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Essay- Discrimination
(Name)
(Instructors’ name)
(Course)
(Date)
Discrimination
The issue of discrimination is one that continues to generate plenty of debate especially in political and academic circles all over the world. The term discrimination describes the prejudicial treatment of individuals anchored in their association with certain minority groupings or categories (Simon 1). Discrimination involves the exclusion and denial of such groups from the basic opportunities provided to other groups. Put simply, it is whereby minority groups are denied of their rightful access to opportunities in society. Accordingly, various types of discrimination exist including racial discrimination, discrimination based on gender, political discrimination, religious discrimination, caste discrimination, and economic discrimination, just to mention a few (Simon 1). However, discrimination continues to be exercised in different ways, and for that reason, has taken a different dimension that is highly unnoticeable even to the persons committing the act. Discrimination may be conscious or unconscious, and for that reason, is a complex issue for discussion. This, in turn, makes discrimination an issue in society that needs to be considered for affirmative action in the society.
In essence, discrimination is a problem for many because it hinders community development and growth (Simon 5). Discrimination is known to be the cause of many problems that are related to human rights and the enrichment of lives in communities all over the world. Discrimination prevents proper living and appreciation of life by those who are discriminated against thus hindering their normal growth and development. Such people find themselves in disadvantaged positions, thus preventing their normal growth and development in the social setting. For example, racial or tribal discrimination in various parts of the world has seen many children miss out on opportunities to acquire a proper education. In America, for example, a higher percentage of students from low-income backgrounds attain their education from schools, which fit the description of being ‘below standard’. Their education curriculums are not as comprehensive as those of high-end schools, which cause a problem for these students when out of school. Accordingly, the largest problem regarding discrimination does not relate to the obvious and noticeable types of discrimination, but rather, those that cannot be easily identified. This is because such forms of discrimination are not easy to define, and for that reason, a solution for the problem may not be easily identifiable. One such discrimination is discrimination based on weight, which is the most recent form of discrimination exercised in society today.
Because discrimination occurs in two main forms, conscious and unconscious discrimination, there is need for the establishment of a solution that covers both these forms of discrimination (Simon 1). Researchers have identified one main solution to the problem of discrimination, which is education, and awareness of discrimination and its impact to society. By creating awareness on the issue, individuals will have the ability to distinguish between discriminatory actions and those that are not. Additionally, individuals will also have the relevant knowledge on the negative effects of discrimination, which may, in turn, motivate them to stop their discriminatory behaviors. Individuals will learn how discrimination affects proper growth and development, and the effects of this, not only on the person being discriminated against, but also on the people who discriminate others. Only through awareness of the problems that may arise from discrimination can individuals be encouraged to stop discriminating against each other.
Work Cited
Simon, David. Discrimination and Affirmative Action. 2004. Web. 18, October, 2011.
<< http://www.kon.org/urc/simon.pdf>>
Essay- Cell Structure
(Name)
(Instructors’ name)
(Course)
(Date)
The Cell
In order to understand the importance of the cell to humanity, one must first consider the cell theories. Accordingly, the three cell theories explain that the cell is the basic unit of function in organisms, all living things contain one or more cells and that cells are arise from the replication of other cells (Pollard 1). By understanding this, one can comprehend the importance of the cell for life. Relevantly, understanding the importance of the cell also requires a comprehension of the structure and functioning of cells in organisms that help give life for these organisms.
This paper presents a brief introduction to the cell. The paper examines the external and internal cell structure with relation to cell shape, cell size, and internal makeup of the cell.
Cell Shape
Depending on the function cells play in the body of an organism, different cells vary in their shapes (Pollard 3). Researchers explain that the shape of the cell is highly reliant on the role the cell plays in the body. For example, blood cells come in the form of rounded or oval disks, so as to increase the surface area for the flow of air in and out of the blood. In addition to this, these cells are also circular in shape so as to allow ease of transportation throughout the body.
Cell Size
In relation to the shape of the cell, cell size are not constant and they differ from one cell to another. Most cells in organisms are too small to be observed with the common eye, and for that reason need the use of the microscope for identification. As researchers explain, most cells, irrespective of whether they are animal or plant cells are small because of the ability of the nucleus to balance the volume of the cytoplasm, as well as, the surface area to volume ration of the cell (Pollard 6). However, very few cells are large enough to be seen by the human eye with the human egg identified as the largest cell in the human body.
External and Internal Makeup
The external and internal makeup of the cell is said to be made up of three main parts including the cell surface, cytoplasm, and nucleus, which is the center of the cell. These parts consist of various organelles, which are defined as the cell components that perform certain functions within the cell itself.
Nucleus
The nucleus is identified as the inner most part of the cell and it consists of the nucleolus, chromosomes, and the nuclear membrane. The nucleolus is a cell organelle that is made up of nucleic acids and proteins in the nucleus. The nucleolus is only visible during the division of cells and for that reason, cannot be identified in the cell during inactivity. This organelle is spherical in shape and is composed of RNA, which function as protein manufacturers in the cell (Pollard 11). The second organelles found in the nucleus are the chromosomes, which are composed of DNA and carry genetic information in the cell. Chromosomes are made up of chromatin and their function is to give the cell its genetic structure. The nuclear membrane is the third and final organelle found in the cell and it consists of two layers surrounding the nucleus.
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the second section of the cell and it consists of nine main organelles including vacuoles, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, chloroplasts, centrioles, and the endoplasmic reticulum (Pollard 14). Vacuoles are water solutions that are used for storage digestion and excretion of waste in the cell. Ribosomes, on the other hand, refer to miniature cell organelles and structure that function as protein factories for the cell. Considered one of the largest organelles in the cell, the mitochondria are double layered organelles that function as energy production centers for the cell. Lysosomes are used for the transport of undigested materials to the cell membrane for removal and is therefore dubbed the digestive plant for the cell (Pollard 18). Also known as the protein packaging organelle in the cell, the Golgi apparatus, is a protein membrane found near the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum is considered as the cell’s transport system as it stores, separates materials and substances in the cell. The cytoskeleton provides the shape and support for the cell, the chloroplasts are sights for photosynthesis whereas the centrioles are the organelles involved in cellular division.
Surface
The cell surface is the third section of the cell and it makes up the external part of the cell structure. This section surrounds the cell and provides protection against internal damage of the cell (Pollard 21). The cell surface is made up of two main organelles including the cell wall and the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is the outermost organelle in the cell that controls the passage of materials and substances in and out the cell. The plasma membrane is made up of proteins that are surrounded by two phospholipid layers. The cell wall, on the other hand refers to the extracellular structure surrounding the plasma membrane. The cell wall is only found in plants and cannot be observed in animal cells.
Work Cited
Pollard, Thomas dean et al. Cell Biology. New York: Saunders/Elsevier, 2008. Print.
Essay- Animal Testing
Use of Animals in Scientific Research
(Author’s name)
(Institutional Affiliation)
Abstract
Millions of animals are used each year for the acquisition of new scientific knowledge, necessary for survival and continuity of the human race. However, this practice by scientific research denotes a considerable amount of unethical execution, which is the basis of conflict regarding the issue. Though the issue has received a lot of criticism, the use of animals is acceptable because the results of most of these scientific research studies are beneficial for all. However, the application of this should be monitored and controlled to ensure that there is no violation occurs in the process.
Key Words: Scientific Research, Animal Testing, Ethics
Introduction
Research, in truth, is crucial for the survival of humanity. It is through research that the human race has successfully managed to come up with new ways of adapting to the ever-changing environment, and in the process attain and maintain survival and sustainability of their race (Strangor, 2010). Research has led to the discovery of food, and medicine among other things, thus its significance to human beings. However, research cannot reach its full implementation without the use of test subjects, to illustrate the effectiveness of the research. Notably, scientific research cannot be conducted on human beings, and for that reason, exploits the use of animals for research. In essence, scientific research comprises of three components including balancing between animal and human physiologies, experimenting on compounds, substances, or devices, and gaining new knowledge (Giridharan, 2000).
This paper examines the concept of animal testing in scientific research. The paper explains the extent to which animals can be used in scientific research in an acceptable manner.
To what Extent is the Use of Animals in Scientific Research Acceptable?
Evidently, research involving the use of animals for testing, has more significant contribution to scientific progression than research that does not employ animal testing. Results of studies conducted through animal testing have a 95% likelihood of being beneficial to their users, making this practice acceptable (Lowell, 2004). For example, scientists explain that the use of rodents and other animals is crucial for carrying out toxicological studies in the development of a drug molecule. Notably, in order to term animal testing as an ‘acceptable’ procedure, individuals need to take into consideration the procedures for application of this procedure. Researchers using animals for their studies need to consider the laws and principles that have been put in place to ensure proper application of this. This is the only way that animal testing can be deemed as acceptable, as the reversion of this has a negative connotation.
Contrastingly, critics believe that animal testing is unethical and requires curtailing. They believe some of the practices in animal testing are inappropriate, unethical, and refutable. Though it is accepted that animal testing is crucial for all, some researchers may conduct their experiments in deplorable mean, thus drawing on the unacceptability of the practice. Accordingly, critics argue that researchers who deliberately conduct animal testing in their research in the wrong manner should not be permitted to conduct research at all.
Conclusion
Animal testing in scientific research is only as acceptable as it is ethical. Put simply, this means that the acceptability of the practice depends on how researchers conduct experiments using animals. When using the correct procedures for animal testing in experiments, this practice is acceptable; but, if the procedures are wrongly employed, animal testing then becomes unacceptable.
References
Giridharan, N. V. (2000). Use of Animals for Scientific Research. Retrieved from:
http://www.icmr.nic.in/bioethics/Animals_biomedical%20research.pdf
Lovell D. P. et al., (2004). Reducing the Use of Laboratory Animals in Toxicological Research
and Testing by Better Experimental Design. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 58(1): 127-140.
Stangor, C. (2010). Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Cengage
Learning.