Recent orders
Helpful hints and tips from your TA
Helpful hints and tips from your TA
Prompt Breakdown:
The prompt asks you to consider both the Gilded Age and the Foreign Policy lecture sets.
Make sure that you incorporate ideologies from both of these lecture sets. This will require you to think more broadly about how the two sets of lectures work together.
Essays that focus only on the elements from the Gilded Age or in the creation of an American foreign policy will not have successfully answered the prompt.
The prompt asks you to make an argument: which three ideologies or philosophies were the most important to the rise of the U.S. as a great nation?
Picking three is only part of the task at hand. You must also make a case for why these ideologies or philosophies, when taken together, were the most transformative for the time period under consideration.
Essays that list/explain three ideologies or philosophies but make no attempt to integrate them into a wider argument will not have successfully answered the prompt.
Although using material from the textbook is permissible, make sure you focus on the material from lecture.
Writing tips: “Three reasons” method of writing
The “Three Reasons” method of writing will allow you to create a solid paper in any class. The way it works is: you decide what you are going to argue, then you come up with three specific reasons to support that argument. You can then write your thesis and paper from there:
Your Thesis:
To get started on your paper, it often helps to start by writing your thesis, so you know what you’re going to argue and what evidence you want to focus on.
A good thesis states your argument and provides a preview of ways you will support that argument.
In writing your own thesis, put your argument into your own words and pick three events/reasons you can support with detail from the lecture and textbook.
Also, your thesis should go at the end of a short introductory paragraph and be underlined.
Your three ideologies/reasons:
Pick three specific ideologies/reasons you can use to support your argument, be specific, and use good data from the lecture. Avoid being vague or repetitive.
Once you have picked your three ideologies/reasons, each of your body paragraphs should correspond to one of your ideologies/reasons, for a total of three body paragraphs.
Start each paragraph by restating the event/reason as a strong topic sentence.
Then, your entire paragraph and the evidence you present will support that strong topic sentence.
214185532639000Again, in your body paragraphs, support your points with specific examples from lecture, avoid being vague.
Finish your paper with a short conclusion that sums up your argument and restates your supporting points.
Formatting requirements
Do not forget to underline your thesis – not following this instruction will cause penalty points to be deducted from your paper.
Any direct quotes from the text or statistics from lecture should be cited with footnotes, please see the prompt for examples of the two kinds of footnotes you will be using for this class
DO NOT google or plagiarize!
Any use of internet sources is strictly prohibited and will result in a 0 on the paper.
You can use 2 sources on this paper:
Lecture material
Davidson eTextEssays must be done individually and not under the consultation of other students from the class.
Formatting requirements:
3 full pages in length
Only students’ name should be at the top of the page- do not take up half a page with a giant heading, that will not count towards your 3 pages.
Having 20 footnotes at the bottom of each page will not count towards your 2 pages either- It must be 3 full pages of writing. You should not have anywhere near 20 footnotes for a 3-page paper, either.
Please use12-pt. Font, Times New Roman, double spaced, 1-inch margins
Follow style guidelines and do not alter margins for length!
Proof-read your paper before submitting. Because you have almost two weeks to complete your essay and you know the topic beforehand, I am expecting papers without spelling and grammar mistakes. Spelling and grammar mistakes will be penalized.
Papers are due Thur. Feb. 13 at/before 11:59pm.
Late papers are 10 points off for every day they are late, beginning at 12:00am (midnight) on Feb. 14, up to Feb. 16 (30 points off). You will not be able to submit the essay after 11:00 pm on Feb. 16.
Social Imagination Theory on Unemployment
Social Imagination Theory on Unemployment
Name
Institution
Date
Social Imagination Theory on Unemployment
Sociological imagination is a theory that is able to explain why human get to behave in certain ways by studying of their social life as well as the society at large. It encompasses studying an individual. One of the individuals that is accredited for development of the sociological theory is C. Wright Mills around 1950s, he explained this in his book The Sociological Imagination. In this book he defined sociological imagination as the “vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society” (Mills, 2015). With sociological imagination one is able to identify these forces and also understand the effect it has on them. Unemployment is one occurrence in the society that affects us and we can examine it through the lens of sociological theory
Unemployment can be classified as a social thus viewed through the social imagination theory as sociological imagination translates to the one’s point of view on how things interact and influence each other socially. These social problems may result in an individual pulling away from the situation and think from an alternative point of view. A number of literatures have been conducted to address unemployment as a social problem with a focus on theories that give insight into the discipline.
Unemployment is elaborated by Mills as the clear awareness of the relationship between the society as well as experience in that, an individual would want to pull away with the normal routine of everyday life if they lack a source of income. The journal by McDermott describes and tends to analyze how unemployment is socially constructed addressing the youth unemployment and how the government responds to this type of crisis (Soric et al,2019). Unemployment is considered as a social crisis that needs to be addressed with the development of labor market interventions that needs restructuring to accommodate most of the unemployed. The social imagination theory on unemployment has gone through a number of changes historically with factors such as war, natural disasters and depressions affecting individuals view of employment altering the social structure related to employment (Pickvance,2019). The theory by Mills was developed to help understand the relationship between individual and society. Unemployment in sociological imagination has been able to shift from an individual problem to a public issue which is an intricate relationship between the society and an individual. The activities of an individual as explained by the theory is not of their personal choice and preference. (Soric et al,2019).
There has not been a single definition to elaborate on unemployment especially in youths, however, its persistence of the years has been recognized as one of the worst perils in the economy that threats individuals and stability of societies across the globe (Borus, 2002). The concept of education in most cases has been defined and regarded as important in securing employment in many states. The recording of high cases of dropouts from school is a large contributor to the high rates of unemployment. There are developed arguments that school participation does not affect the status of individuals such as unemployment. The history of unemployment is traced back to the age of industrialization with low rates of employment levels due to the slow economic growth rate. However, with time the unemployment rate reduced as the economy began to boom (Borus, 2002).
This paper identified works of literature that provided solutions for this public issue to be reactive hence difficult for individuals to adapt to the changes needs for this market skills. Unemployment as a social phenomenon needs to be understood from the roots as some of the courses for unemployment are documented as the need for a good career choice in that a number of students tend not to pay attention to career paths that end up resulting in a high saturation in some labor fields in the market as other fields lack the skills and experience(Schmitt,2012).
The recent changes in the environment particularly in the employment sector has been characterized by the development of technology that over time has been used to reduce the efforts and work needed. Computerization of machines that led to the loss of jobs as machines would work more efficiently and faster with less capital as compared to the use of humans. This change led to an increase in the rates of unemployment over the years. the structure of government and labor market has also seen a lot of changes as many economic models have shifted due to the immense access of the internet over time. The government policies have often not been clear on how to address the issue of unemployment. This is due to the incapacity of governments to provide necessary requirements services for the unemployed in the society especially the youths (Riesman,2007).
Mills looks into the issue of unemployment as a micro and macro situation. He states that “In a city of 100,000, only one is unemployed, that is his personal trouble…in a nation of 50 million employees, 15 million people are unemployed, that is an issue” (Mills, 2015) From this statement, Mills believes that if one person or a few people are unemployed while the larger percentage are employed then the unemployment issue is personal, however, in a case where majority of the population are unemployed then it is a societal issue. As compared to the adults in any society, the children and young people are less engaged in work or rather they are involved in small scale work. Understanding unemployment involves the path analysis of the transition from school to finding a job which is the stage in which most people are unemployed. In the world today, more than any other times in history there have been concerns on the issue of unemployment as there are lower rates of employment especially for the youths (Damstrup, 1987).
Functionalist who propose functionalism theory believe that every social issue serves a function in a society and needs to be understood. Every single person has a specific role in the society that they have to fill so that they can have a purpose. The theory’s perspective exposes unemployment as to serve its part in society for the better part of the society. The socialists from this perspective view the society as an organic entity in that people have roles to play to establish balance, cohesion and stability. The theory views that if social roles are not fulfilled. Then social problems could arise. The functionalists use education and employment as they go hand in hand to explain the roots of unemployment (Schmitt,2012).
The Functionalism by Emile Durkheim is among the theories that try to explain unemployment and poverty in the society. Durkheim theory of social function portrayed that a society was structured and that each individual in a society must have functional specialization (Durkheim, 2013). He believed that people who were paid higher in a particular field was because they had rare skills that not everybody possessed in a society. For example, a neuro-surgeon ought to be paid more than a shoe shiner because for one to become a neuro surgeon then they ought to undergo training. Emile Durkheim argued that both inequality and poverty played a great role in the Society’s social structure. The class system cemented cohesion and did not lead to any conflict. According to Durkheim, those who were employed and filled important position in the society were considered important. This means those who were unemployed were less important. In a society, even those with employment, there are people who tend to value their employment more than others. For example, a surgeon is likely to be seen more important than a janitor. Because of these views at times you find people rejecting certain jobs. You will find someone who probably has a degree in Medical Biochemistry will refuse to work because with his skill set he can get himself a better job.
Poverty and unemployment are intertwined when using the functionalism theory. When one is unemployed then they are likely to be poor. According to functionalism, poverty serves both the upper and middle class they have vested interest. This is because programs that help the poor provide jobs for people employed by the program. Unemployment also provides job as well as money as welfare agencies will be set up, the discount shops will also work and center. The poor also tend to purchase things such as used clothing or even day-old bread which other people in the society may not have any use for them thus extending economic values of the goods. Unemployment thus serves a function and eliminating it in the society may not be in the best interest of some people.
The conflict theory is documented and among the existing research that shows how the poor are exploited by the elites in the society creating the social phenomena of unemployment (Schmitt,2012). The conflict theory helps to understand the origin of unemployment that are clearly defined by social inequity in society. In contemporary society, education and training are considered as fundamental for obtaining skills necessary for unemployment (Schmitt,2012). Karl Marx who is the founder of Marxism supports the conflict theory in that scarcity of resources and inequality due to classes in the society contributes to unemployment.
There is a conflict of interest that exists between people and each person ill have different goals and purpose. Those in the upper class have the means and resources to get higher services for example education. With money parents can take their children to best schools and universities. There are universities where most people are directly absorbed into the job market. A graduate from Oxford or Harvard is likely to get employed. When there is a change in the employment environment whereby rapid advancement and technology plays a big role in the disruption of the employment sector, those have the money may advance their education or get better knowledge on the technology thus are likely to remain employed. Emerging technology among other challenges hinders individuals from coping with the needed skills for employment.
Symbolic interactionism theory is based on Max Weber’s ideas. The theory emphasizes more on the viewpoint of an individual and it also looks at how an individual looks at a society. Symbolic interaction theory on unemployment is applied to as a context that should be discussed in details with a focus on the unemployed individual in the society (Peterie et al,2019). The symbolic interaction theory often analyses the existing relationship between unemployment and an individual’s self-conception.
Symbolic interaction theory according to research shows a negative perception of the unemployed as the situation results in negative associations from family, friends, colleagues and others who interact with the unemployed. In line with the theory of symbolic interaction, the path analysis is applied to intervene in the perception of people and how they evaluate others based on their employment status (Peterie et al,2019). Self-conception in most of the unemployed people is often evaluated based on gender in that there are often different self-concepts for the unemployed male as compared to the same status on women. There is also a different employment concept for people with shorter unemployed status as compared to people with long-term unemployed status (Sheeran & Abraham, 2004).
Weber seemed to agree with Karl Marx that social inequality was as result of scarcity of resources in the society. This theory can be argued by looking at a head of a trade union fighting for the rights of workers. This individual will consider themselves as staunchly working class yet they held positions that command so much power and influence. Weber believed that the society could be competitive by society being able to fight for political owner and for them to gain economic status. He also pointed out than an individual class may at times be complicated because one may be worker yet may own some capital such as saving accounts pension or even inherited fortune.
Weber also went ahead to classify the society into seven groups, the upper class at the top while the bottom class was way down. He believed that it may also be hard to define a person’s class at times some are unfaithful about their wealth and that there were varying degrees of power at different times. Weber recognized that social networking played a great role in helping individuals gain particular lifestyle, he pointed out that Mason offered people from different professions such as doctors and plumbers to get together and support each other. In getting employment, networking has often been key and the best way one can network is while they are employed. Employed meet every day and attend seminars which gives them an upper hand that they can be able to apply for other jobs or positions that unemployed people are likely to learn.
In his theory, Weber pointed out that those who were poor lacked the economic and political advantages that were enjoyed by particular individuals of certain class. According to weber, class was not just about ownership or non-ownership but rather involved sort of market situation, and class was the market situation. He pointed out that at times person may have a market advantage by engaging in social processes that limit competition. A good example is that education credential is used to reduce competition for jobs. As poor people cannot often get aces to quality education most do not have a shot at these competitive slots. This explains high number of poor people remain unemployed and because they cannot afford better education for their children these children may also end up being unemployed because of the social class that crates competitiveness in the society.
In conclusion, sociological imagination is quite a useful tool and 50 years later since it was developed it is still applicable. The theory helps people to greatly feel as part of the society as they are able to identify they are not alone facing these problems. They are also able to come up with ways they can deal with the problems they have. As an individual who strongly believes in social and political activism, sociological imagination brings fourth change from the passive political attitudes we used to. If we all get to vote, then we will have opinions on controversial issues such as healthcare, contraception, education and unemployment. Mils argument along with my research portrays that unemployment is a public issue that may individuals and families are faced with. Through the functional, conflict and symbolic interaction theories we understand that at times it the system in place that is contributing to the high poverty levels and unemployment such as government not initiating policies to reduce unemployment. We also get to understand that for there to be a balance in nature, then the various social classes will often exist. The arguments by these sociologists despite being in the 19th and 20th century is quite prominent even in today’s society.
References
Bonus ME (2002). Preliminary descriptive analysis of employed and unemployed youth. Center for Human Research, Ohio
Damstrup, V. L. (2007). The effects of youth unemployment: a review of the literature. In Unemployment, Social Vulnerability, and Health in Europe (pp. 167-183). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Durkheim, Emile. Durkheim. (2013). The rules of sociological method: And selected texts on sociology and its method. Palgrave Macmillan.
McDermott, K. (2005). ” All Dressed Up and Nowhere to Go”: Youth Unemployment and State Policy in Britain. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development, 91-108.
Mills, C. Wright. (2015) “The Sociological Imagination.” Google Books. Oxford University Press, Inc., 1959. Web. 19 July 2015.
Pickvance, K. (2019). Saving the Sacred Sea: The Power of Civil Society in an Age of Authoritarianism and Globalization. By Kate Pride Brown. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. ix, 230 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $99.00, hard bound. Slavic Review, 78(3), 805-808.
Peterie, M., Ramia, G., Marston, G., & Patulny, R. (2019). Social Isolation as Stigma-Management: Explaining Long-Term Unemployed People’s ‘Failure ‘to Network. Sociology, 53(6), 1043-1060.
Schmitt, C. (2012). “A cross-national perspective on unemployment and first births.” European Journal of Population/Revue Européenne de Démographie, 28(3), 303-335.
Sheeran, P., & Abraham, C. (2004).” Unemployment and self‐conception: A symbolic interactionist analysis”. Journal of community & applied social psychology, 4(2), 115-129.
Sorić, P., Lolić, I., Claveria, O., Monte, E., & Torra, S. (2019). Unemployment expectations: A socio-demographic analysis of the effect of news. Labor economics, 60, 64-74.
This research will attempt to prove that societies can achieve maturity in health if social exclusion is managed in a broader
Social Exclusion
Name
Institution Affiliation
Date
Abstract
In contemporary societies, there has been a derivative need to devolve social-concept to all individuals considerably. This devolution seeks to minimize the occurrences of prejudices and discrimination as this may have adverse effects on the mental and physical state of individuals. As a result, there is a coherent need to pursue social concept based on benevolence and unity and not inequality. In relation to this, social concept will seek to present a superior approach towards countering social exclusion. Social exclusion is largely perceived as derailing concept towards achieving peace in addition to harmony in a given society ‘S.’ Since social exclusion is based on disunity and prejudice syndromes it is essential to develop strategies to mitigate its occurrence.
This research will attempt to prove that societies can achieve maturity in health if social exclusion is managed in a broader methodology. The research will further ascertain chronic mental and health problems can primarily be caused by social exclusion. To achieve this, the research is segmented into two main parts and one secondary part. The secondary part is a relative definition on what is social exclusion.On the other hand, the primary part one will explore the relationship between social exclusion and health. The secondary part will advocate a chief policy Cross Cultural Self Identity and Self Justification (CCSISJ) and how this can be applied to achieve self-concept.
Social Exclusion
Commonly known as marginalization, social exclusion can be referred as enactment of prejudices against a minority group, race or gender. These prejudices can be practices in wide range manners. Most of the practices are lethal where as others are legal. The term social exclusion has been an abrupt with recent origin attempting to equate occupation subject and changes in the overall social policy. Ward (2009, pp. 238) argues that the term social exclusion as certainly the usage of social power for all bad reasons. Therefore, the very occurrence of social exclusion means that something needs to be done to integrate it to social policy.
Social Exclusion and Health
During medieval slavery times, the death rate amongst the marginalized black people was relatively higher as compared to the white people. Common problems can be associated with mental health and as well, the occurrence of learning disabilities. As a result, social exclusion is primarily responsible non-participation of people in key activities of a given social framework. For this reason, the affected will naturally feel disadvantaged from health and learning disabilities services. Hussain (2013, pp. 23) further asserts there is a complexity between fear, learning disabilities, and mental health. In the debate of social exclusion, one will notice the complexity between social health problems and exclusion. This relationship can also be extended to equate mental health problems and learning disabilities.
Low self-esteem and health
Social exclusion is primarily responsible for instigating instances of low self-esteem. Hussain (2013, pp. 23) argues that when self-exclusion is played, the subject may suffer gradual effects of self-denial. This is a consequent to nervous breakdown and acceleration of mental health situations. Additionally, low self-esteem is primarily responsible for the enactment of general selfishness. Marmot (2003, pp. 574) further argues that the low-self esteem influences one general health in a much grievous method. An individual will naturally be concerned in himself and the assessment of stigma. To a greater, self-esteem will naturally influence the assessment of lifestyle decisions. Close-personal evaluation will naturally affect the quality of principles that an individual harbors.
Technically, the presence of self-exclusion means that the self-esteem will be absent. The absence of self-esteem means that there is no justification for the presence of helplessness. Hence, there is an occurrence of medical state condition. On the other, there is no relative justification of tangible of well-being that cannot be applied to guarantee the worth of own right. In fact, through self-esteem, health educators will traditionally presume that an individual can look after his or own self. This paradox is primarily responsible for the creation of master-servant syndrome with compliance being the underlying solidification. Alternatively, people who are not socially excluded from pressures of self-convictions and the creation of courage. Indeed, self-esteem is instrumental in handling fear. In summary, Macdonald (2002, pp. 299) supplements that; self-esteem is applied to apprehend threatening conditions where the minor culture feels intrinsically obliged to serve the senior culture and its absence means that an individual will feel as if he is living in vigilant situation.
Suicidal feelings and health
In social exclusion situations, there is a higher rate of self-denial, which inversely leads to the development of suicidal feelings. Now it should be noted that suicidal ideation among the minor community is primarily responsible for the development of mental health problems. Rihmer (2007, pp. 92) defines suicide as means of taking personal life instead of living. In discriminative situations, a depressive individual may feel out of control and the only way to improve suicide. Now when an individual is suffering approval or disapproval in favor or rejection of suicide, health becomes a serious concern.
In social exclusions, mental health professions argue that the suicide ideation leads an individual towards reluctances in approaching an individual total capacity to apprehend a given situation. The individual piles-up mentally disturbing secrets. These piles naturally inspire suicidal thoughts of rejuvenation. For instance, an individual may contest the prevailing social norm; for instance, classism as primarily responsible for causing poverty. The situation may become grievous if the individual pessimistic about the situation and this may not change or improve in any given situation. In fact, to apprehend the situation, mental health practitioners will naturally check for possible humiliations. Humiliations are common in social exclusions. The minor group will naturally think that their situation is how it is because there is an underlying justification seconding it. In a suicidal brain, there is a depressing match between detailed plan of self-rejuvenation or just vague fantasy.
Ethnicity and health
In social exclusions, there is an eminent desire for a major group to control the minor group. The dominant group will naturally instill prejudices against the minor group. Psychologically, sources of prejudices can be diverse to affect mental and personality development. The situation becomes catalyst and vicious especially when the social exclusion is based on ethnic principles. Ethnic factor is inherent and it is not something that one can change. Baumann (2013, pp. 440) argues that an ethnic prejudice is not a product of any single process. Additionally, in play, biological explanation of other theories does have certain solidification.
For this reason, this argument appoints relevant psychological theories; for instance, social learning theory to examine the underlying theories which are applied to explain the power of a given ethnic group. It is also prudent to introduce the conflict theory to explain the nature of social prejudice. While the coerced group may fail to appoint a relevant justification to highlight individual causes of a given aspect, it is prudent to note that the complexity and the multi nature of prejudices will often call for the development for the synthesis.
Now it should be noted that ethnic prejudices have serious causes to mental health at the primary stage and corrosive physical health at later situation. For example, after a genocide situation, research has reported that individuals are often traumatized to beyond repair levels. That is why; in countries like Rwanda or Cambodia, survivors often suffer grievous traumatic types. The worst suffered disease in this countries is Alzheimer. This disease combined with, Avoidant personality disorder, Agoraphobia and Depersonalization which are primarily responsible for causing Traumatic Brain Injury commonly known as TBI.
With such a framework, one will not fail to notice the particular periods of occurrence of these diseases. In a 1998 study (Turkington, 2003), it was reported that Alzheimer disease has a higher preferences with people between ages 20-59. It should be recalled that this age is critical because it is the productive age, and when the age feels its potential is not being realized then there is a higher consequence of Alzheimer occurrence.
It should be noted that although dementia is a global phenomenon within the cultural context, an aspect of social globalization is explained better in social or political terms. Research has been centered to examine the role of marginalization in causing dermatological and sociological perspective with the view of increasing understanding on social exclusion. In medieval cosmopolitan societies, older people were marginalized socially based on color.
Additionally, people with various dementias are excluded on the basis of cognitive citizenship. For example, there is a stereotype circulating in western hemispheres that white people are much better compared to the black people. A close example of these stereotypes is Dr. James Watson who argued that black people are naturally stupid, and it is in their blood to be like that. Watson conducted a premeditated scientific proof by use of DNA structure to prove that black people are mentally challenged. In his assessment, Watson applied words; for example, inherently gloomy to argue the existence of superiority and inferiority disparities. While this approach can be justified subsequently, based on Watson biological calculation, it should be noted that by mere existence of these assessments is morally and psychologically hurting to the black society.
Whilst the socially excluding culture may boast of snobbish, boastful and tyrannical complexes, the seconding inferior culture may suffer a great deal of rejection. Human beings are based on their personal judgments syndrome. These people may suffer from inordinate desire for revenge, grief and loud laughter. Again, the socially excluding society is primarily responsible for directing conversation and attention towards the enactment of telepathic powers based on Watson ideologies.
It should be noted that in racist societies, stereotypical approaches based on social exclusion Watson theories are primarily responsible in causing childhood illnesses. By the age of four, fifty percent of total brain development has developed (Maggioli et al., 2013, pp. 1047). This means that a child is capable of understanding social exclusion traits existing in a given society. In fact, childhood illnesses may be an obstacle to proper development of child social interests and this may influence the development of a child physical capabilities. As a result, this may cause physical deformities of the growing child. Other diseases may demonstrate outward deformity, anxiety, and this may cause improper functionality of the body normal mechanism. Common physical disease include; childhood meningitis and anemia.
Depression and health
Much of the debate being pursued in this research examines the striking relationship between social exclusion and stress. Each of these is associated with complex poor social skills, loneliness, interpersonal rejection, and problematic experiences based on family, race, or gender. Hofmann (2010, pp. 1119) argues that interpersonal phenomena in relation to social exclusion is primarily responsible for causing social anxiety. Social anxiety is the primary stage of depression as the individual will not consider personal self as worth in the society. This account place a higher degree of social anxiety and the development of self-presentation concerns. Additionally, depression may cause effectiveness in the social encounter and the feeling of isolation or exclusion naturally catalyzes the situation.
In addition, it is good to note that social exclusions are primarily responsible in subjecting a given society to an undesirable social pattern. The issue of subjectivism has been primarily responsible for the accelerating frustrating incidences and inversely causing depression and grievous mental and physical diseases. The subjected society will often feel striped off the natural powers to react to given situations. In most cases, the excluded classes will results to the development of lower incidences of the self-conception, and alternatively as stated, depression will thrive. This not only causes mental dysfunction, but the individual will also suffer inabilities to react proactively.
Drugs and Alcohol
Recently, there has been the publication of the ten most alcohol consuming countries. Now when it comes to alcohol consumption, there has been a general introduction to alcohol. The debate of why people take alcohol or drugs has been a long generated debate in the psychiatrist practice. Most of the answers will attempt to justify intake of alcohol to general desperation factor. People will take alcohol because they desire to forget about their current situation. It is common knowledge that the society is divided into various classes. Most of these classes will naturally perceive each other differently. In fact, to challenge the aspect of classism, alcohol becomes a revolving neutralizer. Largely, alcohol is not perceived as a drug, but quencher or social lubricant. Thus, people will drink alcohol because the desire to be united in a given social class one that beats the odds of social exclusion.
Now alcohol is not a problem, the volume of intake is a problem. Kurtz (2002, pp. 17) argues that the nature of alcoholism as a health affecting factor depends on the approach that the medical community will have about alcoholism. Physicians represent the dominant healing profession in most societies. These terms can be a disease, illness or sickness. There is a general assessment of treatment of conditions effectively. Krutz, further argues that designations of alcoholism as a disease becomes political and not scientific bewilderment. However, a health problem is still a health problem, and largely, alcoholism is primarily responsible for causing mental or physical health problems on aggregate.
Policies to Mitigate Social Exclusion
As assessed earlier, social exclusion is largely a rational factor that has no proper justification in its occurrence. In this regard, it is necessary to develop relevant policies to manage social exclusion. This research proposes Cross Cultural Self Identity and Self Justification (CCSISJ) Policy. The policy is based on knowledge that social exclusion is a complex idea that accelerates stereotypes, discrimination, and prejudices. Hence, having the knowledge of stereotypes and discrimination backgrounds will aid the development of CCSISJ. Foster et al. (2004, pp. 226) found that high and low social exclusion individuals are equally knowledgeable on the content of stereotypes. For this reason, applying CCSISJ approach is based on moral relativism/ equality and not balkanization. CCSISJ policy will further instill a sense of self-confidence amongst marginalized group.
CCSISJ policy will attack social exclusion by enhancing awareness not only in the marginalized groups but also in the predominant group. Seconding this is the contemporary policy of cosmopolitanism. Gitelman (2010, pp. 524) argues that cosmopolitanism can be applied to creating and enhance harmony between conflicting groups. To understand this phenomenon, the research considers the distinction between individuals in relation to conscious awareness and explicit social exclusion in a given society ‘S’. Assuming society ‘S’ is a composition of one primary race, and two secondary races. Also, society ‘S’ is composed of classes such as; economically challenged, the middle class, and the upper class. The seconding theory of cosmopolitanism can be enacted through education sectors or the prevailing religion. In particular, for schools, it will be a prerequisite to develop a curriculum one that prohibits social exclusion. A good example is enactment sociology classes in all faculties.
Governments through legislation can minimize occurrences of social exclusion. According to Racismnoway (2014), countries are required by United Nations Education Social and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to develop pieces of legislation, which will minimize social exclusion. This approach is seconded by Silberman and Morrison (2007, pp.32) who argues that, in relation to social exclusion, the government should provide a certificate to marginalized groups warranting to raise an alarm if the situation of social exclusion is witnessed. This will empower the development of legal framework one that seeks to protect individuals, and largely to instill a social phenomenon of self-concept and self-identity.
Finally, it will be necessary to incorporate CCSISJ into a wider legislation mechanism one that seeks enable funding for counseling initiative to minimize social exclusion. In light with this, the policy will mobilize funds from well-wishers, NGOs, and the government to facilitate programs that will minimize social exclusion. As a result, there will be a derivative necessity to develop in detail a CCSISJ program one that will further foster social liberalization ideologies.
Conclusion
This research has examined in detail the ideology of social exclusion. In particular, social exclusion has been argued as the enactment of policies that seek to foster discrimination and prejudices amongst individuals. The research has further ascertained that social exclusion is primarily responsible for causing mental and physical diseases such Alzheimer. As a result of the destructive nature of social exclusion, the research has provided resultant policies courtesy of Cross Cultural Self Identity and Self Justification (CCSISJ). This policy seconded by CCSISJ program and cosmopolitanism policy will seek to minimize the negative effect of social exclusion.
References
Baumann, H. (2013). Introduction: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Education. Studies in Ethnicity
and Nationalism, 13(3), 439-441.
Foster, M. D., Jackson, L. C., Hartmann, R., & Woulfe, S. (2004). Minimizing The
Pervasiveness Of Women’s Personal Experiences Of Gender Discrimination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28(3), 224-232.
Gitelman, Z. (2010). A jagged circle: from ethnicity to internationalism to cosmopolitanism – and
back. European Review of History: Revue europeenne d’histoire, 17(3), 523-539.
Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, M. A., & Hinton, D. E. (2010). Cultural aspects in social anxiety and
social anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 27(12), 1117-1127.
Hussain, D., & Singh, K. Z. (2013). Poverty, Social Exclusion and Health: A Case-Study on the
Koutruk Community of Manipur. Journal of Exclusion Studies, 3(1), 23.
Kurtz, E. (2002). Alcoholics Anonymous And The Disease Concept Of Alcoholism. Alcoholism
Treatment Quarterly, 20(3-4), 5-39.
Macdonald, T. K., & Martineau, A. M. (2002). Self-Esteem, Mood, and Intentions to Use
Condoms: When Does Low Self-Esteem Lead to Risky Health Behaviors?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(3), 299-306.
Maggioli, E., Boiocchi, C., Zorzetto, M., Sinforiani, E., Cereda, C., Ricevuti, G., et al. (2013).
The Human Leukocyte Antigen Class III Haplotype Approach: New Insight in Alzheimer’s Disease Inflammation Hypothesis. Current Alzheimer Research, 10(10), 1047-1056.
Marmot, M. (2003). Self esteem and health. BMJ, 327(7415), 574-575.
Rihmer, D. Z. (2007). Antidepressants increase risk of suicide attempt, but not completed
suicide, in people with previous suicide attempts. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 10(3), 90-90.
Silberman, J., Morrison, W., & Feudtner, C. (2007). Pride and Prejudice: How Might Ethics
Consultation Services Minimize Bias?. The American Journal of Bioethics, 7(2), 32-34.
Turkington, C. (2003). The Encyclopedia of Alzheimer’s Disease. New York: Infobase Pub.
Ward, N. (2009). Social Exclusion, Social Identity and Social Work: Analysing Social Exclusion
from a Material Discursive Perspective. Social Work Education, 28(3), 237-252.
racismnoway. (n.d.). Racism. No Way.: Australian legislation and international law. Retrieved
May 17, 2014, from http://www.racismnoway.com.au/about-racism/legislation/index-Internat.html