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Analysis of the Literary Themes
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An Analysis of the Literary Themes and Elements in Paradise Lost
Introduction
Written in epic form, Paradise Lost is an epic poem written by John Milton. Originally, the book was published in 1667 as a compilation of 10 books and two years later, it was published as 12 books with books 10 and 7 being split into two parts. The author, John Milton, was a civil servant and renowned English poet at the time. The main themes center on the wrath of God, disobedience, and man’s ultimate redemption. The poem speaks to the time when God threw Satan out of heaven alongside a band of angels. It shows the stubbornness and pride of Lucifer who instead of repenting prefers to rule and stay in hell. Most scholars have deemed Paradise Lost as one of the greatest English poems of all time. Milton employs language supreme in attaining sound and rhythm to tell a biblical tale about the fall of humanity. The subject matter of the poem is primarily Christian. The main characters are Adam, Eve, God, and Lucifer. Worth noting so much has been written as regards the sympathetic and powerful characterization of God in the text. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the literary devices and themes used in Paradise Lost including allusions, use of sad tones, and allegory and symbolism. These literary devices are effective tools in ensuring that the poet is effective in delivering the meaning, intensifying the mood of feeling among readers, and generally piecing the poem together.
Allusions
To begin with, the author uses numerous biblical allusions in the text. It is safe to say that the entire poem is a gigantic allusion to the story of creation that is written in the book of Genesis in the bible. The author borrows from the story of creation and this is where the characters of Adam and Eve come in. Paradise Lost contains both biblical and mythical allusions borrowed from the Bible and naming all of them would be an impossible task. However, just to name a few, in Stanza 1 line 4, the author writes “With loss of Eden, till one greater Man”. This alludes to Jesus Christ. The words “greater man” are used to refer to Jesus Christ. Further, in stanza 1, line 7, the author writes “Of Oreb, or Sinai, didst inspire” This is also an illusion of the story of Moses that is in the Bible. In the Bible, the Prophet Moses goes to Mt. Sinai to seek God and pray on the mountain. These allusions are effective in passing the main message to the reader because they tell a story by referring to an ancient source or place and in this case they point to the story of Moses and Jesus Christ in the bible. As a literary device in this poem, allusions have an impact on the readers as they enable readers to relate with ancient events in the bible that are already known to them (Chapman, 13). This helps in pushing the main message home to the readers.
Use of Tone as a Literary Device
Secondly, the author also employs the use of a sad, tragic, and serious tone to appeal to the audience and drive across the main message. In Stanza 1 line 3, Milton writes “Brought death into the world, and all our woe.” This points to the fact that Milton takes the poem seriously and for him, one of the most significant tragedies of humanity was the fall of Adam and Eve. Worth noting, for Milton, the issues of Satan’s betrayal, rebellion, and his plot for revenge are not laughing matters. As he drives the main themes of the poem, Milton is never funny and he puts little effort in making subtle jokes. This speaks to the serious tone that he maintains throughout the poem. Additionally, as readers, we can sense the tragedy in Milton’s verses. It goes without saying that the poem originally takes the structure of a tragedy. It is almost similar to a text that an author like Shakespeare would write. Along the line, Milton realizes that he needs to do something different. Although he tries very much to shift the structure of the poem from a tragedy to epic, he still dissects the subject matter from the point of view of a tragedy. At one point he cannot avoid interjecting and he makes statements such as ” oh, would that things had been different” and in book 9 he says that he will change the notes in book 8 of the poem to tragic”. It is so obvious that Milton is sad because readers can sense the sadness in his voice. Despite the garden of Eden being painted as a very beautiful place, Milton makes it clear that such a place does not exist anymore, and the only way for us to see it is through imagination and poetry which is utterly sad.
Symbolism, Allegory, and Imagery
The use of allegory, symbolism, and imagery as a literary device is evident across the entire poem. Milton uses typical allegory such as paradise and the fall of Adam and Eve to convey a hidden meaning to the readers (Peter and Vaavilal, 24) For starters, Milton makes reference to paradise so many times. The poem itself is title Paradise Lost and it basically talks about the loss of a paradise. This in itself is an allegory. It is not a surprise that the poem is full of images of paradise. The readers first encounter the image of the Garden of Eden at the beginning of the poem. In the first three lines, Milton talks about the fall of the Garden of Eden as the place where Man first disobeyed God. He writes, ” Of Mans first Disobedience, and the Fruit Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal taste” Additionally, in Book 4, The author makes it so clear that there is a garden of Eden exists and that it was the best paradise of all times. He even mentions a couple of other artistic paradises before comparing them to the Garden of Eden and concluding that the Garden of Eden is the most beautiful of them all. Additionally, Milton also talks about Heaven as a rather bright paradise that does not get dark. In this case, Heaven is a symbol of paradise.
Another allegory employed is “the fall”. The poem is about how Adam and Eve lost Paradise after they consume the Forbidden Fruit which they had been warned against. The act of eating the forbidden fruit has been referred to as the fall. In essence, it refers to the fall from grace, and fall from innocence. Images of falling are evident in the entire poem. The readers first encounter Satan alongside his legions as the first characters in the poem. They have fallen morally and as a result, God casts them away from Heaven. This is because they had disappointed God and by disobeying him and attempting to overthrow his kingdom. In Book 6, Satan and his legions, literally fall from Heaven and descend into Hell. Satan tells his legions ” Awake, Arise, or be forever fallen.” In this case, to be fallen is a symbol of sinning and disobeying God. Allegory, symbols, and illusions are effective in helping the readers to look at the poem with imagination and in driving the main point about disobedience home (Fletcher, 40). The author uses descriptive language to add depth and clarity to the minds of his readers.
Conclusion
In closing, Milton uses various literary devices in Paradise Lost to push the main agenda of disobedience and the fall of man and humanity by extension to his readers. These devices play a critical role in intensifying the mood of the readers, bringing clarity and depth to the meaning, and piecing the entire poem together. The use of allusion helps readers relate the main message to ancient and history stories that exist in the bible such as the story of Moses and Jesus Christ. Milton’s use of a sad, serious, and tragic tone is effective in informing the reader about what matters to the reader and how he feels about the topic he is writing about. Symbolism and allegory create depth using vivid and descriptive language. As such, the use of literally devices is significant in writing as it helps the readers stay alert and interested in the poem. This knowledge is useful to future poets and authors who are interested in perfecting their writing skills. Competent writers and authors try as much as possible to add oomph to their works to deliver text that not only appeals to them but also their audience. As such, writers should make a point of learning about all literary devices that can be employed in making a poem interesting. Some of the literary devices that they ought to research that have worth mentioning include repetition, rhyme, zeugma, enjambment, and end-stopped lines, metonymy, anaphora, and deceit.
Works Cited
Chapman, Alison A. The Legal Epic:” Paradise Lost” and the Early Modern Law. University of Chicago Press, 2017.
Fletcher, Angus. Allegory: the theory of a symbolic mode. Princeton University Press, 2021.
Peter, Sathyaveti, and Vaavilala Sri Ramamurthy. “The biblical allusions in john milton’s paradise lost _.” (2018).
Social Interaction and Socialization
Social Interaction and Socialization
1. Introduction
The article You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation by Tannen (1990), is not only amusing and enjoyable but also highlights how men and women can come away from the same conversation with quite different interpretations and meanings. Male-to-female discussion can be compared to cross-cultural communication because boys and girls grow up in quite different environments where the words they speak and the environment they are spoken do not really match. To a great extent, Tannen (1990) is able to package the reasons for the diversity of conversations between and among gender differences, ranging from small chat and gossip involving women to the concept of males providing lectures on well-known facts to a female audience. Ideally, men and women are very different when it applies to socialization and in social interactions. Social interaction and socialization are after all a societal construct that follows cultural underpinnings and creates communities and contests in equal measure.
2. Differences between Boys’ and Girls’ Conversation in Social Interactions
Tannen (1990) asserts that communication between men and women is defined and differentiated by gender-based characteristics that she believes are crucial to observe in communication. The majority of women (Tannen, 1990), communicate in order to connect and bargain, and she feels that disregarding these distinctions is more damaging than pleasurable for most of them. Their discussions tend to revolve upon expressing and responding to feelings, often known as “rapport-talk,” as the author refers to this type of communication (private conversation). In situations where men are required to speak in front of others, report-talk and public speaking are two strategies by which they might raise or maintain their social standing. Genderlect, Tannen (1990) claims, is a concept that exists as a result of her research into the mechanics of conversation, and the better we grasp it, she argues, the greater our prospects are of closing the communication gap that is vital in the battle of the ages between men and women.
The differences between men and women in socialization and social interactions are as a result of the differences in upbringing, culture, and psychological factors. These differences are also visible in non-verbal communication for example where one’s demeanor and gestures are involved (Legros & Cislaghi, 2020). In a typical example, men will rarely ask for help even where they are clearly in need of it. Women, on the other hand, prefer the company of others and will offer and accept help. Tannen (1990) argues that men and women have developed different strategies of communicating with people. When it comes to hearing and communicating, men and women listen and communicate in distinctly different ways. Men perceive the world in a hierarchically structured manner, and are constantly in efforts to pursue or negotiate power and status in order to gain the upper hand and maintain their position of dominance in their respective societies. In contrast to men, women perceive themselves as participants in a world of connection who negotiate intimate relationships as well as support, affirmation, confirmation, support, as well as agreement. The ultimate argument that Tannen (1990) offers is that with regard to intimacy and independence, socialization and social interactions lead to conversations that have variant goals: preservation of status for men and connection for women.
3. Gender Socialization on a Personal Experience
Despite the fact that we live in a modern civilization, gender indoctrination can still be observed. According to Almy and Sanatullova-Allison (2016), it is through gender socialization that people learn to execute diverse gender roles within a cultural framework. Males are taught to be macho and to keep their emotions hidden in the majority of civilizations around the world, while women are taught to be nurturing and care-giving. Gender socialization begins at a young age and has a significant impact on physical health (Dedovic et al., 2009). Males are trained to be courageous, to tolerate pain and danger, and to defend their dependents. They are required to provide and to be present. In the modern society, men are only respected if they have material things like money, status, and belong to the upper class.
In modern day societies, masculinity frequently necessitates a significant amount of effort on behalf of being a man. This can result in a reduction in their physical well-being as well as an increased risk of mental health issues. Being tough is a requirement for boys, taught from a young age in conversations and upbringing. To meet such gender socialization specifications, males tend to underreport their illnesses and injuries, which has a negative influence on their overall health (Pulerwitz et al., 2019). Added to that, men are frequently taught to keep their emotions hidden, which can lead to high levels of stress and a weakened immune system, as well as weight loss or increase, depression, insomnia, binge drinking, and excessive exercise.
Women, on the other hand, have traditionally assumed duties of responsibility, caring, and nurturing, conditioned to assume such roles at a tender age. The physical health of women, depending on situations, may also suffer as a result of this. Weight loss or gain, severe depression, chronic fatigue, drinking, and sleep disorders are just a few of the negative effects on a woman’s physical and mental well-being that can be expected due to the need to follow up on gender socialization.
4. Gender Equality and Genuine Freedom in Socialization and Social Interaction
The world is shaped in a manner that everyone learns their culture’s gender-related expectations, rules, and norms at a tender age. The main agents are mentioned by Anastasiu (2011) and Semenova et al. (2018) to include the media, schools, parents, teachers, and close family and friends. These agents influence the process of gender socialization. Identity is created through gender expectations and genuine freedom to be as one wishes is lost. The social norms theory suggests that every learned behavior that creates personality in lines of gender can be un-learnt (Cislaghi & Heise, 2020). For example, the modern man understands the need to be supportive, including doing house chores, sharing in parental responsibilities and being an overall present member of the family. This is in stark contrast to the cultural expectations of the previous centuries. As a result, attaining freedom in the confines of social interactions and socialization is possible. Revolting against the societal roles and expectations will lead to genuine freedom.
5. Conclusion
Men and women are very different when it applies to socialization and in social interactions. Communication between men and women is defined and differentiated by gender-based characteristics. The differences between men and women in socialization and social interactions are as a result of the differences in upbringing, culture, and psychological factors. When it comes to hearing and communicating, men and women listen and communicate in distinctly different ways. Men perceive the world in a hierarchically structured manner. Women perceive themselves as participants in a world of connection who negotiate intimate relationships. Gender socialization also plays a hand in these social processes where people learn to execute diverse gender roles within a cultural framework. Social norms theory suggests that every learned behavior that creates personality in lines of gender can be un-learnt. Therefore, attaining freedom in the confines of social interactions and socialization is possible.
References
Almy, A., & Sanatullova-Allison, E. (2016). Women are the breadwinners and men are the homemakers: Gender socialization in culture, society, and education. IAFOR Journal of Cultural Studies, 1(1), 1-7.
Anastasiu, I. (2011). Family and school understood as agents of socialization. Euromentor Journal, 2(2), 1.
Cislaghi, B., & Heise, L. (2020). Gender norms and social norms: differences, similarities and why they matter in prevention science. Sociology of health & illness, 42(2), 407-422.
Dedovic, K., Wadiwalla, M., Engert, V., & Pruessner, J. C. (2009). The role of sex and gender socialization in stress reactivity. Developmental psychology, 45(1), 45.
Legros, S., & Cislaghi, B. (2020). Mapping the social-norms literature: An overview of reviews. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(1), 62-80.
Pulerwitz, J., Blum, R., Cislaghi, B., Costenbader, E., Harper, C., Heise, L., … & Lundgren, R. (2019). Proposing a conceptual framework to address social norms that influence adolescent sexual and reproductive health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(4), S7-S9.
Semenova, L. E., Chevachina, A. V., Semenova, V. E., & Tishkina Yu, A. (2018). Gender orientations and practices of educating modern preschool teachers as agents of primary gender socialization of a personality. European Journal of Natural History, 1, 38-41.
Tannen, D. (1990). You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men. Conversation. New York: Ballantine books.
helth mobile business plan
HEALTH MOBILE BUSINESS PLAN
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Health Mobile Business Plan
Introduction
Some time ago, I was selling my mobile phone cards as usual in my tent like a warehouse on the streets of Abidjan, Cote d´ Ivo ire. Although most of my clients come from a low socioeconomic level, they prioritize the need for communication and social connectivity, as it is vastly needed in the world we live in today. My day was not different from other days as I began by helping my oldest daughter take her HIV medication. I then fed my sisters and brothers along with their children. In the afternoon, that day became a special day as I saw newly posted campaign signs when I stepped outside for lunch. For once, I saw awareness of my daughter’s disease, reminders to take the prescribed medication, for the highest-ranking disease of the country: AIDS/HIV. That day was the day I had hope, that day I had an idea. The following paragraphs will address this idea in a form of a business plan.
Business Plan
A business plan is significant for the success of any business venture. The idea is to sell Internet gigabytes with the ability to download an application to the mobile phone. These applications assist people who are taking HIV medication to adhere to HIV treatment regimen for them to have a good health outcome. The homepage of the Internet application on the mobile phone would be the homepage of the application called, myhealthapps.net. This website is available to all people in the whole world. It concentrates in assembling the best health care apps worldwide. These healthcare apps have been tested and tried by all types of people in the whole world. The already existing web page also has access to Twitter, Facebook, and other common social media sites that most people that would buy internet gigabytes would want to use.
The marketing strategy will ensure that internet gigabytes reach as many Abidjan people as possible. It will also ensure that the product reach the right target customers which will include those people on HIV treatment regimen and their significant others. Reaching a wider target population will entail opening many business outlets where Abidjan people can access the internet gigabytes needed for downloading the favorite health apps. Use of effective communication strategy that involves explaining to the customers how the apps work will help to boost the sales. For a business to be successful, it must be in a position of maintaining a good competitive advantage. Competitive advantage will be achieved by selling the products at a price that target customers can afford. It will also be maintained through increasing efficiency in the business which helps to create customers’ loyalty.
The other marketing strategy will encompass the use of effective advertisement methods. The most appropriated advertisement media, in this case, is the use of social media and posters containing the campaign signs. The main reason for choosing social media is because most people have internet enabled phones which they use for accessing social media like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and many others. The use of posters containing campaign signs placed in strategic places is appealing, and it also ensure that the information reach a big number of the target population. These media will help in creating awareness about the importance of buying internet gigabytes for use in downloading the appropriate apps. These apps assist in guiding people about the importance of adhering to the prescribed HIV medication. Hence, the health outcomes of most people taking HIV drugs will improve greatly.
The process of increasing accessibility of these health apps to most Abidjan people will encompass collaboration with government health care agencies. Collaboration with public healthcare agencies and public hospitals will help in building trust and acceptability of these apps by the public. Hence, many people will buy internet gigabytes to download these health apps that will help them in adhering to HIV treatment regimen. The work of the public health care agencies and public hospitals will be creating the awareness of the importance of utilizing health apps in increasing the adherence to HIV treatment regimen. The major task of the entrepreneurs will be to avail the internet gigabytes to as many Abidjan people as possible after creating the awareness. The presence of internet gigabytes will ensure that many people download health apps that assist them to adhere to HIV treatment regimen. Health outcomes for those who are sick will improve, and the business of selling internet gigabytes will grow tremendously.
Conclusion
A good entrepreneur is the one who identifies a business opportunity and gather the necessary resources to start a business. The importance of adhering to HIV treatment regimen presented a good business opportunity for aggressive entrepreneurs venture. An effective business plan is necessary for the success of any business enterprise. It helps business people in coming up with a successful marketing strategy that help in boosting their sales. The successful business strategy entails choosing the right advertisement media. The need for adherence to HIV treatment regimen will lead to tremendous growth in the business of selling internet gigabytes. Hence, a business person in Abidjan who will develop a useful business plan and implement it will succeed in this business venture.
Bibliography
“Myhealthapps.Net – Apps Tried and Tested by People like You” Accessed April 22, 2015, HYPERLINK “http://myhealthapps.net” http://myhealthapps.net.
Porter, Michael E., and Mark R. Kramer. “The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility.” Harvard business review 84, no. 12 (2006): 78-92.
Roberts, Kathleen Johnston. “Barriers to and facilitators of HIV-positive patients’ adherence to antiretroviral treatment regimens.” Aids patient care and STDs 14, no. 3 (2000): 155-168.