Recent orders
Gender movements
Gender movements
Women are generally the few represented in public offices despite them forming the majority of the population in most countries. Specifically in America women form the majority of the population but they are still the least represented in the public office and judging by the 2008 political campaign that saw the now president barrack Obama chosen over the female candidate Clinton, it clearly shows that women did not vote as a block in support of the female candidate. It raises concern to find out why women do not vote as a block to increase the number of the female representative in public offices. Before the modern America, women were oppressed and could not hold positions in public office and the women gender was not recognized as equal members in the society with their male counterparts. The women in the 1960 organized women movements to fight for their rights and to make themselves recognized as equals in the society: These were movements to fight for equality between genders. The typical American family was patriarchal, with the men enjoying dominance over the females. Some families still have the males being dominant over the females. The failure of the women to vote and support other female candidates in getting to the public office can therefore be blamed on the kind of culture that was instilled in women and is still being experienced by the women. For example in the job market, women are still paid less compared to the males despite holding the same position and even doing the same task as the males. The inequality that comes with one being male or female is therefore an issue of culture rather than the biology that leads to the different gender.
According to Farber (1994) the civil rights movement of 1960 saw the movement of women to protest against discrimination caused by gender differences. This saw the enactment of the civil rights act of 1964 that banned all discrimination against gender. It is however researched and found that the women few umbers in public office is mainly because the women lack a political ambition compared to their male counterparts and also because of the incumbency advantage. The incumbency advantage is the benefit that comes with having held a public office before. The people who have been in any public before attract more media attention, can easily raise funds for the campaign and they already have a record that people can relate with. The lack of political ambition is caused by the responsibilities that come with womanhood like child bearing and taking care of the home. The lack of women in such public offices can also be blamed on the lack of the young generation to have role models to look up to and ream of achieving what the others have achieved thus leading to a whole generation of women with no political ambition.
Discrimination of women in public offices can be seen as a contributing factor to the discouragement of the women to join the political scene and have political ambitions. Women who decide to run for public office face very hard times than those who choose to work in other offices that are not in the public eye. The dominance of the men in such offices is the main cause of such discrimination and the little support the women receive from their male counterparts also plays a major role in discouraging women, (Brigid 2008). The few number of women in public office is also associated with the male conspiracy and physiological factors that gives the women the mentality that the public office is suited to the males and not the women. Bahati (2001) argues that the hypothetical are culture, physiological roles, male conspiracy and the institutional constraints that arise from the perception of the society on the roles that different gender should hold.
It can therefore be concluded that very few women hold positions in public office because of the culture instilled in them, the lack of political ambition and physiological roles.
References
David, Farber. (1994). the age of great dreams: America in the 1960. U.S.A: hill and Wang publishers.
Brigid, C. and Thomas, R. (2008). Power and society: an introduction to the social sciences. Boston: Thompson Wadsworth publishers.
Bahati, K. (2001). Gender and social movements. United Kingdom: Altamira press.
Internship Report
Student’s Name
Fatma Alzaabi Zayed University
5th December 2021
Internship Report: A Focus on Abu Dhabi Judicial Department (ADJD)
Abu Dhabi’s administration launched a significant program of government-wide reform in 2006. The program’s goal was establishing a unified government framework capable of offering a complete world-class system and structure of government services to the residents, businesses entities, and visitors. Furthermore, the effort was created to attain the daring agenda of gradually upgrading Abu Dhabi and its government to among the leading national institutions in the world. The Abu Dhabi Judicial Department (ADJD), is a government agency founded in 2006 under the justice and courts category of government. The ADJD employs about 5000 employees and is headquartered in Abu Dhabi, Emirate of Abu Dhabi (ADJD). The specialties for the agency include the judicial process, maintaining justice, a critical part of law enforcement, litigation, prosecution, the courts, and notarization. It is located in Al Khaleej Al Arabi St., Abu Dhabi, Emirate of Abu Dhabi.
His Highness Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan provided Ordinance No. (23) in 2006 with an aim of restructuring the ADJD based on a vision of becoming a leader in the provision of government services on a global scale (Groo 1). The bill was an initial move toward the region’s objective of building an independent and competent judicial framework capable of objectively administering justice and respecting the law of the land. The Judicial Council was constituted by Law (23) and would be presided by the President of the Court of Cassation. It appoints, promotes, and replaces judges, and it is to be consulted on matters concerning the judiciary and the Public Prosecution.
Through the ADJD, Abu Dhabi has been effective in maintaining the rule of law, and as a result, it has secured national triumphs. Such efforts have been made possible via the efforts of specialists with vast professional experience and highly competent indigenous employees who are aware of the duties that have been put upon them (ADJD). Initiatives and efforts to carry out the strategic plan for developing the judicial and administrative systems have placed an emphasis on the integration of modern information technology systems into development efforts and endeavors because of the direct relationship between modern information technology systems and strengthening capabilities, improving performance, accelerating achievement, streamlining procedures, and strengthening bonds between different parties seeking justice and fairness. As a result, the Abu Dhabi Government may be able to achieve its goal of providing world-class contemporary services while creating an ideal atmosphere of efficiency and openness through its judicial organ.
Mission of the Abu Dhabi Judicial Department: To establish an efficient and independent judicial system that provides world-class judicial services to the people of Abu Dhabi. A primary goal of the organization is to safeguard the rule of law in society by safeguarding justice, liberty, and the preservation of peace. In addition to judicial independence, fairness and honesty, excellent customer service, and teamwork are among the ideals upheld by the institution (Groo 3). These and other vital goals include access to justice, a fair and capable judicial system that offers effective and innovative judicial services, public trust, confidence, highly qualified people and an inspirational work environment, as well as transparency and accountability.
As a part of the ADJD, the law created the Emirate’s First Instance, Appeal, and Cassation Courts. There are also circuits recommended by the Judicial Council. The Law also established a Public Prosecution led by the Attorney General and provided for a sufficient number of members. Execution and Judicial Inspection were created by the same law. They both report to the Judicial Council and are responsible for enforcing judgements and providing judicial services. The judge’s immunity, obligations, and accountability are extensively covered in the law.
The Department’s objective has always been to promote justice, liberty, and peace. In order to attain this purpose, the judiciary must deliver world-class services, safeguard its independence and ideals, administer justice impartially, serve the public effectively, strive excellence, and foster teamwork. Several departments of the ADJD work together to attain several goals. The ADJD’s Judicial Council protects the judiciary’s independence through exercising statutory authorizations. Appointment, promotion, transfer, assignment and secondment of judges and prosecutors are its unique responsibilities (ADJD). This body also reviews draft legislation relevant to the judiciary and public prosecution in the Emirate, and gives authorizations pertaining to the full judicial process’ flow. The Undersecretary of the Judicial Department oversees the department. It develops and implements the Department’s policies and strategic goals, with the Chairman’s approval. On a quarterly basis, it reports to the Chairman on the Department’s operations, successes, and processes. Attorney General oversees all judicial and administrative actions related to Public Prosecution, which prosecutes criminal cases on behalf of the people and public juries to ensure justice and the law’s application. The Legal Department’s legal system has three levels: the Court of First Instance, the Court of Appeal, and the Court of Cassation. Each court is led by a chief justice who is accompanied by a team of full-time judges and administrative staff. The courts are separated into judicial circuits based on the kind of case; they include civil, commercial, labor, criminal, and personal status courts. The Court of Cassation is based in Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, and the Western Region.
Works Cited
Abu Dhabi Judicial Department (ADJD). “About ADJD.” ADJD, Abu Dhabi Government, 2021,
https://www.adjd.gov.ae/EN/pages/aboutadjd.aspx
Groo, Lawrence. “Judicial System Restructuring and Modernization in Abu Dhabi.” IJCA. Vol.
1. 2008. https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/287303/122-266-1-SM.pdf?sequence=2
Gender Equality
NAME
PROFESSOR
COURSE
DATE OF SUBMISSION
Gender Equality
There exists a huge skew and disparity in the women political representation between the states of Germany and United States. The number of women in political and governmental representation is lower in U.S than it is in Germany. This is because the German political parties have made a voluntary adoption of gender quotas. Of the five major political parties, four have established the quotas which assist in increasing the women numbers in the Bundestag to a proportion nearing one-third of their total membership. Germany has therefore become one of the Europe’s many countries within the entirety of the world to introduce gender quotas. The gender quotas are primarily aimed at addressing the low number of women who directly take part in the making of political decisions. This has led to an increased number of elected female officials resulting to a greater number of descriptive women representations in the German government (Sparke, 2012 pg 316).
In Germany, there is also the advocating and ultimate passing of legislations which are in favor of the women’s interest. The legislations are in relation to improving the substantive women representation in a proportional manner. On the other hand, the United States however has made it extremely difficult to allow for women representation in politics. This is because it has no gender quota system and rarely addresses the issue. Another shortcoming of U.S is that it has remained to largely un-examine and fail in the passing of legislations which can be in favor of women interests. Also, there is the one-candidate majoritarian system in U.S allowing for the election of only one candidate to the political positions as explained by Ferree (2012 pg. 7). This has made it highly impossible for the electoral women representation in political offices.
The United States can develop the spirit of improving gender equality in political representation through a number of ways. First of all and most vitally is that it should introduce the system of gender quota to improve substantive women representation in politics. The majoritarian system that only allows one candidate’s election should also be changed into a system that provides for all inclusive and proportional election system. In addition, the U.s government should advocate for passing of more legislations which provide favor for the women interests as well as re-examining the existing volatile and discriminative feminist policies. Finally, the government should formulate policies that will be tailored towards eradicating the attitude of egalitarianism. This will ensure that no woman is undermined on the basis relative to anti-gender-equality so as to raise the acceptability social-wise of the both the women feminists views in political decisions making (Ferree, 2012 pg. 16).
According to Sparke (2012, pg. 348)Gender equality is still a work in progress towards the attainment of the perfect and balanced equality between men and women desired. However, tremendous improvement has been recorded in ensuring political opportunities equality in the governmental positions representations. There is a suggestion from the German context view that the descriptive representation of women in national legislatures has the capability of contributing to their representation substantively. A proposal is also made that the states of the world need to develop a society which is gender neutral so as to get rid of the gender based stereotypes in order to create a world that is truly equal to every person and to all.
Structural Adjustment Programs vs Microcredit Programs
Non-governmental organizations in many of the third world countries communities like Rural Bangladesh have introduced the use of various programs to promote women’s lives. The programs include use of SAP (system adjustment programs) and Microcredit programs tailored towards improving the socioeconomic status of the poor women in such locations. The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh has made astounding example of providing such credit programs of small scale nature to the poor especially women (Cooke 2011, pg.121).
The Micro-credit programs got introduced in Bangladesh following the establishment of GB (Grameen Bank) in the year 1976. The major objective of the bank’s establishment was to eradicate poverty in the rural areas. This was based on the establishment that lack of capital was considered to be the primary major obstacle to productive self employment among the poor women. A number of NGOs arose following GB establishment like BRAC (Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee), ASA (Association for Social Advancement) and BRDB (Bangladesh Rural Development Board) according to Faraizi., Rahman., & McAllister (2014, pg 114).
On other hand, SAP got introduced in the years 1980s by the push of ILA (International Lending Agencies) such as IMF (international monetary fund). The program at its inception had devastating negative effect on the borrowing country. Corrupt government embezzled loan funds making countries to into financial distress and debts, and the prices of commodities on the global market were falling. This phenomenon especially affected women because they tried to increase their workload in order to help in curbing the increased living cost. A prime victim example is Kenya, one of the third world’s poorest countries. SAPs through the bodies like IMF instituted programs that meant to increase debt repayments and improve economic growth- the programs rather served to fuel inflation hence making the poor even poorer.
In contrast, SAP was aimed at reducing government interventions in the economy, reduce the government spending to favor balanced budgets and embrace the free global market forces. Alternatively, Micro credit programs were of the concern of giving loans of small amount primarily to the poor women in order to boost their economic status in qualifying for bank loans. Sap focused on the entire world countries as a whole while micro-credit program focused on an individual (DeFilippis & Saegert, 2013 pg.268)
In comparison, both the programs were based to provide a potential and an innovative mechanism for credit distribution to the poor especially the poor women. The aim was to alleviate poverty in the rural areas by using a basis of peer monitoring as a collateral substitute.
Micro-credit programs have however drawn much attention as poverty alleviation means in Bangladesh among the poor women. It has proved to be much successful in its acceptance and coverage level than the SAPs.
WORKS CITED
Cooke, Lynn, P. Gender class Equality in Political Economies. Surrey, United Kingdom: Routledge, 2011.
DeFilippis, James., & Saegert, Susan. Community Development. Routledge, 2013. Internet Source.
Faraizi, Aminul., Rahman, Taskinur., & McAllister, Jim. Microcredit and Women’s Empowerment: A Case Study of Bangladesh. Routledge, 2014. Internet Source.
Ferree, Myra M. Varieties of Feminism: German Gender Politics in Global Perspective. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2012. Internet resource.
Sparke, Matthew. Introducing Globalization: Ties, Tensions, and Uneven Integration. Chicester: Wiley, 2012. Internet resource.