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Environmental impacts of commuting
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Environmental impacts of commuting
Introduction
High quality and elegant travelling is the desire for every commuter regardless of distance model of transport or the means by which the passengers use. In reference to Routemaster travelling buses in the United Kingdom, most commuters have continued to rely on these buses for quite sometime because of their convenience while travelling. Since the introduction of these buses, the impact on the commuter transport design has been greatly influenced.
Much of the transport in the United Kingdom has greatly influenced the designs of the travelling vehicles both interiorly and externally in order to meet the passengers needs. For over 50 years now the Routemaster buses have continued to be an icon to be imitated by many transport service offers in most of the United Kingdom including London. The reliability of these buses is the key factor that attracts most of the commuters in the United Kingdom who prefer them more than any other transport competitor.
The Routemaster is well advanced and over time it has provided significant services to the customers because of its safety that comes as a result of its design by use of steel both internally and externally (Fujii & Kitamura, 2007).
The sustainability of this kind of transport is necessary in terms of environment and service delivery. The discussion of this topic will look into details the effects the Routemaster buses have to the environment both sustainable and unsustainable in comparison with Shinkansen trains of Japan which for along period of time have continued to display great advancements in terms of technology. Unlike the Routemaster, the Shinkansen trains of Japan have continued to evolve to meet changing and varying needs of its customers while the Routemaster have remained unchanged for over 50 years since their introduction in 1959 (Fujii, Garling & Kitamura, 2001).
Literature review
The Routemaster of the United Kingdom is a double Decker bus which was built by The Associated Equipment Company in 1954. Its production lasted between 1954 and 1964. The Routemaster services continued till 2005 when it reduced its routes into serving central London.
The pioneering design of the Routemaster lasted over a period of time after which the design was sold to the London transport bus for use by other operators. The design of these buses coincided with boarding away from the stop. The conductors assisted in maintaining security and reducing the time spent on boarding by the customers thus making it cost effective.
The original Routemaster had famous features in London that acted as tourist points thus imitated even across the world with some of its features spotted in foreign countries. The design of these buses made them lighter and therefore consuming less fuel making it cost friendly and environmental friendly because of less emissions. Although the primary reason of constructing the buses was to serve London, it came to replace the trolley buses that were common in London
The Routemaster for along period never did any changes to the designs of their buses something has made them less sustainable in terms of environmental impacts, however, their original design was done to increase safety and reduce its emissions to the environment because of its construction from steel rather than timber
Since the end of world war 11, the reconstruction of the Shinkensen trains commenced after a long period as a result of building Japanese economy to increase freights for commuters. The first Shinkansen to be constructed was a development of the Romancecar.
In the 1950s in most developed countries, the railway transport was believed to be outdated however the president of Japan National Railways, Shinji Sogo was committed to the development the high speed railway that show the evolvement of the Shinkansen in 1950s.
The government approved the Japan National Railways in 1958 after which the first Shinkansen came into operation connecting Tokyo and Osaka the cost of construction of the first train cost the company 200 billion yen after the company was given some loan from the government and the World Bank.
The Conventional Limited Express Train took nearly seven hours from Osaka To japan while the Shinkansen moved through the two cities in three hours thus making it much faster thus making so many day trips between the two cities.
Shinkansen trains
Since its introduction over 50 years ago, Shinkansen buses have had nearly 8 billion-commuters travelling with them with very minimal fatalities which occur as a result of frequent collisions, earthquakes and even typhoons. This is because of the bus attendants were employed to assist customers. The Japanese Shinkansen trains on the other hand, have offered remedy to both long and short distance commuters because of their speed, comfortability and safety to the millions of Japanese people and it has made even the air transport to be affordable although environmental may have increased through competition. Comfortability is higher with these trains and many people can now travel using their facilities because of its convenience and speed.
Since the invention of these trains, Shinkansen has remained being an icon of transport in Japan for commuters by overtaking both air and road travel whereby approximately 23000 people travel daily using the facility thus impacting positively in the Japanese economy and its environs.
The Shinkansen wide spread networks, has led to its popularity over the rest of transport in Japan. The company has come up with sustainable that will see its customers having great experience while travelling.
Impact of transportation on the environment
This part of our topic seeks to discuss the various impacts that transport can have to the environment and its effects to the economy. We are concerned with negative impacts of transport and their significant effects to the environment and how they make transport unsustainable in the long-term if not controlled.
Sustainable transport can be described as a process by which all travel patterns can provide transport needs in a more efficient manner without compromising the environment.
The environmental effects that can determine the sustainability of transport include the following;
Global warming, which results as result of emissions to of harmful gases to the environment, many environmental effects include noise pollution as a result of sound produced by moving vehicles, trains, and buses. Land and lakes pollution, which impacts on plant and animal kingdom, the impact of waste materials from scrap metals of old machines, can also affect the environment negatively if not well recycled to be used for other purposes.
The human lives are also endangered in cases where the people inherit dangerous emissions that are produced that will affect their internal respiratory system. Some diseases are also likely to occur where the environment is not clean making it easier for contamination.
The influence interior design within unsustainable transport has on commuters’ mobility methods and how the specific interior parts of airplanes like in the case of Airbus Quantus affect the choice of travel by commuters.
The interior design of a transporting vessel greatly determines the comfortability of the bus. No doubt no passenger can go for something not good when there are other options which are even better and satisfying. For example in a case of the airbus, the interior design can affect the commuters’ choice. To start with, the customer requires some nice seats well fixed and spacious enough. Travellers need some privacy while travelling something must be put into consideration when designing the interior parts of the plane.
The interior of the airbus Quantus are well designed to accommodate fully furnished beds with large soft linen for great feel by customers thus offering above the class services. The upper decks of seats are USB enabled that are connected to laptops for use. They also provide large LCD screens of 15.4 Inch for entertainment.
The seats of these buses are also configured in such a manner to permit easy rounding for the passengers. The upper decks have special and unique design for executive travellers with prestigious seats that can be used for sleeping with more space for DVT.
The colours on the interior design must be those that reflect coolness and satisfaction. The interior must be conducive well furnished with proper painting that reflects great experiences (Ross, 2005).
The Shinkansen trains and how their high speed rail infrastructure and the interiors influence the 23,000 daily travellers.The Shinkansen trains of Japan over a long period of time exhibited high class train travel all over the world with fastest trains and most convenience. The sustainability of these trains over long distances has made commuting easier in japans for many people
The design of these trains is done in such a manner has made it more competitive and sustainable. High speed trains are presently providing a more comfortable transport and convenience in travelling for over 23 000 commuters daily. Expanded network has also made many commuters trust the railway transport because of its reliability (Bailey, 2008).
Through the use of Japanese culture, beauty and elegance has been achieved that has demonstrated great attraction to the customers and for along time the Shankansen trains have been able to sustain its mobility and created impact to the environment.
Well designed curtains made in form of ropes properly combined with elements of technology like heating swinging seats and lighting play great role in enticing commuters and make their travel a lively.
The Shinkansen has the option of using seats that are more comfortable, the seats that are there for the first come first served. There is also availability of drinks next to the seats
These are electronically booked.
The communication systems by use of well designed computers real aid in communication and play great role in the success of the interior design.
Conclusion
Through the survey the following conclusions that there is need for stakeholders in the transport sector to join hands to come with recommendations on the possible ways to handle transport system to avoid many effects to the environment for sustained mobility. The sector I san an important area of the economy as it provides the services for business people and other economy players.
For sustained transport there is need to come up with designs that can be used to manufacture transport vehicles in order to reduce its environmental effects. It’s clear that if the factors are not well managed, the long term effects on the economy are likely to increase and create more problems to the society.
Bailey, C., 2008, Jeremy Clarkson causes outrage after blowing up Routemaster, London, Shinkansen.
Ross, L., 2005, Last bell sounds for No 19 as Ken goes back on his word, Evening Standard,
Fujii S, Garling T & Kitamura R. 2001, “Changes in drivers’ perceptions an duse of public Transportation during a freeway closure: Effects of temporary structural change on Cooperation in a real-life social dilemma.” Environment and Behaviour 33 96-808
Fujii S, & Kitamura R. 2007. “What does a one-month free bus pass ticket do to habitual drivers?” Transportation. 2003: 81-95
Environmental Impacts Of Co2 Emissions Within Uk Aviation
Environmental Impacts Of Co2 Emissions Within Uk Aviation
1.0 Introduction
The government of the United Kingdom has declared its commitments towards environmental impacts arising out of the aviation industry. The notable issues of environmental impacts include air pollution, noise to the neighboring community, destruction to wildlife and the general landscape and heritage. The reduction of the emission rates of carbon dioxide to the extent of 60% is also an important issue with target set in 1990 to 2050. According to the believes of majority climate scientists, tougher targets should be put in place which should be accompanied by swift actions aimed at reducing climate impacts. However the Aviation White Paper of UK government has set some policy framework in favor of chief expansion in the aviation activity that is set to facilitate for the increase in movement of air passenger from 200 million to 470 million during the time period 2003 to 2030 (Hansen, 2005). Easy accessibility by air therefore becomes one of the most preliquisite issues for a country that aspires to be a first class world leader international destination.
2.0 Aim
To investigate environmental impacts and Co2 emissions within UK aviation analyzing the impacts of East Midlands Airport in the local community.
Aviation is a significant industry in the UK that facilitates the transportation of more than 235 million people along with more than 2.3 million tones freight on annual basis. Demand for these important services is anticipated to go up calling for a long term framework for the purpose of balancing the delivery of the social as well as economic benefits associated with aviation. This is coupled by a requirement for cutting down the mitigation of environmental impacts that are linked to air transport along with air development. With a continued development of a desirable and diversified premium tourism product, this destination has always been able to meet the needs of an important and ever expanding audience (EU press release, (2006).
2.1 Objective
Explore the environmental impacts in UK aviation Industry.
Analyze the environmental impacts on the local community within the East Midlands Airport.
2.2 Explore the environmental impacts UK aviation Industry.
The contribution of the emission rate of carbon dioxide by air travel has been estimated to range between 3 and 5 % on an international context. In this context, the environmental impacts of importance include air pollution, noise to the neighboring community, destruction to wildlife and the general landscape and heritage. and how its affecting the UK aviaition industry The air travel is on a continuous increase at the time that steps of cutting down the rates of carbon dioxide emission are being taken through out other industry. This trend consequently is seen to make the air industry as the largest unitary contributor to the damage in the environment along with global warming in the planet. Considering that the UK has consented to the recent policy dealing with imposing heavy penalties and heavy taxations on offenders, the policy has been gauged to less effective in as far as the air travel is concerned. The passage figures in the UK are anticipated to grow two fold comes 2020 (Davis, 2002). The levied tax is anticipated to be felt by the 25 member countries in the EU with further even application to all the flights that shall arrive in UK coming from extra destinations. An alternative scheme exists in relation to the tax. This scheme would require for the purchasing of the carbon credits by the airlines that is used in a direct manner to pay for the quantity of carbon that has been utilized (Sunyer, 2001). Based on Contraction in addition to convergence profiles there are all indications to the effect that changes in carbon emissions arising out of the sector are highly needed if the sector has to contribute in a proportionate manner to keeping of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration within the required limits
2.2 .1 Aviation and carbon targets
According to the policies of the government, carbon reduction by a magnitude of 60 % by the year 2050 is applicable to UK domestic emissions due to an absence of an amicable agreement on allocation of global aviation emissions to the national inventories. On condition of incorporating aviation in the domestic emissions under the UK ETS or consequently based on international ETS, a great possibility of achievement of the 60 % rate of reduction by the year 2050 in the UK is anticipated. In case the emissions from aviation are added to the baseline along with the target, then the applicable emission reduction standards achievable by the year 2050 would come to 35 %. However, achieving such goals calls for intensive and adequately integrated government policies which UK aviation Industry have duly adopted.
Source: Environmental Audit Committee60%.
The local environmental impact of aviation
The aviation industry causes significant environmental impacts which affect the local residents around airport vicinities and under the paths of the flights. Among the most notable environmental concern of aviation is noise followed by air pollution that affects the health of the people. Great concern has been expressed of air pollution that is caused by aircraft and transport based on land. Noise causes significance annoyance to the people and also damages health. It causes significant distractions of life quality and disturbs the quietness and peace that people enjoy. It also causes significant damage to wildlife and the ability of learning in schools. Significantly huge sums of money are spent in militating against noise in addition to noise abatement. The noise caused by aircraft has been an issue of great concern to the residents around airports together with the under flight paths despite the efforts of adopting quieter aircraft along with engine technology. The noise caused by aircraft has been a matter of controversy. The aviation industry has been talking of a rapid shrink among the noise footprint i.e. the people who are exposed to the problems associated with noise but the concerned residents have always disputed this fact claiming that the data used to arrive at this conclusion is outdated. All aspects of the noise caused by aircraft have caused a lot of disagreement (Environmental Change Unit, (2006).
2.3 Analyse the environmental impacts of East Midlands Airport on the local community.
A number of environmental impacts of East Midlands Airport on the local community are notable. They include the aircraft noise, disturbance of sleep, disruptive behavior and aircraft cabins health. One crucial feature associated with air travel relates to the fact that considering that majority benefits arising from aviation are evenly shared by the society in general, most of the arising adverse effects are unevenly distributed to the society. The people residing around the airports are confronted with the immediate effects of noise from the airports. Other problems include the quality of air together with high levels of road congestions. In some cases, urbanization arising out of the development of airports adversely impacts the surrounding habitats as well as landscape (Turner, 1994).
The exhaust gas pollutants that are emitted by aircraft is trapped in the upper troposphere together with the lower stratosphere. The resulting consequence is the interaction of the emission to these atmosphere regions that are usually sensitive causing an alteration in the ozone layer. This is accompanied by the concentration of methane that results to the formation of contrails (Environmental Change Unit, 2006).
Specific atmospheric impact of aviation emissions have been at the centre of several research projects carried out by NASA, the European Environmental commission and the Germany research ministry. A recent report on aviation and global atmosphere released by IPCC helped compile several evidences and has shed some light on the subject. Radioactive forcing has been used in the report to investigate the effects of various pollutants on the atmosphere. According to the report, the most important aviation related factors affecting the atmosphere are:
Sooth aerosols
Contrails
Methane
Sulphates
Water vapor
Ozone
Cirrus clouds
This special report by IPCC concludes that aircraft emission in 1992 was responsible for 3.5% of the total radiative emission. The conducive geographical and historical back ground forms the ice on the cake as far as UK aviation Industry development is concerned. The government commitment in terms of intervention and significant expenditure allocation on UK aviation Industry is strongly ascribed to. The government has achieved world attention through intensive campaigns and promotions from around the world.
A positive impact of East Midlands Airport on the local community which relates to economic impact of aviation industry. With regard to this issue most residents around the East Midlands Airport have a strong feeling that the industry development has brought about positive changes in employment opportunities as more locals are being employed in the industry.
2.4 Role of regulatory bodies in reducing environmental impacts
Regulatory bodies in reducing environmental impacts have got a duty to play in the fight against these emissions. One important body that is charged with this role is BAA. BAA has emerged to be the largest airport operator in the world. The institution oversees the management of seven airports in Britain besides having stakes in airports in continental Europe, Australia and the USA. BAA has had a sound approach to corporate responsibility and this is enshrined in its belief that environmental protection is core to its survival in the long run. Corporate responsibly is at the same priority level as financial profitability and both are viewed as the key drivers of the long term value. BAA has recognized that while airport operations can create a lot of economic benefits, they can also create adverse social and economic impacts and in order for it to grow it has to address these impacts.
The development of new terminals represents an opportunity to show how corporate responsibility can bring about innovative approaches which will ultimately reduce these environmental impacts. One of the major initiatives in reducing carbon emissions from aircrafts has been launched by the Airport Operators Association. Developed by BAA, the program offers guidelines to airline operators on how to cut carbon emissions. The initiative is aimed at capturing the best practices across the board with greater future expectations.
This innovative program clearly spells out the practical steps that can be undertaken to combat effects of carbon emissions. Among the strategies mentioned is use of electrical ground power pre-conditioned air. This will help save 100000 tones of carbon dioxide emission per year.
The Civil Aviation Authority, CAA has also played vital role in reducing the environmental impact on aviation. This body has been concerned about the noise disturbance, the quality of air and the change in climate arising out of aviation activities. Addressing all these issues could lead to sustainable development failure to which economic constraints with regard to growth would result. This is the major concern of CAA which advocates for aviation to pay for external costs on environment. The CAA has offered support to this objective and has corperated with other nations to come up with stringent international standards with respect to aircraft noise and emissions from engines, the improvement of land use planning, abatement of operation procedures and the market instruments encouraging quieter as well as cleaner aircraft usage
The issues raised in the government white paper clearly depicts the booming growth in aviation industry and the fact that the public is gaining awareness of environmental impacts that are posed to the planet. The economic benefits associated with aviation are cherished by the government but the issues of global warming are accelerating. Communities residing around the airports are exposed to high degrees of noise plus air pollution coupled with more congestion on the road as well as the rail network. The government white paper therefore intends to identify the amicable solutions to such issues and a conflict has been noted that needs the government resolutions. The government has fallen short of plans for management of the growth and the correct balance between costs and benefits has been lacking.
Another important body that plays a vital role in reducing environmental impacts is Environmental Protection as stipulated in the government white paper. This is achieved through bringing together several organizations in the public, the private as well as the voluntary sectors for the sake of promoting a balances as well as an innovative approach geared towards gaining of understanding as well as seeking solutions to the existing environmental problems. This is achieved through development of policy in addition to education. The body has a lot of experience in environmental campaigns, provision of public information, production of educational resources and formulation of policies. The membership of the body includes the policy makers, regulators as well as practitioners from the local authorities, developers, academicians, consultants, interested NGO’s and industries. Environmental Protection also anticipates the implementation of seamless functionality that will increase the level of convenience (Wallace & Houghton, 2005).
In an attempt of looking in to the issue of the environmental impacts of East Midlands Airport on the local community, the airport has launched an environment zone. Among other tasks this initiative will help the airport authorities address environmental issues and promote its achievements. This new environment zone is highly welcome in several quarters as it will add value to the airport’s long term commitment to fighting environmental pollution for the interest of the local residents around the airport. As part of its strategy the airport will employ education where both the staff and passengers will be thought on the importance of environmental conservation (Duflo, Greenstone & Hanna, 2008).
The initiative will allow both passengers and staff to fully partner with the airport’s authorities through issuance of educational messages which are designed in such a way that they are easy to red. In the last twelve months the airport has made substantial progress in its environmental commitment. This is evidenced by its launch of massive projects and initiatives which will help it achieve its targets of carbon neutrality.
Some of these carbon friendly projects and initiatives include construction of a Willow Farm for provision of fuel for heating terminal building, use of electric cars and use of wind power for provision of energy. The biodiversity in the airport’s vicinity is also set to improve safe for the developments on the airport’s ten kilometer nature trail which harbors several kinds of mammals, amphibians and birds. Besides these projects, the airport has its own waste collection and disposal system (Wentz, et al., 2007).
And to ensure that the surrounding community has more say in the Airport activities, the airport has come up with a consultative committee. The committee meets after every three months in a year and draws its membership from local authorities, airport staff and organizations representing local communities.
The East Midlands Airport is operating a Landscape Strategy that covers several initiatives all aimed at incorporating the Airport site to the local landscape and offering unrestricted access to the surrounding community to enjoy and benefit from the operations of the airport.
Noise and air pollution have therefore become a major issue of concern to the local East Midlands community. The airport aims at minimizing the pollution arising from its operations but then it is highly likely that the expansion of the airport will impact negatively on house prices (Nakicenovic, et al, 2001).
Local residents and environmental scientists have held high profile meetings with council officials to discuss noise pollution at East Midlands Airport. The residents were concerned when the airport announced its proposal to extend the runway to about three kilometers and this forced them to seek audience with the district council officers. The airport wanted to increase its 2,893 meters runway by 190 metres. If the planning application is approved it would allow large aircrafts to use the airport and will also allow existing aircrafts to carry more cargo thereby making the airport’s freights more profitable (Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, (2002).
2.5 Recommendations for East Midlands Airport to reduce environmental impacts to work in the line with the government policy.
Personal responsibility is a very important issue in trying to address the issue of reducing environmental impacts to work in the line with the government policy. There is a need of exerting some pressures to the airlines geared towards the genuine reduction of carbon emissions. The public has the duty of demonstrating important concerns arising out of air travel whenever it becomes imperative. It is undisputed fact that some people have to fly and they therefore need the services of the European travel to fulfill their business and leisure needs. It is however important to consider the available and functional alternatives to meet these needs where applicable. The use of coach and the rail is a viable option available to the serious travelers. These are the best options as compared to the long haul flights for distant destinations. This leads to a decrease in demand for customers booking air flights that send a strong message to aviation industry of a need for the improvement in the aeroplane technology. The aviation industry is among the sectors that are most dynamic in the context of global economy. There is a need for improving the level of technology and operations which will lead to a sustainable management of emissions for a better future (Harte, et al., 2006).
In an attempt of adopting the relevant measures by East Midlands Airport to reduce environmental impacts it is important to consider adoption of balances as well as measured approach considering the future of aviation industry in the UK. The approach should be designed in a manner of catering for the demand that has been forecasted to cater for the rise in demand. This consequently shall prop up economic prosperity in the entire country while at the same time it shall enable all people including the ordinary man to access the facilities of transport by air at costs that are reasonable. This is coupled with appropriate steps geared towards the mitigation and the management of environmental impacts arising out of aviation while at the same time making sure that the costs that are allied to the services are an actual reflection of the real price for aviation travel. The strategy is also intended at minimizing innovative development in airport through the best utilization of the available facilities together with specific policies (Ramanathan & Carmichael, 2008).
Nevertheless, it is still possible to get to several European destinations using rail and coach and as the discounted season goes through it makes using a bus or rail an alternative option for all types of traveling. Aviation industry is one of the most important and dynamic sectors determining the course of the global economy. Technological advances and operational improvements have lagged far behind its growth. The obvious consequence of this will no doubt be an increase in emissions. Carbon emissions are expected to increase up to 13 times by the year 2050 while the irradiative actions of aviation would rise up to a factor of 4 to 12 by the year 2050. The aviation industry may be indebted for 5% – 15% of radiative emissions by 2050, relative to the current levels of 3.5%. In a nutshell the challenges posed by climate change in the northern hemisphere are of importance due to their effects in affecting levels of ozone concentration.
Conclusion
In almost all cases, aspects pertaining to aircraft noise have been the subjects of intense disputes. The choice of a specific form of noise has an influence on the extent to which noise is seen as a problem. Measures which put special emphasis on peak events can reveal serious noise problems. Studies have shown that air pollution by cars and industries have declined in the recent past but emissions from aircrafts have soared. Majority of the airports have been found to be greatest emitters of radiations all over the world. It is the duty of airport authorities therefore to consider mitigating such environmental impacts for the benefit of the community.
Other aspects of the airport’s continued commitment to environmental sustainability include reduction of environmental impacts and improvement of green transport alternatives for passengers, while at the same time checking the operation’s impacts on the neighboring communities. Environmental management has become an issue of major concern in the airport’s operational strategy. Nevertheless the airport’s strategy has been to see sustained growth while at the same time attending to the grievances of the local communities in Nottingham East Midlands Airport
2.6 Bibliography
Davis, D., 2002, When Smoke Ran Like Water: Tales of Environmental Deception and the Battle Against Pollution. Basic Books
Duflo, E., Greenstone, M., & Hanna, R., 2008, “Indoor air pollution, health and economic well-being”, S.A.P.I.EN.S. 1.1.
Environmental Change Unit, 2006, “Predict and decide – aviation, climate change and UK policy”, London, University of Oxford,
EU press release, 2006, “Climate change: Commission proposes bringing air transport into EU Emissions Trading Scheme”. Press release.
European Commission, 2005, Reducing the Climate Change Impact of Aviation
Goodall, C., 2007, How to Live a Low-carbon Life, Earthscan Publications Ltd. p. 326.
Hansen, J., 2005, “Efficacy of climate forcings”. Journal of Geophysical Research 110:
Harte, J., et al., 2006, “Shifts in plant dominance control carbon-cycle responses to experimental warming and widespread drought”. Environmental Research Letters 1 (1): 014001
Nakicenovic, N., et al., 2001, “An Overview of Scenarios: Resource Availability”. IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. IPCC.
Ramanathan, V. & Carmichael, G., 2008, “Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon”. Nature Geosciences 1: 221–227
Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 2002, “The environmental effects of civil aircraft in flight”
Sunyer, J., 2001, “Urban air pollution and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease: a review”. European Respiratory Journal 17 (5): 1024–1033.
Turner, D.B., 1994, Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates: an introduction to dispersion modeling 2ND Ed., CRC Press.
Wentz, F.J., et al., 2007, “How Much More Rain Will Global Warming Bring?”, Science 317 (5835): 233–5.
Wallace, D.& Houghton, J., 2005, “A guide to facts and fictions about climate change”. UK Royal Society website. pp. 3–4.
Environmental Diplomacy.
Name:
Tutor:
Course:
Date:
Climatic Change:
Table of Content
Abstract:
Introduction:
Summary of the climatic change:
Literature review:
Research questions:
Causes of Climatic Change:
Indicators of climatic change in regions:
Health and Environmental effects of Climatic Change:
Measures put in place to control climatic change by UNEP:
Achievements of UNEP in protecting the Environment:
Trends and Emerging issues on Climatic Change:
Conclusion:
Recommendations:
a) Abstract:
Climatic change has been a great issue as based on environmental diplomacy field. This part of the dissertation essay should give a brief description of the comprisals of the climatic change as part of emerging issues and trends in the environmental diplomacy field (Abbott, Kenneth W. et al, 2001, p, 17). This summary should be placed on a different page from the cover page and other pages. It should serve the purpose of briefing the readers of what the essay is all about in short and clear form.
b) Introduction:
The introduction part would give a description of what climatic change means. This section then would give a guideline of what the essay would talk about in an orderly manner.
c) Summary on the climatic change:
This section would fully analyze climatic change from the environmental diplomacy point of view. This would comprise of different types of climatic changes that occur in different part of the world and how they influence the lives of people in that specific region (Frederick M, 2000, p. 517)
.
d) Literature Review:
This section of the essay would give more information on climatic change as stipulated by the literature materials. This information might partly collaret with what is observed practically in the environmental diplomatic field. This would include;
The causes of climatic change as depicted by the literature material.
Indicators of climatic change.
Effect of climatic change to human life, animal life and plant life.
Rules and regulation put in place by both United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and World Environmental Organization (WEO) in order to protect and conserve the environment (Bernstein, Steven, 2001, p. 278).
e) Research Questions:
This section of the essay would provide the questions that would guide the researchers during their research. During the research, these questions are either submitted directly to the respondent in the field of research or questions are jut framed and asked by the researchers themselves. The information collected from the field of research is then put down in book in order to be compared to information literature. The questions are to be logically arranged from simple to complex and not leading.
f) Indicators of climatic change in regions:
There are certain natural and artificial occurrences that indicate that climatic change is taking place in a certain region of the earth. This section of the essay would give a description of different climatic change indicators. This would include:
Migration of animals from one part of the region to another.
Migration of certain birds from an area that the climate is changing to another region with a favourable.
A drastic rise in atmospheric temperature of certain region.
Weathering of plants.
Melting of ice bergs and ice blocks in upper region of mountains in given areas.
Condensing of snow at regions below the condensation level.
f) Causes of Climatic Change:
This part of the essay would give a full description of all natural and artificial causes of climatic change in different regions of the world. The fact is that over the past few centuries, there has been a high levels of climatic change in different parts of the world and has greatly affected human activities in the world. Under climatologically study that was carried out to find out the causes of these climatic changes, it was realized that they had been caused by a number of factors. This section of the essay would therefore, fully describe how the factors below have caused climatic changes.
The variations that take place in the characteristics of the earth’s orbit.
The variations in the carbon dioxide content in the earth’s atmosphere.
The variations in the atmospheric sulphur content.
The volcanic eruptions that take place in an area.
Variations in the solar output to the earth’s surface.
The act of deforestation and soil erosion in a region.
Changes in the land use to unfavourable means of land use.
The changes in the oceans current circulation.
The reduction in the other Greenhouse Gases.
g) Measures put in place to control climatic change by UNEP:
This section of the essay would give detailed information pertaining to the measures that have been put in place to control the occurrence of climatic change. This would include all the principals, rule and regulations put in place by these international agencies to aid in the process of controlling climatic change and conservation of the environment. All these rule, principals and regulatory guidelines would be full analysed in this section of the essay.
h) Achievements of UNEP in protecting the Environment:
The United Nations Environmental Programmes (UNEP) and the World Environmental Organization (WEO) have tried as hard as they could to control climatic change. They have made some achievements and this part would give a full description of the achievements that the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and World Environmental Organization in controlling climatic change (Kenneth W. et al, 2001, p, 36).
i) Trends and Emerging issues on Climatic Change:
There have been quite a number of trends and emerging issues in the world climate. All these trends and emerging issues would be discussed in this section of the essay (Frederick M, 2000, p. 517)
.
j) Conclusion:
The conclusion of the dissertation essay would give a summary of the important issues covered in the essay. This would comprise of the causes of climatic change which would include the human activities that causes climatic change and its control among others.
j) Recommendations:
The recommendation section of this essay would give advices to the entire world on what they should do in order to avoid climatic change from taking place. This is because this essay aims at tabling one of the major environmental issues that have great impact both negative and positive on human lives (Bernstein, Steven, 2001, p. 278).
References:
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