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Annotated Bibliography on Gentrification
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Annotated Bibliography on Gentrification
Abstract
This literature review implicates review and discussion of the gentrification process a whole. It presents the effects of gentrification both the positive as well as the negative ones but mainly centers on the adverse impacts of gentrification which regarded as the primary study of interest. The reason is that Gentrification in many instances has been considered as the source of sharp conflict in several American municipalities. Locality change is regularly observed as the cause-effect of social injustices whereby the wealthy who are commonly white is acknowledged for enlightening a locality whose poor marginal inhabitants are evacuated by amplified rents as well as the economic change.
Paton, Kirsteen. Gentrification: A working-class perspective. Routledge, 2016.
This book by Paton and Kirsteen explores the experience of the working class. The book re-examines the long-term relationship between the urban as well as the class in the society. In the urban areas, the social class is clearly articulated ranging from the housing predicament to the recreation of the housing states. The book further suggests that gentrification is usually presented to a suitable and also a market remedy to such urban problems and thus intensely institutionalized as redevelopment and hence directed at the regions which have at least suffered from disinvestment or they are characterized by lack of something substantial. According to this book, gentrification is no longer a peripheral neighborhood process as it is a policy which is widespread every day. Social disparities, economic crisis, crime as well as development is extensively discussed in this book.
Smith, Neil. "Is gentrification a dirty word." Smith, Neil. The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London and New York: Routledge (1996).
According to this book, the author’s contests conservative wisdom, which considers gentrification to be the simple consequence of new middle-class perceptions plus a demand for urban living. The book further exposes gentrification as a part of a more significant change in the political economy as well as the philosophy of the late 20th century. The author discovers the interconnections of urban strategy, investment patterns, eviction, homelessness, and social conflicts. The failure of the abundant urban plan besides the culmination of financial prosperous at the end of the 1980s has resulted at the end of the century city to be a darker and a more risky place. The private sector, as well as the public policy, are collaborating against the minorities, the poor, the working individuals alongside the homeless as it has never been experienced before. Therefore as the book suggests, in the developing revanchist city, gentrification has developed to be a part of this strategy revenge.
Zuk, Miriam, et al. "Gentrification, displacement and the role of public investment: a literature review." Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Vol. 79. 2015.
The article discourses that there has been scholarly awareness in the connection amid investment as well as displacement which dates back in the 1970’s. Thus this is the repercussion of displacement which is associated with the urban regeneration. In contemporary times, there has been a new wave of study which involves examining the gentrification process mainly in sturdy market metropolises plus its association to public investment, predominantly in transit. Therefore the effects of these studies are varied, as a result of methodological limitations. Thus this article suggests that a significant finding observing across the literature is that there exists the necessity for a new-fangled methodology to examine the displacement risk.
Shaw, Kate S., and Iris W. Hagemans. “‘Gentrification Without Displacement’and the Consequent Loss of Place: The Effects of Class Transition on Low‐income Residents of Secure Housing in Gentrifying Areas.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 39.2 (2015): 323-341.
According to this article, there is a progressively dubious idea of gentrification-prompted displacement which is uniting with the dispute that the underprivileged get a lot of benefits from social mix to produce an ideal situation aimed at constructive gentrification. The idea that the innovative middle-class inhabitants not only offers more investment but also tend to carry more opportunities for the increasing social flexibility to the low-income individuals who succeed to live in gentrifying parts has resulted in becoming policy convention.
This article further suggests that whereas there exist some intellectual encounters to the degree of these welfares, the shortcomings of the enforced social mix on the underprivileged societies even at the instances where they are not evacuated tend to continue being under-researched. Hence this article assists in sealing this gap by reporting on the study into the experience of long-term as well as low-income inhabitants of gentrifying localities who succeeded to stay positioned.
Bibliography
Paton, Kirsteen. Gentrification: A working-class perspective. Routledge, 2016.
Shaw, Kate S., and Iris W. Hagemans. “‘Gentrification Without Displacement’and the Consequent Loss of Place: The Effects of Class Transition on Low‐income Residents of Secure Housing in Gentrifying Areas.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 39.2 (2015): 323-341.
Smith, Neil. "Is gentrification a dirty word." Smith, Neil. The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London and New York: Routledge (1996).
Smith, Neil. "Is gentrification a dirty word." Smith, Neil. The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London and New York: Routledge (1996).
Zuk, Miriam, et al. "Gentrification, displacement and the role of public investment: a literature review." Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Vol. 79. 2015.
Employment Law, Discrimination Against The Unemployed
Employment Law, Discrimination Against The Unemployed
The article by Rampell Catherine in the New York Times is about the difficulties Americans have to go through in attaining employment. According to her, there are many conditions that exist before a person can gain employment. She gives an example of a where most employers require that the job applicant already has to be working. This means that it is difficult for people who are currently unemployed, or those who have never worked before to gain employment. It seems that there is a lot of bias that exists among the people who are unemployed (Rampell, 2011. 1).
The employment issue, which exists, is whether it is right for resumes of unemployed people to be discarded by employers. An operations analyst in the information technology sector is an example of a person who is discriminated by the employment act. According to a recruiter, not working for six months is an obstacle towards finding employment. This ideology seems to have spread to almost all the American employers. Furthermore, the number of Americans who do not have jobs is at 14 million, and finding work is a problem. Some of America’s known Job websites such as Craigslist, CareerBuilder, and Monster.com are not employing the unemployed. This situation has a historical context like that, which took place during the Great Depression. During that time, many workers were left unemployed, and this is due to the crisis. It does not make sense when employers demand that potential recruits be currently employed. There are some people who are fresh out of college and have never worked, yet they have the skills and knowledge. They should be given a chance to prove their capability, and thus, this employment discrimination is problematic (Rampell, 2011. 1).
According to a legal view, like race and age there is no protected status in matters related to employment. Experts further believe that there is no discrimination that occurs as a result of this practice. The employment laws, which exist, are not violated in any way. It has emerged that the most vulnerable groups affected by this practice are blacks and elderly people. The latter is according to information provided by Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The latter has not yet decided whether the case on the unemployed is illegal in any way. In fact, they have hearings on this matter, which are taking place at the moment. The unemployed are crossing their fingers, in order for a law to be passed concerning this matter (Livingston et al, 20005. 114).
Employment discrimination has become a menace, and a law has been passed by New Jersey concerning this matter. Other states such as Michigan and New York are considering having such a law. The economy is being affected, as there are no people who are employed to earn revenue for the economy. There will no longer be a scenario where unemployed workers are discouraged from applying due to their unemployment status. The plight of workers is being addressed by the National Employment Law Project (Decker, 2002. 42). It advocates for politicians to find ways to outlaw adverts that discriminate against the unemployed workers. Furthermore, it advocates for the unemployed to obtain benefits, as well as engage in the labor market studies. Almost all professions are involved in this discriminative practice, and including even top American companies. It seems that this matter cannot be solved easily as Congress is not that influential. Companies are the ones who have the upper hand in this matter, since they are the ones who hire individuals. They choose the people they want, and congress cannot interfere. If the matter is taken to court, proving that discrimination occurred will be extremely hard.
There is enough evidence to prove that workers who have stayed for long without being employed may not be beneficial to the work place. Some of the reasons why they are unemployed is because they lack competence, and are laid off as there is no work. In some careers like Technology and Medicine, the more the workers stay without employment, the more they become incompetent. Also, there is a risk that they may not have contacts with former clients, and the impact is disastrous. Most employers want to hire people who are currently employed, as they are more attractive, and know what is going on at the work place (Rampell, 2011. 1).
Currently, there is no law, which focuses on the discrimination of workers who are unemployed. The only one that is closely related is the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which discourages and outlaws employment discrimination. The EEOC has the mandate of ensuring that the law is enforced. Also, it ensures that polices, practices and regulations regarding employment are met. It also focuses on what job advertisements entails, process of hiring, and recruitment, among others. Workers who file suits in court because they have been denied employment, due to their absence from work they are not likely to win. This is because there is no law, which states that the practice is unlawful (Livingston et al, 20005. 123).
If the worker is lucky, and the matter passes through in court, they can receive a remedy of being employed. Other forms of remedy include; payment of court costs, witness fees of experts, as well as the attorney fees. If the case is not successful, the unemployed worker risks spending a lot of money paying for the various expenses incurred. The main issues presented in this article are many and of a legal nature. Americans without work are not gaining employment because they are not favored by employers. It seems that only those who are working at the moment easily find employment. This should not be taking place in this era, as people have a valid reason of being out of employment.
In conclusion, I believe that it is unfair how unemployed workers are being treated. Most times, it is not their fault that they have to leave work. Once they decide to go back to work, they find it difficult due to many barriers, which exist. Employers should compromise and find ways to ensure that they can accommodate unemployed workers. A law must be implemented by congress which outlaws this practice by employers. In turn, many potential employees will have the opportunity of taking care of their families who are in need of help. Lastly, society has a role to play in this issue (Decker, 2002. 56). Activists should become involved in advocating for the rights of employees. They should engage in peaceful demonstrations as well as have talks with politician to help them. Furthermore, people should be encouraged to become entrepreneurs as this makes their lives even better. Thus, this issue on employment discrimination needs to be addressed before it escalates further.
Work Cited
Rampell, Catherine. The Help-Wanted Sign Comes with a frustrating Asterisk. 2011. Retrieved from The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/26/business/help-wanted-ads-exclude-the-long-term-jobless.html?_r=1.
Decker, Kurt. & Covington, Robert. Employment Law in a nutshell. New York: West Group, 2002. Print.
Livingston, D. et al. EEOC Litigation and Charge resolution. New York: Bna Books, 2005.Print.
HIPAA security and privacy rules
HIPAA security and privacy rules
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Introduction
HIPAA violations are a main concern in healthcare industry, and its fulfillment is one of the most significant factors to a health organization’s achievement. The HIPAA Security and Privacy rules were made to guarantee personal health information of a patient is kept secure and private. Enforcing the Privacy and Security laws process requires the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) which uses three methods to guarantee that the healthcare professionals comply with the rules. To begin with, all the complaints are assessed through a thorough investigation process (Stephen, 2003).
When the compliant has been acknowledged for investigation the healthcare provider and the submitting party shall be contacted, where more details shall be composed and assessed.
By law, any specialized health care concerned with violations claim is mandatory to oblige with the investigations. Most HIPAA violations complains are resolved and closed after finding out that covered entity was operating in compliance of the laws. Another method is by reaching out to the enclosed entities and offering training and education to assist in fostering of full accepting and complying with the requirements of the laws. In cases where noncompliance is detected, ruling can be made through a voluntary compliance, instantaneous corrective act, or conformity upon a ruling (Stephen, 2003).
The OCR can partner with the Department of Justice to work jointly on creating potential criminal charges. When resolution method has been recognized, and the health care expert does not meet the necessities as well as comply with it, a sudden fine can be issued.
The OCR moderates fulfillment with comprehensive reviews of enclosed entities to guarantee that they are working in compliance with the law. An example of a HIPAA violation and how it impacts one as a health care professional is viewed between prestige and a client.
A pharmacist at Prestige health care where I work gave medicine to his neighbor and noticed that the neighbor had been diagnosed with HIV AIDS. He went home and informed his wife who spread the rumor and when John had about it, it affected him since withdrew from him. John filed a law suit against Prestige and claimed it was accountable for the HIPAA violation since it failed to train, teach and supervise its employee (Stephen, 2003). Prestige disputed that the pharmacist went beyond his job duties and was not accountable for the breach. The jury disagreed and the jury decided prestige was not accountable for the breach. The jury and the judge decide prestige was responsible for 80% of the compensation owed to the plaintiff. Prestige has already agreed to appeal.
Reference
Health, (2013). Protecting personal health information in research: understanding the HIPAA
privacy rule (03-5388). Retrieved from website: http://privacyruleandresearch.nih.gov/pdf/HIPAA_Privacy_Rule_Booklet.pdf