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Nursing Research and Practice
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Nursing Research and Practice
Nursing can be described as one of the noble profession; as it involves taking care of their fellow human beings. It is due to this that many theories and concepts have been brought forward, to explain the concepts of nursing and practice. The history of nursing dates back to 1859, when Florence Nightingale laid the basic foundation of nursing (Cole 555). It is from what she experienced as a hospital administrator that time such as dirty wards, overcrowding among other conditions that she decided to change those conditions. One can, therefore, say that it is because of the endeavor of Nightingale, at that time that nursing metaparadgim principles were established.
According to the metaparadgim of nursing, nursing concepts can be mainly categorized into four main concepts which include the client, environment, health and nursing. The metaparadgim has been used to demonstrate the uniqueness of the profession. It is science in that it is a special type of knowledge that helps an individual to take care of the sick people. It is an art in that sometimes one does not need to have the special knowledge, in order to gain knowledge on tips of care delivery to individuals who need care.
On the concept of client, it is important for every nurse to ensure that the patient receives the required care. Human being is made up of various components, which all require special attention. As Nightingale clearly notes in her book, it is significant for nurses to poses all the necessary details, concerning a patient all the time so that they can be able to give the best care. In addition, according to nursing practice, patients are given the first priority, and their needs must be addressed before anything else. It is also significant to consider that, as a nurse it is always important to establish a close relationship so that patients can able to have confidence in nurses (Cole 556). Nurses are the first people that any patient seeking health care services encounter. This means that if a patient has a wrong impression about the services, because of how the nurse handles them, then such a patient would not be able to open up their heart. This will hinder how such a patient explains themselves about their health problems.
The other important concept of nursing that must always be put into consideration is health. According to Nightingale, health can be described to being well, that means absence of sickness. Health in nursing can also be considered to be, presence of good conditions, which ensure that diseases cannot thrive (Snellman and Gedda 714). These according to Nightingale, reduce the negative consequences that disease can bring. From this, it is clear that ensuring good health is also an important aspect of nursing as a profession, and nurses should aim to ensure good health so as to prevent occurrences of diseases.
Environment is the other important concept in nursing practice. According to nightingale, individual’s environment is one of the most important aspects of ensuring the absence of disease. Environment is a prerequisite of good health. Researchers have said that good health sometimes can be maintained by ensuring minimum interruption of the natural environment (Cole 555). It is also necessary to ensure that the environment around the patient is clean, quiet and has fresh air. Good environment also reduces the chances of harmful organisms reproducing. Clean environment is, therefore, not only important for the well being of the sick, but it also ensure that, as a nurse, one is at low risk of contracting the disease.
Work Cited
Cole, Clare A. “Implied consent and nursing practice: Ethical or convenient?” Nursing Ethics
19.4 (2012): 550-557.
Meehan, Therese C. “The Careful Nursing philosophy and professional practice model.” Journal
of Clinical Nursing 21.19 (2012): 2905-2916.
Snellman, Ingrid and Kersti M Gedda. “The value ground of nursing.” Nursing Ethics 19.6
(2012): 714-726.
Nursing Process and Diagnosis
Nursing Process and Diagnosis
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Nursing Process and Diagnosis
By a broader definition, the term nursing denotes carrying out an extensive medical assessment on a patient in order to come up with better judgment. Nursing diagnosis entails a clinical judgment about a patient, family or society response to actual and equally potential health complications. It is a profession that compliments that of medical doctors in the provision of medical assistance to the needy in society. In order to practice as a nurse, necessary educational background is a prerequisite for competency and maintaining professionalism in the practice (Brunner et al, 2010, pp 47). Further to that, approval by a medical body is prudent for commencement of commercial practice as a registered nurse. Nursing diagnosis is purely based on the data collected during the assessment stage of the patient. This paper, therefore, seeks to bring forth an understanding of the concept of nursing diagnosis, how it relates to the practice of a registered nurse, the nursing process, non-invasive ventilation and nursing outcome classifications. The paramount duty of the profession is to aid in the care and sustenance of human life.
Registration of nurses is done with the nurses’ governing body. The registration ensures that the practitioners in the field are licensed to do so. This is in an attempt to provide competent services as human life is entrusted in the diagnosis conducted by nurses. It also aids in the mitigation of medical practice risks as a result of professional misconduct. Nursing diagnosis relates to the registration of nurses in that nurses are able to effectively handle the diagnosis of patients with high levels of integrity and competence (Brunner et al, 2010, pp 824). The registration also ensures that nurses are evaluated from time to time in an effort to match their skills with the new emerging trends in the field. It is prudent to note at this point that, nursing as a profession is dynamic and has its challenges. This is as a result of the new research findings in the medical practice that necessitates the embracing of new skills and developments in the field.
A nursing process is a step by step procedure in the administration of medical nursing care. Nursing diagnosis combined with the nursing process, provides a valuable tool that is used by nurses to highlight the individual needs of a patient that fall within the scope of the nursing profession (Ackley & Ladwig, 2006). This enables nurses to identify their roles and effectively attend to patients. The nursing process enables nursing practitioners to have a different perspective in the diagnosis of patients. Nurses tend to look at how an ailment affects a patient and relates it to the other areas of a patient’s life. The nursing process entails developing a procedural cycle to be adopted for a cure plan based on the recommendations, evaluation of the patient’s records or actual physical examination by a doctor. Prompt availability of such information makes it easier for the nurses to come up with a curative process and an education plan to assist the patient to regain stability faster.
Nursing diagnosis at time calls for apt measures to secure the life of a patient. This involves conducting non-invasive ventilation. There are a number of non-invasive ventilation procedures that can be conducted on a patient as stated by the Northern American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA). These methods include; monitoring the progress of the patient on a current ventilator machine whilst making appropriate changes as advised, carrying out chest physiotherapy appropriately, promoting the intake of adequate nutrition and fluids, providing a patient with a means of communicating and checking all ventilators regularly (Ackley & Ladwig, 2006). These are just, but a few procedures to be followed in performing a non invasion ventilation therapy on a patient. Proper adherence to these guidelines and procedures may assist a patient to recover. Therefore, the nursing diagnosis relates to these procedures that are carried out on a patient. They two are related in that the procedures have to be conducted by a qualified and registered nurse. A comprehensive examination has to be conducted on a patient before a judgment is reached on the best curative plan to be formulated for the patient.
The nursing intervention classification (NIC) and the nursing outcome classification (NOC) attempt to provide intervention procedures to be conducted on a patient (Brunner et al, 2010). The NIC outlines the activity to be carried out as part of the preparation phase of the nursing process in readiness for the final nursing plan. It provides a list of specific activities to be done to successfully complete an intervention in a given particular situation. The NOC provides a description of patient outcomes for patients that are sensitive to interventions. It classifies the different effects of the nursing care as a part of the nursing process. The two classifications largely relate to the diagnosis given thereafter by a registered nurse, since they provide a set of indicators and a way of realizing the objective of the nursing outcome. As a case study, a patient with a fainting illness will require resuscitation through a mouth to mouth assistance to breathe, loosening of any tight fittings to enable free blood circulation, and elevating the angle of their legs as they lie on their back. Both interventions come in handy as they are used to realize the desired outcome.
In conclusion, nursing diagnosis entails the use of procedures to reach an objective. Fully trained nurses need to be registered as professionals so as to ensure the required standards of service are met. In a nutshell, the nursing process entails; assessing the data collected from a case, diagnosing what type of problem is there, the outcome, a clear plan on how to manage the case, implementation by putting plans into action and finally evaluating whether the desired outcome was realized.
References
Brunner, L. S., & Smeltzer, S. C. O. C. (2010). Brunner & Suddarth’s textbook of medical-surgical nursing. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Ackley, G. & Ladwig, G (2006). Nursing diagnosis handbook: a guide to planning care (7th edition). St Louis: Mosby
History of Vaccines
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History of Vaccines
Edward Jenner, a British country doctor, invented the first vaccine against smallpox in 1796. He extracted infected material of cowpox from a milkmaid’s hand and inoculated in an eight-year old boy. The boy did not fall sick and was unaffected in subsequent infections. The vaccine invention was amidst various challenges such as criticism, ethical concerns, lack of funds, and other scientific challenges (Riedel Web). Louis Pasteur, a French chemist, coined the term vaccine. He defined it as biological suspensions of either dead, alive, or attenuated fractions or whole microorganisms introduced into an individual to trigger an immune response and prevent infectious diseases such as measles, diphtheria, and polio.
Edward Jenner was bestowed with honor and financial appreciation by many scientific and governmental organizations for his invention. Vaccination became a success in Britain and the United States where many children were vaccinated to prevent diseases. However, the financial challenge of erecting plants to produce the vaccines was a costly venture that saw only one company manufacturing the vaccines. In today’s world, vaccine production has shifted from being a government affair into a commercial one. However, most companies have given up on the business because of huge financial losses and unfavorable regulatory barriers. For example, Pfizer pharmaceutical company stopped the manufacture of the influenza vaccine, Fluogen, and sold the company to King Pharmaceuticals, who also gave up on the business due to high cost implications (Stern and Howard 616). Overcoming the financial barrier in vaccinology remains a great challenge because if vaccine manufacture could fail due to lack of funds, many children would succumb to infectious diseases. Nevertheless, various international organizations such as the United Nations Children’s Fund and the World Health Organization have shed light on the matter by being on the frontline in the campaigns for child immunization and vaccination since 1974.
Safety and sterilization in the manufacturing process have been other hurdles facing the production of vaccine since the Jenner era. Edward Jenner lacked appropriate sterilization and quality control techniques while he prepared the smallpox vaccine. He extracted the pustule from the chicken pox milkmaid and transferred it to the recipient’s arm in a non-sterile environment (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web). There was a looming danger of transferring other pathogenic microorganism amidst the vaccine. Vaccines are sensitive components and utmost sterilization, monitoring and quality control should be observed. The vaccine should be monitored closely to ensure that it only induces immunity and not serious infections. For example, a contaminated poliovirus killed five children in 1955 because it contained the fatal wild-polio virus. Sterilization in vaccine production remains a great challenge even in today’s world, but it is not far off as compared to the Jenner era. Improved science and technology are to thank for the production of safe and reliable vaccines.
Ethical concerns, social, and religious beliefs have also posed a challenge to convince people to accept and acknowledge the benefits of vaccines. Some conservative groups have raised concerns about the introduction of microorganisms into an individual in the name of disease prevention. In the Jenner era, most Britons perceived vaccination as an intrusion of their bodily integrity and privacy with some viewing it as a potentially defiling and destructive procedure. However, some countries imposed compulsory vaccination of their citizenry for the common good that surpassed individual privacy and religious beliefs. Albeit vaccination still faces similar challenges in today’s world, its reception by most groups has been positive because they can attest to its effective prevention of diseases of the past, for example, smallpox.
In a research paper written 100 years from now, vaccination will be the norm in the world of medicine because it will have proven effective in disease prevention. Scientists have been working on coming up with as many vaccines as there are diseases, and the trend will continue until they are able to wipe out all infectious diseases in the world. Currently, there is no vaccine against common cold, HIV/AIDS and cancer; however, in 100 years, research papers will be boasting of the successful invention of vaccines against these diseases. The success will be due to improved science and technology, extensive research, economic stability, and favorable social and political factors.
Works Cited
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. History of Vaccine Safety, 8 Feb. 2011. Web. 21 April 2014.
Riedel, Stefan. Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 18.1 (2005): 21–25. Web. 21 April 2014.
Stern, Alexandra and Howard Markel. The History of Vaccines and Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges. Health Affairs 24. 3 (2005): 611-621. Print.