle, Stewart. & Ardill, John. (1989). The Greenhouse Effect. Scotland: New English Library.
Gribbin, John. (1982). Future Weather and the Greenhouse Effect. New York: Delacorte.
Houghton, John. (2009). Global warming: The complete Briefing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reay, Davy. (2013). Green House Gas online. Retrieved from http://www.ghgonline.org/
The United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2013). Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/” http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/
The Greek, Roman and Ancient philosophies
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The Greek, Roman and Ancient philosophies
The Greeks are considered as the great thinkers and humanists of the ancient world. They were famous because of their religious culture, art work and literature. Fiero refers Greeks to the humanistic time whereby great historians composed the History of Polynesian War, which celebrated the culture of Greeks in Athens. This was just an example of humanist in the culture of Greeks by expressing the spirit of Greek people, their culture and the community.
To express the Greek culture, statues and paintings were used. In relation to the Greek, Roman and ancient philosophies, the philosophical tradition broke the world and it instigated a practice based on the evidence and reason. Initially, the Greek, Roman and ancient philosophies were concerned with describing the pre-Socratic philosopher and their theories were expressed in none achieved and diverse consensus, while the legacies were the instigation of the quest to determine the underlying facts.
Fiero explained that in the mentioned philosophies human bodies were art work and he provided an example of the Parthenon to signify the style of architecture. Religion beliefs are the philosophies which are still evident in today’s customs. During the ancient years, the philosophy of religion in relation to gods was considered selfishly and was driven by different emotions including jealousy and favouritism.
The gods behave like the normal people, but they were considered immortal with supernatural powers. The gods embodied nature forces and Fiero provided that Zeus was the king of all gods and the god of the sky. The Greek, Roman and ancient philosophies showed that there exists earth goddess, god of sea as well as the sun god during the past years. The minor gods performed special roles including the god of war and the goddess of love. Gods were being used to express everything string from human emotions to weather changes.
While the collection of religious beliefs changes in centuries, the portrayal of gods in today practices is expressed by pride, arrogance and ambitions which enable the gods to cause disgrace and downfall of an individual. The religious beliefs are also expressed using holy places where the temple high priest interprets the opinions and wishes of gods for people who can afford and have asked to pay. Sacrifices and prayers to gods are offered by individual families following the household shrines.
Applications of Philosophies
Pre-Socratic, stoicism, Neo-Platonism and scepticism are used to explain how philosophies are expressed. They provide philosophy applications in ancient and recent times.
Stoicism
Stoicism involves the doctrines to the organization and nature of the universe. This application provides that all true beings are corporeal, and in physics, the foundation of stoic doctrine provides two major principles, including force and matter. The two principles are equal and they explain that everything in the universe is of independent existence. Everything is associated with irreversible causation chain. The conformity of the law and nature and human practices and the will with the divine life is virtue. The basic virtues of Plato are fully satisfactory for happiness and are incompetent of other degree differences. The good practices have equal merits; therefore all can as well be considered as bad actions.
Skepticism
Skepticism also shows the practical propensity of happiness as provided in Stoicism. Fiero shows difference of opinion towards the possibility of achieving truth through reasoning or by sensory apprehension; therefore inferring the need of complete suspension of judgment on various issues. This shows that philosophies can be express from different bondages to theories, thus resulting in the establishment of true happiness. The latest expression of philosophies based on scepticism is fused with various stoic dogmas and Platonism. This provides way for Eclecticism whereby the antiquity which is liable following the Greek philosophy has spread throughout the Roman world. The Roman philosophy; therefore, becomes the expansion of Greek tradition. Following the Christian time, Pythagoreanism, I the revived form took place in the essential systems, the Pyrrhonian scepticism was reintroduce and it developed through the Sextus Empiricus.
Neo-Platonism
Neo-Platonism involves the closing time of Greek philosophy during the third century through the development of Neo-Platonism in Rome. It focuses on the scientific philosophy of religion whereby the Plato doctrine was fused with the most essential elements in Stoic and Aristotelian systems, as well as with the Eastern assumptions. At the top of existence s appear the Good or One being the source of everything. Soul is considered the copy of reason and is derived in one as explained by Fiero. Therefore, nature is considered as whole an is endowed with soul and life. Soul longs to move away from the bondage of human body and can return to the original source. In philosophical and virtual thought, soul has the authority to promote itself over the reason into the state happiness. To achieve the union with God or Good is the true functions of individual to whom the entire world is absolutely unresponsive. Thwarted with the attempt of resuscitating traditional beliefs, the supporters tried to turn to scientific work, especially towards the Aristotle and Plato, during the interpretation of work they considered as great functions.
The greatest irony about the Second World War and the other wars that occurred in the history of the United States
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United States History
The greatest irony about the Second World War and the other wars that occurred in the history of the United States is that they changed the lives of the American minorities in a dramatic way for the better. The Second World War gave room for the rise in civil rights movements for African Americans which in turn influenced other minority groups including Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans and Native Americans. The need for soldiers in the Second World War broke some of the institutional barriers offering equality for all soldiers regardless of their ethnicity.
According to Berkin, Miller, Cherny & Gormly the demand for manpower in the Second World War as well as the increases for the demand for agricultural products offered prosperity for many African Americans for those working in the northern factories and those who chose to remain working in the farms in the south (769). The power attained from this economic prosperity and their involvement in the Second World War put the African Americans in a position where they could fight for their civil rights through civil rights movements. This forced President Roosevelt to create a Fair Employment Practise Committee in response to the pressure from the civil rights movements. This was the first step towards the achievement of the goals set by African American civil rights movements (Berkin et al 770).
For many Mexican Americans, the Second World War was a turning point for their experience as a minority group in America. With in the four years that the United States fought in the war, the Mexican Americans who had been segregated in the southwest got a chance to experience equal rights with white Americans who were fighting in the war. On the other hand, hundreds of other Mexican Americans got jobs working in the factories earning equal wages just like Anglo-Americans (Berkin et al 770). After the war, they could not take anything less than first-class citizenship now that they had shown their loyalty to America by fighting in the battle front. This pushed them to demand for the civil rights which they had rightfully earned.
The Mexican American fight for civil rights began before the Second World War. The numerous labour unions advocated for equality and many of them did not stop even after the Second World War. The Mexican American leaders expected the United States government to automatically take keen interest in the problem of the Mexican Americans because they had proved their loyalty by fighting as soldiers in the war. During the Second World War as explored by Berkin et al, Mexican Americans were discovered as an ethnic minority forcing the federal government to address the issues facing members from this population (770).
Conclusively, the Second World War affected the United States economically since it was trying to recover from the great depression of 1929. However, the war was ironically beneficial to ethnic minorities living in the United States. As a result of the involvement of African Americans and Mexican Americans in the war as soldiers, they had proved their loyalty to the United States making. The US government was ready to listen to the problems of these minority groups that were aired through their civil rights movements.
Work Cited
Berkin, Miller, Cherny, Gormly. Making America: A History of the United States volume 2 from 1865. USA: Cengage Learning Inc., 2005. Print.