Recent orders
History of the United States and slavery
History of the United States
Author
Institution
Introduction
The history of the United States is deeply rooted in slavery especially pitting the whites as the masters and the blacks as the slaves. Indeed, slavery was rife and legal in the United States for a number of centuries until 1865, when the 13th amendment to the United States Constitution was enacted abolishing slave trade or any involuntary servitude. The Mississippi Black Code essentially exposed the manner in which the southern states made efforts to retain the old order and restrict the rights that the African Americans had just acquired. After the civil war, the African Americans gained a number of privileges.
First, they gained the capacity to sue other individuals, whether white men or freed negroes, as well as acquire or dispose property in the same manner as white men could do provided it was in incorporated towns or cities where corporate authorities would control such property (Boezi, 2006). On the same note, the African Americans could now be considered competent witnesses in both criminal and civil cases even in instances where the defendants were white people and the plaintiffs as Negroes (Boezi, 2006). Indeed, it was considered lawful for any free Negro, mulatto or freedman to charge, by affidavit, a mulatto, Negro, freedman or white person with any criminal offense against himself or his property, after which the proper process would be issued and done as if a white person had made the affidavit.
In addition, the African Americans were granted the right to intermarry amongst themselves with individuals who had lived and cohabited together as husband and wife being considered as legally married (Boezi, 2006).
The differential awarding of rights was aimed at giving the former slaves a semblance of freedom while not allowing them to be in a level that would allow them to compete with their white counterparts. There were fears that freedom would make the black slaves too strong and powerful to the extent of challenging white supremacy and even carrying out revenge on their white masters. This is essentially why they could only be given limited rights.
However, African Americans also lost some of the privileges with the enactment of the Mississippi Black Codes. First, they could be arrested and carried back to their employers in instances where they had left their jobs without a good cause. This means that they could only leave their jobs with the sole authority of their owners as only them could determine what amounted to a good reason (Boezi, 2006).
These restrictions were complemented by sharecropper contacts that ensured that the sharecropper, who was mainly an African American, would not only remain indebted to the landowner and poor but also he never became an autonomous farmer. In this regard, sharecroppers would not be allowed to cater for their own fields in instances where there was work to be done in the landowners field (Boezi, 2006). Indeed, a typical sharecropper agreement prohibited croppers to work off the plantation in instances where the land he has rented had work or in instances where the landowner or even other landowners required him to work for them. On the same note, landowners would require specific amounts of produce, failure to which they could recover the remaining amount from the croppers’ share so as to fill up the amount. In addition, sharecroppers seemed to remain subordinate to the landowners as he could call any of them to carry out repairs on any part of the fence destroyed (Boezi, 2006). Underlining the cruelty outlined in the sharecroppers’ contracts is the fact that the croppers could not claim stock of any kind in the plantation after the gathering of the crops. This means that they ultimately had no ownership rights at the end of the day. Lastly, it is evident that they did not have the freedom to claim even the money earned from selling their share of the produce. Indeed, only the landowner could sell such produce and, after deducting the amounts that the croppers owed him, he could “decide” to give them half of the net proceeds.
References
Boezi, M. (2006). America through the eyes of its people: [primary sources in American history]. New York: Pearson/Longman.
History of the Olympic Games
32645358851265450000
22453603179445History of the Olympic Games
450000History of the Olympic Games
History of the Olympic Games
The Olympia is noted to be the first town that the Olympic Games started in the world. It is in the western site of the said Peloponnese which is denoted in the Greeks as the mythology or an island; this means that the first Olympic was done on an island, and the island was called Pelops (Billings, Angelini & Duke, 2010). Forcing sanctuaries, votive structures, showy holy places and old donning offices were consolidated in a site of novel regular and magical excellence. The island of Olympia was one of the places that people liked to go and make fun and also to take part in religious functions. This city was noted in history to have existed and started all this functions by B.C. All the activity in the Olympia city was managed or controlled by the Zeus; the leader of the place (Girginov, 2010). The city was parallel to the sanctuary of Hera; this denotes that the Olympia was also a religious related game.
The Olympic Games were nearly interfaced to the religious celebrations of the religion of Zeus, yet were not an essential piece of a ceremony. Undoubtedly, they had a common character and planned to demonstrate the physical qualities and development of the exhibitions fulfilled by youngsters, and in addition empowering great relations between the urban communities of Greece (Uchacz, 2010). Therefore, it is worth to denote that the Olympics Games has mush of its origin from religious facts. It was a religious games and not social or political. Just after several Olympiads had taken place, now come other sports. The first lot of sports were races. The first race was the 400 meters relay and was later followed by 1700 and 6000 meter races. The pentathlon that consisted of several occasions was also on board in 700 BC (Uchacz, 2010). This three sports are noted to hold the test of time and considered as the pioneers of Olympics games. Just before, the 700 BC, there was also chariot racing, this started in 600 BC to 650 B.C. Boxing amid other sports also come in and were incportated in the occasion. Support of the first Olympics depended on the support they got from the population of then Greece nationals, all the sports were male dominated as the females were not allowed to participate in such games (Girginov, 2010). The old Olympics has led to the born current Olympics.
It is clear that the current form of the Games has changed to the better. There are more than 50 games being undertaken in an occasion of one Olympics (Wallechinsky & Loucky, 2014). In order to understand the fundamentals of the occasion, it is better to denote that the occasion is also being undertaken by women as compared to the past whereby women or ladies did not take part not because they were not allowed but because the religion of the time as well as the nature of the sports could not allow that to happen (Wallechinsky & Loucky, 2014). Sports such as football, hockey, and soccer amid other have been embedded in Olympics games.
The current form of sports that is build and supported by the game has various facets on board, today the game is not only played for religious functions but because of small other issues. First, the game is played to support peace initiatives (Uchacz, 2010). For example, in Africa, this sport has taken place in order to bring peace amid the people, though no Olympics has ever taken place in Africa. With the use of the qualification stage of the game peace and harmony among the people in natured (Uchacz, 2010). The value of the game also changed over years. Today, Olympics is noted played to grown and individual alone but also the country, the sports peso comes from (Uchacz, 2010).
Via a competitive bidding in order to be given a chance to host the games, it is different from the past whereby it was in Olympia. More than 20 games have taken place in most big cities around the world, but the best of all was the one held in London. As compared to the past Olympics that people played as a community today, it a money making venture. Individual’s skills of the games have changed to personal and material dependency of the games (Girginov, 2010). It true that the modern day sports has changed to the better and the world is supporting the game as compared to the old days whereby the men in Greece marked and supported the occasion. Today, the game is not only supported by Greece and its people but the world at large.
References
Billings, A. C., Angelini, J. R., & Duke, A. H. (2010). Gendered profiles of Olympic history: Sportscaster dialogue in the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(1), 9-23.
HYPERLINK “http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08838150903550352#.VG-b-DSUfd8” http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08838150903550352#.VG-b-DSUfd8
Girginov, V. (Ed.). (2010). The Olympics: a critical reader. Routledge.
HYPERLINK “http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_sport_histor” http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_sport_history/v038/38.2.crawford01.html
Uchacz, G. P. (2010). 2010 Olympic Winter Games Chiropractic: The Making of History. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 54(1), 14.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2829681/
Wallechinsky, D., & Loucky, J. (2014). The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2014 Edition. Crossroad Press.
HYPERLINK “http://www.amazon.com/The-Complete-Book-Winter-Olympics-” http://www.amazon.com/The-Complete-Book-Winter-Olympics-ebook/dp/B00HL3MGKQ
Nursing Negligence
Nursing Negligence
In the field of health care, the term malpractice involved only the wrongs of negligence of a physician. The nurses functioned with a more defined framework. It was common for the nurse to wait and then implement the orders of a physician. Nonetheless, the nurses are playing increasingly important role in the treatment and care of hospital throughput the world thus making nursing negligence claims to be more common than before. Unfortunately, in most of the events the nurses are mostly overburdened and understaffed which can result to treatment and care that falls below the standards of care (Peterson, 2006). An error of a nurse may include any act of negligence or mistake in regards to some type of care of patient. These mistakes or negligence can happen in several different ways including the nurse failing to follow the prescription of the doctor for treatment, a nurse administering wrong medication to a patient, a nurse failing to call a doctor for an emergency or failing to follow up on a patient.
In the last decade, nursing has matured into a progressively more advanced sophisticated, specialized and independent profession. The role of the nurse in providing care to the patient has also expanded. Consequently liability for basic nursing negligence has moved to its “professional” counterpart, malpractice (Peterson, 2006). No other specialty relies more heavily on the nurses than the obstetrical nursing field and the stakes for patients and the families involved could be high.
The nurses owe their service to the patients they serve. According to the American Nurses Association, a nurse “promotes, advocates for and strives to protect the health safety and rights of the patient.” On top of that, the nurse is responsible and liable for her or his nursing practice and will determine the appropriate task delegation consistent with the obligation of the nurse to provide optimum care to the patient. As the person with the greatest exposure to a patient in the hospital, it is paramount for the nurse to take the responsibility of making assessment of the status of the patients and communicate the status effectively to the physicians, charged also with the ultimate care of the patients (Peterson, 2006).
Nurse with specialized training or extensive experience are held to higher care standards, in regards to what a reasonable and wise nurse would have done with the same training or experience would have done in a similar set of circumstances. Under the standards, the nurses with vast experiences or training are presumed to have in mind the potential problems the physician who restates the order or if the nurse relies on the assertion of the physician that the physician will take full liability that the members of the nursing profession employ. A nurse will be accountable in tort if harm ensues because he or she does not have or use such skills, knowledge diligence or care.
A nurse working for a hospital is legally bided to be aware of the policies and procedures that define the nursing standards of care. On occasions, the nurse may be confronted with an order of a physician directly contradicting the written policies and procedures of the hospital. In a case where an order contravenes the medical standards, customary procedures, practices, hospital policies or procedures the nurse is entitled to defer, question or flout the order. A nurse is encouraged to consult with other physicians concerning such matters and when the condition of the patient the attention then the nurse has the obligation to make such calls. If the physician insists on carrying out the order, the nurse should delay in executing it and report the matter to the supervisor or any other responsible hospital official.
References
Peterson, K. F. (2006). Nursing Negligence. Miller & Ciresi L.L.P.