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Endocrine and Pancreatic Disorders
Endocrine and Pancreatic Disorders
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Table of Contents
Abstract3
Introduction4
Endocrine Disorders that Cause Diabetes4
Pancreatic Diseases and Diabetes6
Discussion7
Conclusion7
Abstract
Endocrine disorders and pancreatic diseases have a role to play in diabetes. Endocrine disorders cause diabetes by inhibiting insulin secretion and action; thus, reducing insulin levels that are necessary in checking hyperglycemia. Conversely, pancreatic disorders cause pancreatic insufficiency that affects the release of insulin. The diseases affect the pancreas by damaging the endocrine and exocrine components. However, they account for a small percentage of diabetic cases as compared to endocrine disorders.
Endocrine and Pancreatic Disorders
Introduction
Endocrine maladies cause diabetes when the hormones that regulate the levels of insulin are in excess. Thus, they inhibit the secretion of insulin, which also affects its action. The disorders are referred to as endocrinopathies and include Cushing syndrome, acromegaly, pheochromocytoma, glucagonoma, somatostatinoma, thyrotoxicosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, primary hyperparathyroidism and primary aldosteronism. Pancreatic disorders include acute and chronic pancreatitis, hereditary hemochromatosis, pancreatic carcinoma, cystic fibrosis, and calcific pancreatitis. The essay discusses the disorders and their contribution to diabetes.
Endocrine Disorders that Cause Diabetes
Acromegaly occurs when there is excess secretion of growth hormone leading to overgrowth of soft and bony tissues, and pathological metabolic and cardiovascular systems. A majority of the cases is caused by pituitary adenoma while few cases occur due to excess GH -releasing hormone secretion by a carcinoid or hypothalamic gangliocytoma tumor in the pancreas or lung. Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene also cause acromegaly, but rarely. Diabetes in acromegaly occurs when the hyperglycemic effects of GH are in excess. This type of diabetes is common among patients with higher levels of GH. Maintenance of acromegaly diabetes includes proper diet or oral hypoglycemic agents.
Cushing syndrome occurs when the levels of glucocorticoid are in excess leading to cardiovascular and metabolic pathology in patients. Exogenous administration of synthetic glucocorticoids used to treat rheumatoid arthritis or acute airways disease is the main cause of Cushing syndrome. High levels of cortisol, the major glucocorticoids in humans, are responsible for the external characteristics of the disease and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Cushing syndrome causes hyperglycemia by increasing hepatic glucose production and reducing insulin stimulated glucose uptake and utilization by peripheral tissues; thus, inducing insulin resistance. Treatment for the syndrome includes administration of replacement doses of hydrocortisone and continuous antidiabetes medication to prevent hyperglycemia.
Pheochromocytoma occurs due to excessive production of catecholamine-secreting tumors called pheochromocytomas. Excess secretion of catecholamine is responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disorder such as sweating, tachycardia, hypertension and headaches. Majority of people with pheochromocytoma are diagnosed with diabetes since catecholamines reduce insulin secretion and sensitivity leading to hyperglycemia. Treatment involves surgical removal of the tumors to reduce the secretion of catecholamine; thus, correcting the metabolic abnormalities.
Other endocrinopathies that cause glucose intolerance include somatostatinoma and glucagonoma, which are δ-cells and α-cells pancreatic islet tumors respectively, secreting hormones that inhibit insulin secretion and action. Glucagonoma leads to diabetes accompanied by a chronic skin rash and weight loss. Treatment of both disorders includes hepatic artery embolization or chemotherapy. Thyrotoxicosis occurs due to increased thyroid hormone in the circulatory system. In turn, there is impaired secretion of insulin and insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia. The condition is manageable through treatment of hyperthyroidism to reduce the levels of thyroid hormone. Primary hyperparathyroidism and hyperaldosteronism involves over secretion of parathyroid hormone and aldosterone respectively, leading to glucose intolerance. Polycystic ovarian syndrome occurs in reproductive women characterized by multiple ovarian cysts. The syndrome increases insulin resistance and glucose intolerance leading to diabetes in about 50% of women having the syndrome.
Pancreatic Disorders and Diabetes
Acute pancreatitis occurs due to gallstones and alcoholism where patients present symptoms such as epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, fever and jaundice. Patients with acute pancreatitis have transient hyperglycemia due to increased glucagon levels. The hyperglycemia resolves within a few days sans the need for insulin therapy. Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the exocrine pancreatic tissue is irreversibly and progressively damaged. Consequently, there is pancreatic insufficiency and glucose intolerance that require insulin. Alcoholism is the major cause although some cases are hereditary. Chronic calcific pancreatitis occurs when the acinar and ductal lumina have proteinaceous plugs that calcify forming calcium carbonate stones. The disorder mainly manifests in the form of severe abdominal pain.
Hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder common among the Caucasians. Clinical manifestations include diabetes, hyperpigmentation, and hepatic cirrhosis. Cirrhosis and iron overload often lead to the prevalence of diabetes in most patients who require insulin for the management of the disease. Treatment includes repeated venesection, which prolongs survival and prevents cirrhosis and diabetes. Other pancreatic disorders include pancreatic carcinoma and cystic fibrosis, which are associated with diabetes due to pancreatic insufficiency. Pancreatic surgery coupled with proper meals low in fat and high in protein and carbohydrate are essential tools in the management of diabetes since they help in stabilizing blood glucose.
Discussion
Endocrine and pancreatic disorders lead to diabetes because they destabilize glucose levels in the blood. Endocrine disorders involve excess production of counter-regulatory hormones, which inhibit the secretion and action of insulin. Thus, there is insulin resistance and glucose intolerance leading to hyperglycemia or diabetes. By contrast, pancreatic disorders rarely lead to diabetes, as compared to endocrine disorders. Pancreatic disorders often lead to pancreatic insufficiency, which reduces the release of insulin by the pancreas. Thus, diabetes occurs due to low insulin levels and unstable blood glucose levels.
Conclusion
The aforementioned disorders have a role to play as far as diabetes is concerned. They cause unstable glucose levels in the blood leading to diabetes. However, management and treatment of the disorders and proper diet help in stabilizing blood glucose; thus, managing and controlling diabetes. Administration of hypoglycemic agents to check hyperglycemia and surgery to remove tumors and deformations are significant measures in managing the disease.
Annotated bibliography on sex education
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Annotated bibliography on sex education
This focus of the paper is to provide fully developed annotations for each of the seven sources that are cited in the research paper .The annotations offer explanations of the sources which are based on sex education in the school curriculum. The sources are essential in that they provide evidence that act as support for the notion that states that “sex education reduce teen pregnancies in the society”. The bibliographies offer a wide range of information concerning the content of the sources displaying their merits and demerits.
Bruess, Clint E, and Jerrold S. Greenberg. Sexuality Education: Theory and Practice. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2009. Print.
Sexual education theory and practice is dedicated to the effectiveness of sex education in the high schools across the country. The writers provide an analysis of the sex education through the provision of theory and practice. The content of the book is ideal in that it provides definitions of different words educating the reader on the common topic. Sex education is a course that is theoretical in that students learn through discussion, illustration and public speech. Sex education tends to reduce the application of the theory in terms of early teen sex. The writers look at the student’s reception of sex education and its effectiveness on their approach on sex. Although the information is extensive, it does not look into other options concerning the reduction of teen pregnancies. Despite this, the book is an easy read thus making readers recognize the effectiveness of opening up in terms of sex talk.
Carroll, Janell L. Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity. Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2007. Print.
The book provides a direct approach on sexuality in present society. The writer places emphasis on the significance of intimacy in the society. One of the main themes of the book is intimacy amongst the youth and its repercussions. The introduction of sex education in the schools is a drastic step that intends to reduce the rate of teen pregnancies in different social groups. One of the ways to approach this issue is by acknowledging intimacy amongst the youth. The writer thus explains the effectiveness of sex education amongst the youth and its position in the reduction of sexual related issues in modern society. The book looks at the different communities in the country and their role in sex related issues. Different communities have different takes on sex education in schools. The only way to eradicate early teen pregnancies is to involve the whole community in this issue which as a result creates awareness in the society.
Cheng, Yin C. Subject Teaching and Teacher Education in the New Century: Research and Innovation. Dordrecht [u.a.: Kluwer Academic Publ. [u.a., 2002. Print.
The writer focuses on the programs introduced in the educational curriculum over the years. Sex education falls under this category due to its introduction into a majority of the high schools. The content of the book is essential in that it provides a global outlook on the effectiveness of sex education. The rate of teen pregnancy continues to increase in present society. This is a direct result of the lack of communication in both families and the community as a whole. The book therefore offers extensive research that argues for the introduction of sex education in schools and its effectiveness. One of the factors to note is the writer’s use of data to illustrate the reduction of teen pregnancy on the introduction of sex education. The book is therefore a legitimate source of information in regard to sex education and its success in the society.
Cox, Frank D, and Kevin Demmitt. Human Intimacy: Marriage, the Family, and Its Meaning. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2009. Print.
The contents of this book are different from the regular books based on sex education. The writers approach the issue on social norms such as marriage, family and the significance of abstinence. Most classes on sex education look into all the options of prevention of early teen pregnancies. The writers in this case declare their stance on the effectiveness of abstinence. The book is an adequate piece of information in that it provides data that argues in favor of sex education and its role in the reduction of teen pregnancy in the community. One of the disadvantages of the book is its lack of recognition of other methods of prevention of teen pregnancies. Despite this, the content of the book is themed around the improvement of reports of teen pregnancies due to the introduction of sex education.
Irvine, Janice M. Talk About Sex: The Battles Over Sex Education in the United States. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 2004. Print.
Irvine approaches sex education from a different perspective. She looks into the history of sex in the society and the role of the society. The book thus provides an extensive history of sexual issues in the United States and the role of the family. The writer takes into consideration different social groups in the society and their approach on teen sex and abstinence. Some of the content comprises of the stance of the religious groups, the government and society as a whole. One of the significant aspects of the book is comparing and the contrasting the traditional and the modern approach to sex related issues in society. The book is thus an easy read in that it tackles all the fundamental issues that improve the awareness of sex education in the society.
Kehily, Mary J. Sexuality, Gender and Schooling: Shifting Agendas in Social Learning. London: Routledge, 2002. Print.
Kehily’s book on sexuality, gender and schooling is one of the books that pay tribute to the introduction of sex education in the educational curriculum. The book offers the writers take on the issue at hand portraying the role of the schools in the prevention of early teen pregnancy. The book is themed on the effectiveness of sexual education in the society. This displays the writer’s opinion in that she supports the government’s role in the introduction of this system. Sex education is one of the responses to the increase in teen pregnancies. It has been met with both positive and negative feedback from the society. The book brings out both factors mentioning the success and failures of the implementation of sex education in schools. The book proceeds to provide recommendations on the way forward concerning this issue. This makes it the preferred choice of information due to its lack of bias.
Magoon, Kekla. Sex Education in Schools. Edina, Minn: ABDO Pub. Co, 2010. Print.
Keklas book is dedicated to the introduction of sex education in the school curriculum. The content of the book is based on the significance on sex education in the society. The book tackles issues of the repercussions of sex education and the way forward in the society. One of the emphases in the theses is the practice of safe sex which is the main goal of sex education. The book intends to address the reader on the effectiveness of sex education on teenagers. The writer thus provides credible sources to increase the validity of his research. The information in the book is based on research conducted in various schools concerning this matter. The final result of the research shows support for sex education and its role in creating awareness in the country in issues of sex, sexuality and sexual identity.
Ending Racism
Ending Racism
The twentieth century saw the rise of great influential personalities including Martin Luther King, Jr. He was a man who dreamt of a day when a person would not be judged simply by the color of his or her skin or on the basis of ethnicity but on his or her personality and achievements. He dreamt of a day when people would live together side by side in harmony. Such are the ideals that he lived, fought, and died for. It is therefore important to understand that, in order to create a multicultural society founded on equality, we must first accept the dark role racism played in America’s history and remove barriers that label and divide individuals by the color of their skin and ethnicity.
Guy Barnett defines racism simply as “making moral judgments about others based on the colour of their skin—rather than their character and actions—pure and simple. Voting for Obama because he is black is no less racist than voting against him for the same reason” (Barnett). One might therefore wonder where racist ideas come from. Racism comes from three major sources. The first one is from the belief that different cultural backgrounds raise completely different types of people. It is true that we inherit the genes of our ancestors but that does not justify the belief that people from one culture ought to be superior or inferior to those from other cultures (Caroll). The second source of racism comes from the belief that the natural and cultural environment determines who we are. The implication therefore is that if we grow up in a racist environment, we become racists too. This is a shallow argument that relies on the excuse that we are victims of the society we grew up in and should be excused for our bad behavior. The third source of racism can be described as forced compliance to undesirable cultural values that our superiors uphold. It is a mental colonialism tendency that seeks to force others to approve one’s values and heritage as being better than theirs and to adapt it with little regard to their choice (Caroll).
Much has been achieved in ending racism but Americans’ efforts at social integration have been curtailed by special interest groups that separate us on racial basis all for selfish socio-economic reasons. Racism continues to be practiced on several social and occupational levels. Examples of areas where racism seems to be an accepted norm are innumerable ranging from unofficial hiring and promotion policies in corporations to as low as school and college admissions (Scottbomb). In some regions within this country, skin color and ethnic background still play a key role in determining whether one gets a job or a place in a university. The ugly reality to the beneficiary in such cases is living with the fact that your achievement were not as a result of your skills and better performance but as a result of your race of which you had no input at all.
It is against such realities that America needs to take a stand against racism by first bringing to an end the practice of classifying people under the labels of “black, white, Hispanic, Asian, or American Indian” (Scottbomb). The practice of segregating each other in racial groups only ends up erecting barriers between us. We end up losing dialogue and social integration which makes us no different from the backwardness of slavery that dominated the 18th century American Deep South. On the upside, there are in every ethnic group many enlightened individuals who are never affected by trivialities like ethnicity and difference in skin color (McWhorter). These are people with modernized ideologies about judging a person by his or her personality, skills, and achievement under the philosophy that all men are created equal.
Secondly, the solution to racism, as controversial as it may sound, calls for the termination of activities of such divisive groups like the NAACP, LULAC, and other organized groupings actively furthering racial or ethnic agenda. With all due respect, these groups belong to the annals of history. They are best remembered as instrumental movements that fought the war on discrimination against certain people, for example African Americans. They were important at that time and had a noble purpose in the quest for equality. Equality has officially been achieved in all sectors and therefore these groups are no longer necessary today. Their continued existence only works against the same principles they sought to advance. For example maintaining a ‘victim’ mentality among their members and emphasizing differences between people not only advances racism further but also kills all integration efforts that well-meaning Americans are striving to implement.
In conclusion, the importance of valuing the diversity each race brings into a multicultural society should not be disregarded. Differences in ethnicity and skin color should be addressed positively in an effort to learn from each other. Martin Luther King’s dream has yet to be fully realized but today America is a multicolored society of white Caucasians, African Americans, Latinos, Asians and other ethnic groups. Negative attitudes and selfish interests derived from racial differences should therefore be frowned upon as backwardness. Instead let us find the joy of embracing variety in the spirit of celebrating other cultures.
Works Cited
Barnett, Guy. Ending Racism through Racism. 18 June 2008. 19 Oct. 2010. < http://theundercurrent.com/blog/ending-racism-through-racism/>
Caroll, Mark. How to End Racism. 2004. 19 Oct. 2010.<http://www.authorsden.com/categories/article_top.asp?catid=62&id=16377>
McWhorter, John. Racism in America is Over. 30 Dec. 2010. 19 Oct. 2010.<http://www.forbes.com/2008/12/30/end-of-racism-oped-cx_jm_1230mcwhorter.html>
Scottbomb. A solution to the Racism in America. 2010. 19 Oct. 2010.<http://www.forbes.com/2008/12/30/end-of-racism-oped-cx_jm_1230mcwhorter.html>