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Crime Pattern Discussion Response

A. & B.

Uniform Crime Report (UCR) uses official records provided by government agencies including the police, the courts, or the prisons to collect data. The Uniform Crime Report is a publication of the Federal Bureau of Investigation where crime record data is collected on a yearly basis. The report reports on the number of arrests made by police agencies every year. The number of offenses are tallied and published according to specific locations such as city, county, and metropolitan areas for serious crimes (Siegel-2 2). The UCR divides crimes into Part I and Part II crimes. Part I cries include murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft and arson. These elements are reported in line with data relating to age, gender, and race (Siegel-2 2). Part II crimes include drug trafficking, vandalism, and sex crimes (Siegel-2 2). All offenses are reported regardless of arrests, recovery, or prosecution.

National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) collects data on each reported crime incident (Siegel-2 7). In this approach, local police agencies are required to provide a brief account of every incident and arrest, including the incident, victim and offender information. Additionally, the NIBRS provides information on most criminal justice issues facing law enforcement today, such as, terrorism or white-collar crimes (Siegel-2 7). In this method, information on whether the offender was suspected of using drugs/narcotics, or alcohol during incident, and whether the offender use computer equipment to perpetrate the crime are all captured.

In the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) approach, information is collected on cries suffered by people and households, regardless of whether or not the crimes were reported to law enforcement agencies. The NCVS enquire directly from victims about rape and sexual assault experiences, and using computer-assisted interview techniques. Further, information about victims (age, sex, race, etc.), offender (sex, race, age, victim-offender relationship) and crimes (time/place of occurrence) are provided by the NCVS (Siegel-2 9). The greatest advantage of the NCVS is that it can estimate the total amount of annual crimes, not just those that are reported to police.

Self-Report is an approach that ask people to describe (in detail) their recent and lifetime participation in criminal activity. They are given in groups, and respondents are promised anonymity. Most self-report surveys contain questions related to the subjects’ background & history: family make-up, upbringing, income, school performance & personal beliefs (Siegel-2 11). The intention of this approach to criminologists is to establish links between personal history, characteristics & criminal behavior.

C.

One of the main weaknesses of self-reports is that it is unreasonable to expect people to candidly admit illegal acts. Additionally, people may exaggerate their criminal acts, forget them or be confused about what is being asked. For the UCR method, it is likely that victims fear reprisal from offenders. Additionally, law enforcement has yet to gain the full confidence of the people. Lastly, it is likely that the police reports may include systematic errors in reporting.

D.

The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) approach appears to be the standard unit of analysis on which most criminological research is based. Despite the weaknesses in the approach, it provides the most reliable form of information relating to arrests and other important data on crime.

Works Cited

Siegel 2 (Nature and Extent of Crime). PPT Dcument

design and business organization

Professor’s name

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Topic: design and business organization

A business organization is an individual or group of people interested in achieving the same commercial goals. However each and every business has its own structure and strategies it uses so as to run accordingly.

With constant change in the global business sector, it is only appropriate for companies to embrace new business strategies; however as described by Christopher Worley and Edward Lawler companies have passed on changes that do not support incorporation of new business strategies hence change is really implemented. They must adopt flexible and reconfigurable design in order for a company to be more agile and innovative; they need to revisit their basic design and mend them in a way that supports change. For a company to change it needs to hire and search for employees that admire and support change and that are able to come up with new ideas. For example as seen in the IBM Company, they changed their policies from permanent employment to basing employment on the skills of the employee. When this is implemented, the quality of production is high giving the organization its competitive edge. Training should be an ongoing process so as to improve the employees’ skills and enabling them to learn new better ways (Marcic, 2012).

Rewarding employees for their skills to is beneficial for the company since it increase motivation which leads to better performance. Through initializing these methods in the company, as business changes in the world, the company is able to sustain itself and add value in the future. Organization employees need to be aware new trends and be able to think about alternative potential future strategies that maintain outstanding competition and stay above other companies (Marshall, 1996). Understanding the market and coming up with new ideas must balance current demands and that of the future so as to maintain customers.

Through this the company will have strength in that as the world of business changes, the organization already has people that support it and have the ability of creating ways that meet the current standards. The company is able to maintain its outstanding status, by maintaining quality production. Networking enables integration of employees, facilitating combined effort and better relationship between employees.

Marcic, D., & Daft, R. L. (2012).Management: the new workplace (8th ed.). Mason, Ohio: South-Western

Marshall, K. P. (1996). Marketing information systems: creating competitive advantage in the information age. Danvers, Mass.: Boyd & Fraser.

Crime is a social problem that relates to deviance

Assignment

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Title

Professor’s Name

Date

Crime is a social problem that relates to deviance.

Deviance is conduct that violates social standards and awakens bad social reactions. On the other hand, crime is conduct that is well-thought-out so serious that it breaks up formal regulations prohibiting such behavior. Social control denotes the methods in which a society attempts to stop and sanction actions that go against norms. Deviance can be criminal or non-criminal (Crank, 2018). The sociological discipline that deals with behavior that violates laws (Crime) is criminology. It is also known as criminal justice. In conflict philosophy, deviant actions are behaviors that do not abide by social organizations. The organization’s aptitude to change status, wealth, or norms comes into conflict with the individual. Formal deviance can be defined as a crime that violates laws in a community. Informal deviance is slight violations that unwritten breakdown rules of social life. Crime hence relates to deviance.

In its purest or ideal form, the idea of normative power is ideational relatively than physical or material. This signifies that its use entails normative explanation rather than the use of physical force or material incentives (Muller, 2019). Normative power is merely an actor that disperses norms in the universe politics, irrespective of the instruments used: the instruments might be used to categorize diverse forms of normative power as despotic, soft imperialist, or cosmopolitan. In philosophy, normative avowals make assertions about how things ought to be or should be how to treasure them, which things are bad or good, and which actions are wrong or right.

Reference

Crank, B. R. (2018). Accepting deviant identities: the impact of self-labeling on intentions to desist from crime. Journal of Crime and Justice, 41(2), 155-172.

https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2016.1246259

Müller, P. (2019). Normative power Europe and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: the EU’s peacebuilding narrative meets local narratives. European security, 28(3), 251-267

https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2019.1648259