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Data Finding
Data Finding
Vietnam, in full referred to as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in East Asia. The World Bank classifies it in the lower middle income group and classified as a third world nation. From the World Bank website, the population is reported to be 96,462,106. The life expectancy at birth is 75.3 in 2018. The mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) is 20. The website does not have any information on Vietnam relating to COVID-19.
The CDC website presents key information on travelers going to Vietnam regarding COVID-19. It classifies the nation as a low risk area but recommends full vaccination for travelers. Regarding the population, it presents the size of Vietnam as 95,540,800 (in 2017) and a per capita income of $6,450. The life expectancy at birth is recorded as F 76/M 71 years, and Infant mortality rate stands at 15/1,000 live births.
The World Health Organization presents Vietnam as having 94 569 000 people in 2016, with a 69/78 Life expectancy at birth m/f in 2019, and the total expenditure on health as % of GDP in 2014 as being 7.07. The website reports that there are 2824 confirmed cases of COVID with 35 deaths in the last 24 hours as at 23rd April.
The information in each site is different. The dates used to report key data and facts, such as population size or life expectancy rates are different. The reporting style of every website is also dissimilar with the CDC preferring a reporting style, the World Bank using figures and charts, and the World Health Organization combining these two style in reporting. Possible explanations for discrepancies in posted information between sites include the fact that the data collection techniques are different as well as the date and time some of the information were posted.
Computer Detailing
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Computer Detailing
To advertise drugs, some pharmaceutical companies have turned to internet detailing over face-to-face detailing. In the past, the most common form of advertising was face to face where representatives from the companies would be trained then sent out to meet physicians. During their interaction, the reps convince the physicians to prescribe drugs from the companies that they represent. However, this practice was found to be unethical in some cases where the reps from pharmaceutical companies would give the physicians lavish gifts in exchange for more prescriptions. To do away with this practice, internet detailing has been set up.
Several disadvantages come with the preference for internet detailing. First, there is a loss of personal touch to the whole process. When the company reps meet with the physicians, the doctors gain confidence when they interact with the reps based on the understanding and conviction of the reps. Much of the trust that is built from one-on-one interaction is lost when using computer detailing. Second, the physicians and reps will feel that they are being monitored when they use computer detailing, and hence, they will be quite reluctant to take up new drugs. Physicians will, therefore, tend to use drugs they are more familiar with over new ones that may be more efficient and affordable to their patients. The use of computer detailing also has the disadvantage of allowing physicians to report feedback that may be wrong. Because the reps are not physically present when patients give feedback on the drugs in question, the physician can provide false or altered reports based on different motivations. It is clear that both methods of face to face detailing and internet detailing have their advantages and disadvantages, with ethical concerns being the most prevalent in face-to-face detailing. There needs to be more regulation in the pharmaceutical industry to ensure transparency, especially when releasing new drugs.
Data Description Methods
Data Description Methods
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Data Description Methods
Frequency Distribution for Each Bread Type
White Bread
White Bread Frequency
351 – 450 4
451 – 550 6
551 – 650 3
651 – 750 5
751 – 850 3
851 – 950 1
Wheat Bread
Wheat Bread Frequency
351 – 400 3
401 – 450 2
451 – 500 5
501 – 550 3
551 – 600 2
601 – 650 3
651 – 700 3
701 – 750 1
Multigrain Bread
Multigrain Bread Frequency
291 -340 3
341 – 390 2
391 – 440 7
441 – 490 1
491 – 540 0
541 – 590 5
591 – 640 3
641 -690 1
Black Bread
Black Bread Frequency
250 – 289 3
290 – 329 3
330 – 369 6
370 – 409 1
410 – 449 4
450 – 489 2
490 – 529 2
530 – 569 1
Cinnamon Bread
Cinnamon Bread Frequency
80 – 94 1
95 – 109 4
110 -124 2
125 – 139 4
140 – 154 5
155 – 169 1
170 – 184 3
185 – 199 0
200 – 214 2
Sour Doug Bread
Sour Doug Bread Frequency
85 – 94 3
95 – 104 4
105 – 114 2
115 – 124 3
125 – 134 0
135 – 144 4
145 – 154 3
155 – 164 1
165 – 174 0
175 – 184 1
185 – 194 1
Light Oat Bread
Light Oat Bread Frequency
170 – 189 3
190 – 209 1
210 – 229 5
230 – 249 1
250 – 269 3
270 – 289 1
290 – 309 3
310 – 329 2
330 – 349 1
350 – 369 2
Type of Bread with the Greatest and Lowest Relative Variability
Relative variance=Standard Deviation *100
Mean
White bread= 149.0551 *100 =24.85193
599.7727
Wheat Bread= 107.0237 *100=20.1776
530.4091
Multigrain Bread= 108.013 *100=22.9637
470.3636
Black Bread= 81.95101 *100=21.3642
383.5909
Cinnamon Bread= 33.0197 *100=23.6315
139.7273
Sour Dough Bread= 28.68368 *100=22.5694
127.0909
Light Oat Brea= 57.89526 *100=22.1281
261.6364
From these results, white bread has the greatest relative variability (24.85%), while wheat bread has the lowest relative variability (20.18%).
How many loaves of each type of bread should be made such that demand would be met on at least 75% of the days during the year.
This question asks for the 75th percentile of each type of bread. The number of loaves to be made for every type of bread as calculated using Excel percentile function formula are shown in the table below.
Bread Type Number of Loaves (75th Percentile)
White 703
Wheat 635
Multigrain 569
Black 435
Cinnamon 162
Sour dough 147
Light oat 307