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Heroism in the Story of the Old Man and the Sea
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Heroism in the Story of the Old Man and the Sea
A hero is any man who is unusually brave, noble in deeds that are accepted morally and ethically. Odysseus, Julia Caesar, Napoleon, and Prometheus are hero models representing a desire for exaltation and nobility. People are supposed to imitate or learn from a heroic character. Social and political factors may also dictate what defines a hero. Heroes are models for overcoming life’s harsh realities. The hero presented by Hemingway is strong, compassionate, kind, hardworking, and strong-willed. His fellow fishermen and community see him as a symbol of defeat, and bad luck. However, he conquers the waters, and the right time comes for him to stand as a symbol of endurance and heroism.
In literature, traditional hero characters have taken various forms. Santiago plays the primary role in the book “The Old Man and the Sea” by Ernest Hemingway. This is a story of a struggle between an old Cuban fisherman with his life’s greatest catch. He had gone out to look for a catch but was unsuccessful for 84 days returning home empty-handed. His only friend, a boy named Manolin whom he had taught to fish, looked after him even after his parents did not allow. He keeps him company in the sea and helps him fixing his yacht, as well as bringing him some food. On the 85th day, a marlin caught the bait. Together with the fish, both struggled for success. Out of this struggle, he developed compassion for the fish as it was fighting for its life. He eventually managed to kill the marlin after three days and nights of bruises, exhaustion, and optimism. His catch made him think about how unappreciative his buyers would be. Upon going home, the marlin left atrial of blood, which attracted sharks. Santiago fought the sharks to no fruition. They attacked his kill leaving only a skeleton. Santiago was a poor man living in poverty with no good place to sleep, with only old trousers as a pillow and newspapers to cover him, and only relying on the fish to take him through his days. After losing the fight, he went to his shack and slept deeply ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {“citationID”:”8h1XDmP7″,”properties”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Hemingway 8)”,”plainCitation”:”(Hemingway 8)”,”noteIndex”:0},”citationItems”:[{“id”:692,”uris”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/IGDTMT4M”],”uri”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/IGDTMT4M”],”itemData”:{“id”:692,”type”:”book”,”abstract”:”The Classics”,”ISBN”:”978-614-413-403-0″,”language”:”en”,”note”:”Google-Books-ID: _NRmDwAAQBAJ”,”number-of-pages”:”128″,”publisher”:”World Heritage Publishers Ltd”,”source”:”Google Books”,”title”:”The Old Man and The Sea”,”author”:[{“family”:”Hemingway”,”given”:”Ernest”}],”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2015″,1,1]]}},”locator”:”8″,”label”:”page”}],”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”} (Hemingway 8). He was heartbroken after struggling to save his ‘brother,’ the marlin, only to be attacked and eaten by the sharks.
Santiago was a man depicted as unlucky. His fellow anglers, after seeing the skeleton of the marlin, only pitied his life. We see a man with strength and confidence, fishing alone with only a boy as an apprentice. Confidently, he wakes up every day with optimism even after several unlucky attempts to catch a single fish. The image is that of a wrinkled old man who is scarred from handling heavy fishing equipment in a fishless desert. However, “everything about him was old except his eyes. And they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {“citationID”:”9Mxe60tS”,”properties”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Hemingway 12)”,”plainCitation”:”(Hemingway 12)”,”noteIndex”:0},”citationItems”:[{“id”:692,”uris”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/IGDTMT4M”],”uri”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/IGDTMT4M”],”itemData”:{“id”:692,”type”:”book”,”abstract”:”The Classics”,”ISBN”:”978-614-413-403-0″,”language”:”en”,”note”:”Google-Books-ID: _NRmDwAAQBAJ”,”number-of-pages”:”128″,”publisher”:”World Heritage Publishers Ltd”,”source”:”Google Books”,”title”:”The Old Man and The Sea”,”author”:[{“family”:”Hemingway”,”given”:”Ernest”}],”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2015″,1,1]]}},”locator”:”12″,”label”:”page”}],”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”} (12).
The author presents the battle of man and nature as a morally noble one. As a fisherman, his profession puts him through life struggles, but he faces them with a brave face and strength. His daily life is demanding, and a man like him requires a patient and enduring character. While in on his daily work, sharks attack him. Knowing very well that he may not salvage his catch, he makes his ultimate goal defeating them by killing as many as he could. His struggles did not yield to fruition, but he is a hero having to fight with and for the marlin, creatures that were many times more powerful than he was. From the story, Santiago is an old man with perseverance, strength, and willingness than most people of his old age lack. After a strenuous effort, he caught the fish. He struggled to kill the shark that attacked his catch. What is thrilling is the fact that he had compassion for the creature, fighting the sharks despite his failing strength. Santiago’s inner strength enables him to fight further to catch the marlin, even with his feeble body. In his monologue trying to lure the fish to the bait, he says that he will fight it until it dies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {“citationID”:”sjlL3ptm”,”properties”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Hemingway 115)”,”plainCitation”:”(Hemingway 115)”,”noteIndex”:0},”citationItems”:[{“id”:692,”uris”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/IGDTMT4M”],”uri”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/IGDTMT4M”],”itemData”:{“id”:692,”type”:”book”,”abstract”:”The Classics”,”ISBN”:”978-614-413-403-0″,”language”:”en”,”note”:”Google-Books-ID: _NRmDwAAQBAJ”,”number-of-pages”:”128″,”publisher”:”World Heritage Publishers Ltd”,”source”:”Google Books”,”title”:”The Old Man and The Sea”,”author”:[{“family”:”Hemingway”,”given”:”Ernest”}],”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2015″,1,1]]}},”locator”:”115″,”label”:”page”}],”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”} (115). Rather than only bravery being the main character of a hero, Santiago adds courage through pain and struggles to catch the marlin. The fishing line cut deeply into his palm as he was pulling the line. Without inner strength, he may not have become motivated to succeed and overcome his major hindrance. Usually, with weak will power, it is challenging to accomplish a task as hard as Santiago’s. Throughout, Santiago wonders whether the fish deserves to be killed and even eaten after demonstrating nobility, intelligence, and strength
Today, lessons to draw from the story are compassion, resilience, hard work, kindness, and optimism. No matter his hard life, his eyes were full of cheer, which is unlikely for an old man with no catch for several days. Santiago demonstrated great love and admiration for nature. He considers the marlin to be intelligent. Other heroism traits are seen from the way he benefited from the fish’s struggle for its life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {“citationID”:”GuoTLYUf”,”properties”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Hemingway 42)”,”plainCitation”:”(Hemingway 42)”,”noteIndex”:0},”citationItems”:[{“id”:692,”uris”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/IGDTMT4M”],”uri”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/IGDTMT4M”],”itemData”:{“id”:692,”type”:”book”,”abstract”:”The Classics”,”ISBN”:”978-614-413-403-0″,”language”:”en”,”note”:”Google-Books-ID: _NRmDwAAQBAJ”,”number-of-pages”:”128″,”publisher”:”World Heritage Publishers Ltd”,”source”:”Google Books”,”title”:”The Old Man and The Sea”,”author”:[{“family”:”Hemingway”,”given”:”Ernest”}],”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2015″,1,1]]}},”locator”:”42″,”label”:”page”}],”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”} (42). Its talent and strength made him test his abilities under the very high competitive circumstance. An angler should persuade and convince their foe, rather than butcher, an overpower it, as seen from a tug-of-war episode between Santiago and the marlin.
His apprentice, Manolin, told him there were excellent and great fishermen, but Santiago was the only one of his kind. Therefore, to Mandolin, he was the greatest hero ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {“citationID”:”joauXpTS”,”properties”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Hemingway 23)”,”plainCitation”:”(Hemingway 23)”,”noteIndex”:0},”citationItems”:[{“id”:692,”uris”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/IGDTMT4M”],”uri”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/IGDTMT4M”],”itemData”:{“id”:692,”type”:”book”,”abstract”:”The Classics”,”ISBN”:”978-614-413-403-0″,”language”:”en”,”note”:”Google-Books-ID: _NRmDwAAQBAJ”,”number-of-pages”:”128″,”publisher”:”World Heritage Publishers Ltd”,”source”:”Google Books”,”title”:”The Old Man and The Sea”,”author”:[{“family”:”Hemingway”,”given”:”Ernest”}],”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2015″,1,1]]}},”locator”:”23″,”label”:”page”}],”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”} (23). A man as old as Santiago, with failing physical strength may not have been brave to fight against the shark, to save his catch and make a living out of it. This literary work is to remind us that not all heroes may succeed in their quest. However, a story of heroism results from bravery and will to conquer whatever obstacle presenting in the way.
Throughout the story, Santiago faces challenges and adversities, which he overcomes with a brave persona. He motivates himself that can only be destroyed but cannot be defeated ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {“citationID”:”pLrCYtU7″,”properties”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Hemingway 105)”,”plainCitation”:”(Hemingway 105)”,”noteIndex”:0},”citationItems”:[{“id”:692,”uris”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/IGDTMT4M”],”uri”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/IGDTMT4M”],”itemData”:{“id”:692,”type”:”book”,”abstract”:”The Classics”,”ISBN”:”978-614-413-403-0″,”language”:”en”,”note”:”Google-Books-ID: _NRmDwAAQBAJ”,”number-of-pages”:”128″,”publisher”:”World Heritage Publishers Ltd”,”source”:”Google Books”,”title”:”The Old Man and The Sea”,”author”:[{“family”:”Hemingway”,”given”:”Ernest”}],”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2015″,1,1]]}},”locator”:”105″,”label”:”page”}],”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”} (105). Almost when he seems to be failing, he reminds himself that he should remain true to his moral code and exercise fidelity in his goal. A true hero, therefore, must remember that he has a role to play in his life. A hero becomes triumphant when he combines his inner strength and remains calm in the face of adversity, and have a glimpse of hope in the chaotic world.
Santiago, apart from having Mandolin as his friend who gave him company, brought him food and coffee, he also prayed to God for strength during such trying times in his life. A hero needs dignity, freedom, and reliance on a supreme being to guide and give them the strength to face adversities. This shows that a hero will repeatedly have to toil in his journey. He should prove that he is capable of doing what he sets ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {“citationID”:”1mYpLpz7″,”properties”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Bloom)”,”plainCitation”:”(Bloom)”,”noteIndex”:0},”citationItems”:[{“id”:694,”uris”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/ETZP7YGN”],”uri”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/ETZP7YGN”],”itemData”:{“id”:694,”type”:”book”,”abstract”:”Hemingway’s last work published during his lifetime remains one of his most popular and best known. A man’s symbolic quest to land the catch of a lifetime engages classic themes of the human struggle against nature as well as explores the intersection of expectation and desire. Filled with fresh essays about the book, the new edition of this invaluable literary guide features a bibliography and notes on the essay contributors, as well as an introductory essay by master scholar Harold Bloom.”,”ISBN”:”978-1-60413-147-5″,”language”:”en”,”note”:”Google-Books-ID: zmYAo0iqlVQC”,”number-of-pages”:”255″,”publisher”:”Infobase Publishing”,”source”:”Google Books”,”title”:”Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea”,”author”:[{“family”:”Bloom”,”given”:”Harold”}],”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2008″]]}}}],”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”} (Bloom). Like Santiago, after his fellow anglers gave up on the fishing line, he went ahead and to catch the marlin. He fearlessly and tirelessly fought for his ‘brother’ against the sharks. This is because he had developed an attachment to it trying to catch it. He fought relentlessly to the end, even when he did not see a glimpse of hope.
A hero is often appreciated with an uproar of applause upon the accomplishment of a heroic act. After Santiago had lost his fight to the sharks, he went home with the skeleton of his ‘brother’ in the dark of the night unnoticed. His shanty structure of a house and bed were the things that welcomed his heroic act ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {“citationID”:”nwheoUJe”,”properties”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Bloom)”,”plainCitation”:”(Bloom)”,”noteIndex”:0},”citationItems”:[{“id”:694,”uris”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/ETZP7YGN”],”uri”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/ETZP7YGN”],”itemData”:{“id”:694,”type”:”book”,”abstract”:”Hemingway’s last work published during his lifetime remains one of his most popular and best known. A man’s symbolic quest to land the catch of a lifetime engages classic themes of the human struggle against nature as well as explores the intersection of expectation and desire. Filled with fresh essays about the book, the new edition of this invaluable literary guide features a bibliography and notes on the essay contributors, as well as an introductory essay by master scholar Harold Bloom.”,”ISBN”:”978-1-60413-147-5″,”language”:”en”,”note”:”Google-Books-ID: zmYAo0iqlVQC”,”number-of-pages”:”255″,”publisher”:”Infobase Publishing”,”source”:”Google Books”,”title”:”Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea”,”author”:[{“family”:”Bloom”,”given”:”Harold”}],”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2008″]]}}}],”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”} (Bloom). He thought how undeserving it was for the failure of people to applaud his struggle though a night of sharks. Instead, he felt defeated. Upon waking up in the morning to find the marlin’s skeleton, his fellow anglers only pitied his life. However, his only friend remained worried about him and brought him food and coffee, and was happy to find him safe in his bed. Therefore, instead of losing hope, he accepts his struggle as a balance of nature. Though he was destroyed, he was not defeated.
In conclusion, Santiago nobly accepted his physical suffering to determine his success. Through the struggle with the fish, he desired to know and understand what is in his ability to do, and what he can endure out of the battle. Heroes always struggle for triumph. How a man responds in a chaotic situation is what truly defines them as a hero. Nature, however, has a way of bringing to balance a man’s ambition for greatness. Santiago only hoped to make a kill after struggling for 84 days without any form of reward to his efforts. By these doings, he ended up being represented in literary works as a hero. This was such a best reward he received, the status of being a hero. Nothing should inhibit a hero’s ambitions. He is also an example to his little friend, Manolin, teaching him the characteristics of a worrier, which include morality, hard work, tenacity, and perseverance.
Works Cited
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {“uncited”:[],”omitted”:[],”custom”:[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bloom, Harold. Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea. Infobase Publishing, 2008.
Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and The Sea. World Heritage Publishers Ltd, 2015.
Analysis-of-Health-Views
Analysis of Health Views
PSYCH/626
Analysis of Health Views
The idea of health and wellness is a concept highly over looked by many individuals. That is until they become aware that their health begins to diminish or become jeopardized by some sort of illness. However, to understand the views individuals have towards the concept of health and wellness one must first be aware of the definition of the term. According to the Sage Handbook of Health Psychology, Sutton, Baum, & Johnston (2004) explains the term health refers to a range of positive states of mental, physical, and social wellbeing. This term is not only determined by the absence of disease and illness but by a variation of healthful signs composed of a person’s lifestyle. The focus of this paper is to explain the historical views of health, events that led up to those changes, provide a description of the biomedical model, the transition of the biomedical model into other fields of practice, and an explanation of the development of behavioral medicine.
Changes in the Historical Views of Health and Events that Triggered Those Changes
Over the course of many centuries the historical views on health and medical practices have advances drastically. Dating back thousands of years ago, people believed that spiritual forces, such as evil spirits were the cause of physical and mental impairments in human beings (Sutton, Baum, & Johnston, 2004). During that time there were no books written on medical symptoms or diseases so people were often uncertain about the causes of health related conditions. Also, within North American during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries deaths among human beings were usually the result of dietary influences and infectious diseases (Sutton, Baum, & Johnston, 2004). As a result of the many lives that were lost to these infectious diseases, advances in medical vaccinations and antibiotics hiked in development. Edward Jenner, a country doctor living in Berkeley, England in 1796 performed the world’s first vaccination through the experimentation of cowpox (Stern & Markel, 2005). Improving human heredity and preserving life has caused medical professionals and health psychologists to research alternative ways for advancing the medical industry.
A Description of the Biomedical Model
The Biomedical Model is a conceptual model of illness that excludes psychological and social influences, only including biological factors in a attempt to understanding a person’s medical illness or disorder (Stedman Dictionary, 2004).
Reference
Stedman Medical Dictionary (2004). Biomedical Model — Medical Definition. Retrieved June 9, from http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=55643
Stern, A., & Markel, H. (2005). The History Of Vaccines And Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges. Journal of Vaccinations, 25(3). Retrieved from http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/24/3/611.full
Sutton, S., Baum, A., & Johnston, M. (2004). The Sage Handbook of Health Psychology [University of Phoenix Custom Edition eBook]. : Sage Publications. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, PSYCH625 website.
Heroin and Cocaine Drug Use Policy
Heroin and Cocaine Drug Use Policy
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Drug abuse has been an issue for over centuries in the U.S. In the United States and around the world, drugs and other intoxicating substances are used and for proper use their need to be regulations on substance use. Drug regulation is common in the industrialized countries, and even the third world countries are adopting it as a mandatory. The federal government of the U.S prohibits manufacturing, processing, and distribution of large amounts of intoxicating substances. In 1970 the Congress found out that some illicit drugs may have medicinal use thus to control the use of such substances the government came up with policies to regulate substance use. Drug policies are expected to reduce illegal drug users, reduce deaths and other problems associated with substance use. However, the previous policies have failed to reduce drug consumption rate, illicit drug availability, diseases and deaths due to drug abuse (Lynch, T. 2000), thus there are current policies which aims at doing the same.
A drug policy that the paper looks into is the policy that of the most widely used psychoactive drugs, heroin and cocaine are banned and penalties and jail terms should be given to those found in possession or using the drugs. This policy aims at preventing people from using heroin and cocaine. However, this has not been an easy task for the government to remove or reduce those who consume heroin. Initially, back in the mid-20th century, heroin was made illegal for recreational use but remained legal for medicinal use. Heroin was becoming more addictive and the government could not control those who used it for recreational purposes and pain relieving purposes without doctor’s prescription. It is because of this uncontrollable reasons that the government made a ban non-medicinal use of heroin and other drugs.
However, despite the ban people continued to process and distribute heroin in shops and other commercial places. Heroin is now a public health problem. Heroine was then nationally outlawed from both medicinal and recreational purposes. Any heroin user was subjected to health problems an if anyone was found in possession after it was outlawed nationally, it meant that he or she would face penalties that comes with illegal drugs possession. However, this policy has not been effective since the number of heroin users and addicts continue to multiply every year. Addiction to prescription opioids is the strongest risk factor for heroin abuse whereby many perceive the two to have similar effects. Many progress to heroin use driven by low cost and high availability unlike opioids which are costly and less available.
All is not lost for the country, to have the policy work there has to be some implementations. The government has already decided on banning heroin and so the policy should remain. However, there need to be further statements on the policy that read if found one is supposed to be rehabilitated and treated but if there are addict then the government should take lead in helping them withdraw from the addiction. Treating drug addicts and those who abuse them with jail terms is not a solution to their problem since this has been the case for over fifty years yet we see those who abuse heroin multiply every year. There are other alternatives besides jailing them since we are not sure after the jail term is over these people won’t go back to abusing drugs.
An alternative to jail terms is treating opiate addiction as a health problem and concern. It is from here that the government is able to set up rehabilitation centers, creating public awareness and doing a search on those who sell these drugs. Education and public awareness are able to create sense into those addicted and this should be done together with rehabilitation. Also, educating the general public prevents coming up of new users who later will get addicted. Treating heroin abuse as a health problem and not a crime is a good step toward helping combat cases of the same. Since there will always be new forms of heroin produced, then the only option is to help the addicts and the sellers understand what dangers comes with heroin, cocaine and other narcotics.
The policy has it that people be jailed if found abusing drugs. The should policy give the criminals a second chance by providing treatment and rehabilitation which would see them better people after their jail term is over. This is a positive thing to the society since once freed they can educate the other substance users. Research shows that society is supporting such policies and recent study claimed that 67% of the Americans were in support of treatment policy on hard drug offenders (In Labate, B. C., In Cavnar, C., & In Rodrigues, T. 2016). Instead of spending time incarcerated it is better for these offenders to be rehabilitated and treated as a long-term measure.
Since current drug policies in America meets less of its stated goals, it is good to incorporate ideas from other countries around the world such as Switzerland. Switzerland has its policies in place, and cost-effective treatment for the drug abusers receives high funds to help curb the situation. The government of Switzerland spends mush on Anti-drug programmes to educate people on the proper use of a drug that is why they have positive progress in regulating substance use (Harcourt, B. E. 2003). Lastly, it is our role the citizens to help the government reduce heroin use rate by trying to help enforce the policies and educate the drug abusers on what is good and bad. The country has to recognize drug abuse and drug use as two different matters when coming up with policies.
As long as opioids continue to be legal then it will be hard for the government to prevent the use of heroin. The impact of opiate prescriptions and heroin abuse have led to slower rates of war on drugs whereby the government and health sector finds it hard to combat drugs since they are assumed to serve the same functions as opiates which are prescribed and solved over the counter. Heroin being cheaper in the market even though sold behind bars is a big threat to war on drugs since the effects it has to users are long term and the withdrawal process is not an easy task. The battle on narcotics is getting harder day by day since the perception that most of these drugs relieve pain still stands thus patients take them as an alternative.
This changes are hard to implement because there are those who still want to make money from selling heroin and cocaine. We live in a world where people care about themselves thus the business people will always find a new way and form to sell the drug. Unfortunately, it is very hard for the government to be on top of every new substance that comes into the market. Once a drug is banned or harsh policies implemented on it the manufacturers are always on the course to produce an advanced form of the banned substance (Harcourt, B. E. 2003). A good example is a synthetic marijuana which entered the market in 2008 and by 2013 more than 2500 calls were received by the poison center about abuse of the same drug.
Conclusively, the answer to war on drugs is not jail terms and court penalties but rather proper education on the pros and cons of drug abuse. After letting people know about the negative side the government should make an effort of getting alternative drugs which cause less harm on health that can be used to relieve pain. Painkillers should have a lower price than heroin to prevent people from buying heroine as an alternative to what they have been prescribed with. It is a general responsibility of the society to help the government in fighting drug abuse.
Reference
Harcourt, B. E. (2003). Guns, crime, and punishment in America. New York: New York University Press.
In Labate, B. C., In Cavnar, C., & In Rodrigues, T. (2016). Drug policies and the politics of drugs in the Americas.
Lynch, T. (2000). After Prohibition: An adult approach to drug policies in the 21st century. Washington, D.C: CATO.