Recent orders

a slight failure to manage plastic wastes properly could land the company into problems with environmental protection agencies of host countries. As regards demographics

the key potential challenge would involve establishing the appropriateness of some of its products for specific ages and genders in the host countries.

The fossil record in the St. Josephs Island limestone formation

The fossil record in the St. Joseph’s Island limestone formation

Introduction

This paper looks at the relevant data and information concerning fossil deposits within the St. Joseph’s Island limestone formation. The island is located close to St. Mary’s River specifically near its mouth. It is specifically located in northwestern side of Lake Huron. St. Joseph Island was formed through erosion and deposition of debris mainly towards the end of the glacial period. It was formed when deposits in the form of rock and sand were deposited by melting glacier. The mode of its formation and the fossil deposits within its sedimentary rock structure provides rich data and information about fossil deposits.

Figure 1: Location of St. Joseph Island

INCLUDEPICTURE “http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Great_Lakes_Lake_Huron.png/250px-Great_Lakes_Lake_Huron.png” * MERGEFORMATINET

Figure 2: Aerial Photo of St. Joseph Island

Fossil Records

After several generations with people working in the area, the original structure has been tempered with but substantial data exists about the fossil records of the area. A sand pit from the area would yield many tax of fossils depicting both animal and plant remains that are dated for over 14,000 years. The fossils in the island are of both freshwater and terrestrial origin. The fossil deposits comprise of a diversified but coherent assemblage of various organisms that include ostracodes, mollusks, chironomidae, Turbellaria, Coleoptera, as well as some fragments of fish bones. These fossil deposits formed the oldest ever known postglacial geographical depositions within the island and in Ontario in general. On the other hand, paleoenvironemnts range from tundra to boreal forest as indicated by taxa. The site, including the whole of Ontario is known to have the richest fossil record. In this site, sediments are grouped into various units (LEHTOLA, 1973).

The units include glaciof fluvial sub-aquatic fan origin, the lobe tavistock Till outwash of Huron-Georgia Bay, fossiliferous sand, which is inter-bedded with fossiliferous clay and sand. The forth unit involve stratified sand. The fossiliferous sand and the stratified sand are associated with fluctuations of lake level within the lake basin. The fossiliferous sand unit consists of disturbed sand laminated clay and silt with specifically plant and shell remains. It also consists of massive sand that is rich in shells, and laminated clay and silt with plants. Large amounts of fossil deposits have been taken away from the surface through various pit operations. Other fossil deposits include shrub-ox bone found within the same area although they are hardly accessible especially after 2001. This inaccessibility occurred when the area was covered by aspects such as fill, slump, and landscaping (LEHTOLA, 1973).

James Hall was the first individual to discover and report rocks aged to the Middle Ordovician age within the area. These rocks extent to the Michigan are Upper Peninsula and contain a substantial amount of fossils. Hall correlated the rocks with the results of other researchers. This correlation was meant to depict his accuracy in establishing the types and degree of fossils within the sedimentary rocks of the island. Based on a description of lithology and fossils, there are vertebrate-baring rocks resulting from river formations. Most fossils collected by researchers such as Hussey are from the northeastern section of the island. The fossil records depict disarticulated plates having stellate tubercles. Their age is referenced to the middle Ordovician period. This period is also termed as Middle Wilderness times. The fossils are specifically assigned to genus Astraspis based on tiny and discrete plate that are disarticulated and having attachments of tubercles (Karrow, Morris, Mc Andrews, & Morgan, 2007). These tubercles are found to have central pulp cavities, which have laminated dentine that surround them (LEHTOLA, 1973). The tubercles are small, ranging from 0.25mm to 0.40mm in terms of diameter.

Ostracodems occur within almost pure limestone but with some traces of detrital quartz. In this case, tubercles are closely space although irregularly placed within the bony plates. The tubercles vary in size, mainly from 0.25mm to 0.40 mm. Every tubercle is stellate and has tiny apical know unique for each one of them depending on the size. Among all the examined specimens, mushroom-shaped tubercles have never been recorded. According to the records about tubercles, tubercles could have grown through a division of rays. As the size of tubercles increase, the rays increase as well. The records also show that all tubercles have pearly luster, which is definite (LEHTOLA, 1973). Large fragments are also not found in the area. The largest fragment found has sixteen tubercles in 3 rows, and it measures one millimeter by three millimeters in size. Single tubercles are also found in the site. However, records depict that tubercles mainly exist in groups of five, four, or three (Karrow, Morris, Mc Andrews, & Morgan, 2007). The tubercles in this area are generally soft. They also scratch very easily.

Conclusion

There is no full information about the all the fossils found in the St. Joseph’s Island. The available information is however adequate although there have been various changes and human activities since the fossils deposits were formed. The existence of fortuitous discoveries of fossil sediments on the island has contributed to a diversified assemblage of both plant and animal remains (Karrow, Morris, Mc Andrews, & Morgan, 2007). Most of the fossils depicted include macrofossils, molluscs, bugs, cases of flatworms, and caddisflies among other organisms. All these exist in the form of tubercles as depicted in the paper.

Reference

Karrow, P. F., Morris, T. F., Mc Andrews, J. H., & Morgan, A. V. (2007). A diverse late-glacial (Mackinaw Phase) biota from Leamington, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44(3) , 287-296.

LEHTOLA, K. A. (1973). ORDOVICIAN VERTEBRATES FROM ONTARIO. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY, 24(4), 23-30.

Presidents Political Review

President’s political review

The current United States president Mr. Hussein Barack Obama won the presidency June 19, 2008 as the candidate of change and promised to establish various reforms to the policies of the previous regimes that would help to rescue the country’s turbulent economy, (The White House, 2009). According to Clark (1998), one of the major pillars for the president contained in his agenda list is to have all citizens in United States get health care insurance. This is to be supported through funds derived from revoking of tax reliefs for wealthiest American citizens. Also, he plans to establish reforms that would enhance support for education for all citizens by repealing tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans and by providing extra tax credits to middle and lower-class citizens for higher education. He plans to enhance foreign relations by promoting diplomatic relations among national states, expanding military operations and working towards a nuclear free world (Clark, 1998).

Further, the U.S. president plans to enhance environmental regulations that will reduce emissions and increase fuel efficiency. This is to be achieved through ratification of agreement over environmental regulation and establishment of a national cap and trade carbon exchange (Clark, 1998). He also made some judicial appointments to achieve a judiciary that would accommodate the new policies. He plans to ensure that National Security is enhanced on all citizens by fighting terrorism and increasing emergency funding to the department of defense and port security. Finally, he intends to enhance economic security by ratifying trade agreements that will foster exportation of goods and services at lower prices but ensure that American companies remain competitive (Clark, 1998).

In fulfillment of the health care and education goals, the U.S president has faced challenges from the rich citizens who feel that the repealing of their tax cuts and reliefs is unfair , (Miller, 2011). He faces difficulties in enhancing economic security due to the huge adverse impact of economic crisis that hit the country’s economy months before his election. The national security and the foreign relations policies especially in regard to proliferation and disarmament elicited mixed reactions domestically and internationally with some arguing that this might lead to conflicts with other countries and cause further insecurity. The environmental policies have on the other hand been associated with increased job loss among huge number of Americans, (Miller, 2011).

On November 21, 2011, the US president issued an executive order which that introduced new sanctions against Iran for its “development of its petroleum resources and maintenance or expansion of its petrochemical industry” (The White House, 2011). The sanctions targeted the supply of goods, services, technology or support to Iran as well as against eleven individuals were believed to be involved in Iran’s Weapons of Mass Destruction program.

On January 20, 2009 President Obama produced one of his famous speeches, during his inauguration at the U.S. Capitol in front of two million American citizens. In this speech, he promised the American public and the world “a new era of responsibility” Pilkington (2009). He provided reassurances to the public that his government would provide answers that the American public had been seeking in regard to the problems they were facing during that particular turbulent period (The White House, 2009).

One thing that I personally like about the president’s agenda is that it seeks to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor through repealing tax breaks for the wealthiest Americans and giving tax credits to the middle and lower class citizens. However, the president’s agenda has one remarkable shortfall relating to the implementation of global warming policy. The result of implementation of this agenda has destroyed hundreds of thousands of jobs with analysts estimating that approximately 7000 jobs will occur by the end of 2011, (Miller, 2011).

References

Clark J., ‘how Barrack Obama works,’ 1998, accessed, 13 December 2011 from

<http://history.howstuffworks.com/american-history/barack-obama8.htm>,

Miller, H., ‘no end in sight to Obama’s job-killing policies,’ 2011, 13 December 2011

from, http://www.forbes.com/sites/henrymiller/2011/09/06/no-end-in-sight-to-obamas-job-killing-policies/

Pilkington, E., ‘Obama inauguration: Words of history … crafted by 27-year-old in

Starbucks,’ 2009, 13 December 2011 from <http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/20/barack-obama-inauguration-us-speech>

The White House, ‘President Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address,’ 2009, 13 December

2011 from http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/inaugural-address

The White House, Executive Order 13590 — Iran Sanctions, 2011, 13 December 2011

from < http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/21/executive-order-iran-sanctions>