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Effect of internet on the tourists according the case of the UAE tourism
Effect of internet on the tourists according the case of the UAE tourism
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Introduction
The shifting nature of consumer and tourists behaviour integrated with the technological evolution of the internet that has necessitated the use of the internet as a medium of marketing has presented sufficient challenges to the marketer in terms of making the marketing experience add value to the interaction of the tourist and the interface. Tourist firms have put their businesses online endeavour to build strong tourist base and tourism.
How internet encourages tourism in UAE
There are a number of factors that have been identified as essential in building tourists trust. The first of the drivers to building online trust and gaining loyalty from tourists is the inclusion of what the tourists know about the company. Awareness and recognition of the business is an important factor that the marketer has used to gain extra trust from the online users who either might be anonymous or may be within the tourist list of the company’s regular tourists. To have loyalty and trust from tourists, the online marketer must find ways of engaging all the types of visitors and audience. Without gaining the loyalty and trust from the regular tourists and other visitors, it would be impossible for the online marketer to make any online sales.
Another driver that is evident in the body of literature is data accuracy. By ensuring that the information provided on the company website is accurate and verifiable, the marketer is able to gain trust from the tourists and visitors and increase chances of making or registering in their firms. If the marketer puts information that neither the tourists nor the marketer can trust or even extremely exaggerated information it can make the visitors to doubt the ability of the company to fulfil its promises and agreements. This has observed by Shah and Yasin (2010), includes updating the information on the site so that any obsolete information is removed from the site and new accurate data uploaded. In their study, Shah and Yasin (2010) identify three main categories of factors that drive tourist trust in online business or brands. The first category comprises those factors that relate to tourist decision. Under this category, there are factors that include tourist privacy, security and good online experience among other intricate factors that tourists consider when making decisions on areas to tour. This category also comprises the quality of information availed to the tourists and which is essential in making the touring decisions. Other decision related factors include third party recommendations and this has become one of the many ways businesses are making their online tourists market for them and increase trust from others. The Third Sector Foresight (Saskia 2010) reinforces the idea of security and privacy by arguing that there is no possibilities of separating online trust and identity since the two aspects encompass other complex aspects such as legislative and political issues. Moreover, Saskaia (2010) further identifies personal internet literacy as an important driver to the online trust. Using the approach and argument by Saskia, it would imply that a visitor would also develop trust in an online business based on the extent to which the tourist or visitor understands the various destinations, their implications and how much confidence the tourist is able to build out of the interaction.
Internet boosts tourism in UAE
Internet has been supportive to tourism firms in various ways since its introduction after the invention of computers. The introduction of computers and the internet technology has contributed to various changes in the global market for tourism and specifically to the tourism industry. Technology has shaped the world of technology in a way that people have increasingly taken entertainment and technology as part of their life. Other than being a source of leisure and entertainment, the tourism industry has been a major source of income and has contributed much on the global economy. The internet contributes much to the development of the tourism industry but there are many problems facing the tourism industry today. This paper is based on a research on the impact of the internet on the tourism industry.
Many firms in the tourism industry have increased their popularity and profitability due to increased internet applications that assist them in their online marketing. These firms are also assisted by internet in the way they budget their income given that a significant percentage of tourism.
Internet as one of the latest technologies in the tourism industry has some impacts on the industry through various contributions such as online tourism sale, online shopping, idea generation through social networks (Harper, 2012). The internet also offers a wide choice on tourism firms and activities in UAE and in other countries. Internet evolution has taken shape within a short period that is estimated to be less than a decade. The internet is itself a massive investment but has been taken as one of the key constituents of all businesses and more by the tourism industry. Tourism investors use the internet to communicate with tourism consumers via social media networks such as twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn among others (Harper, 2012).
Besides the loses and profitability that the internet contributes to tourism producers and consumers as well as other players in the tourism industry, the internet has increasingly contributed to barriers of entry into the industry. The main effect in this case is that internet technologies in the tourism industry is the destabilization of the supply chain in tourism sales by posing challenges to the pre-web role as well as decreasing the domination of the supply chain in the tourism industry. Internet technologies have also contributed to changes in the entry barriers that are primary in the industry.
Impacts on tourism firms and Potential tourists
From a business perspective it is only fair to assert that the new internet technologies have made tourist experiences more valuable to both the firms and potential tourists by enhancing efficiency, timeliness, as well as reduction of unnecessary costs. Precisely, it is true that the volume and scope of applications received by tourism firms during room selection has reduced due to internet. Consequently, the new internet technologies have presented firms with the most efficient, cheap, faster, and reliable opportunities to process these room reservations. Moreover, the use of internet to book rooms and places has also reduced travelling expenses while at the same time enhancing efficiency. On the other hand, the influx of the internet technology has made it a necessity for tourists compare various hotels and rooms for better tourism in UAE.
Importance of internet in communication
Technology has brought about a revolutionary change in the way individuals communicate. As more and more nations progress through the age of information, a number of technological devices like hand phones, television and personal computers have come up and even established themselves a stronghold in the daily lives of many people. As it follows, this has without a doubt influenced the traditional interpersonal interaction and communication in numerous ways that are both positive and negative. This paper, therefore, looks at some of the implications and effects of communication technology on the ways individuals interact with each other.
With the invention of the Internet, the world has been turned into a global village that is highly interconnected hence encouraging tourism in UAE. Individuals from different areas all over the world are able to converse easily with each other through such things as twitter and Facebook. Just as well, email has also established itself as a free, fast and convenient method to communicate and has, as a result, replaced the traditional mail. The Internet has made it tremendously handy and simple for people to communicate with each other.
However, the communication ease that technology has brought is not without implications. The Internet, for instance, have extremely changed the way individuals socialize and interact with each other. Although this in a way helps individuals broaden their social circle, people and even couples are unable to interact with each other personally with numerous negative implications. Each individual, for example, is only able to access the information the other is willing to release. This can lead to development of such vices as lying, and can even lead to people to mislead others to have unrealistic expectations of other people. These negative implications are not only affecting personal relationships, but also those in the office. ‘Simple messages which used to be delivered face- to- face are now being sent through impersonal means such as email’ (Nah 1).
Other effects are on the interpersonal relationships children used to form with their friends. Children actually used to talk to their peers. However, those hours, which these children and teens used to have in the neighborhoods personally chatting with their friends, have long vanished. Nevertheless, today, even chatting on e- mail or cell phones, through which teens can chat in paragraphs, is old fashioned. For the current preteens and teenagers, ‘the give and take of friendship seems to be conducted increasingly in the abbreviated snatches of cell phone texts and instant messages, or through the very public forum of Facebook and MySpace bulletins’ (Stout 1).
According to a review conducted by an industry trade group, the period between June 2010 and June 2009, subscribers of cell phones sent about 1.8 trillion text messages. This was considered a 33 percent increase from the previous year. This is to mean that most people are spending their days walking around and spending most of their days with their noses deeply buried in their cell phones. As it follows, by doing this, ‘we are tuning put the people who are actually in the same room as us. We seem to have long ago crossed the line as to where doing this stuff is appropriate- people take calls while they are out to dinner, text or check e- mail while on a date, you name it’ (Cafferty 1).
These are clear indications that we all need to take a step back and reassess our dependency on technology for communicating, which is clearly making a large percentage of humanity antisocial.
Tourism firms use internet to market
Marketing involves the advertising, selling and promoting of goods and services from one avenue to another. Marketing is a significant aspect in trade owing to its ability to enhance the interest of involved parties. There are several forms of marketing that have been created as a result of the globalization and introduction of technology. This has changed the dynamics of the trade making marketing one of the more advanced industries. One of the concepts that materialized from the evolution of marketing is the introduction of digital marketing. Digital marketing is the use of various aspects of computer technology when advertising goods and services. Most companies have resorted to using the internet to reach out to a large population compared to other marketing forms.
Globally there is a high growth rate in internet usage. 16.9% of the world population uses internet services. In 2007, the leading continent was North America with a penetration rate of 69.5%, Australia/Oceanic came second with 54.5%, and third was Europe at 39.8%. Africa registered the highest growth rates in use of internet at 643.1%, Latin America second with 508.6% and third was Middle East with 494.8%. This increased use of internet provides emerging market for the two firms (DATAMONITOR 2008: 35).
Spending on search advertisement has been on the increases and this is one influence on technology development and this has been common in tourist firm. There is a trend from the traditional mode of advertisement to online advertisement. This tourism sector is expected to grow at a rate of 31% from 2012 to 2014. In addition, mobile advertising is also growing and will offer an opportunity to the firm to improve their revenue (MarketLine, 2012) and so the importance of internet in reaching the right population and the largest number.
In addition there is also a growing trend towards mobile advertisement. This is being catalyzed by the higher penetration of mobile devices. This has pushed and will continue to necessitate investment in development of technology that enhances mobile devices capabilities to hold higher bandwidths. Projections for instance, indicate that In UAE advertisement in mobile devices will increase from $415 million in the year 2009 to four times higher in 2014 reaching $1.5 billion (Datamonitor 2010: 8).
Works cited
Cafferty, Jack. ‘Technology Replacing Personal Interactions at What Cost?’ Cafferty File. CNN. Web 13 January 2012.
Nah, Wenbin. Technology’s Effect in Interpersonal Communication. Better Interpersonal Communication. Web 13 January 2012.
Kuhn, P. & Skuterud, M. (Oct. 2000). Job search methods: Internet versus traditional. Monthly Labor Review, pp. 3-11.
Stout, Hilary. ‘Antisocial Networking?’ The New York Times. Web. 13 January 2012.
Effect of Incarceration
Effect of Incarceration
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Effect of Incarceration
Incarceration has for long been on of the most widely accepted form of punishment for criminal offenders. Incarceration serves as a tool for corrective purposes where criminal or offender are locked up and rehabilitated and then released to rejoin the rest of the society once they have served their term. Other than hand, experts support it for its crime deterrence ability. Knowledge the committing a crime will lead to incarnation dissuades citizens from engaging in the crime or activities associated with crime. This way, incarceration, helps deter crime. In addition to deterrence, incarceration has numerous other effects especially to the incarcerated populations. Staying locked up or confined in one location for a long period of time sometimes over ten years can numerous effect on the incarcerating individuals. Many prisoners who are released from prison, in addition to rehabilitation report a range of effects. A large number of the effects are negative. This makes incarceration a double edged sword wielding both negative and positive effects, and although it is practice for its positive effect such as deterring crime and locking criminal away to protect the society, there are also negative effects, which are suffered mostly by the incarcerated population.
Incarceration has the ability to reduce crime rate mostly through deterrence and incapacitation. Deterrence means discouraging the criminal minded individual of the society from participating in crime, while incapacitation involves locking away criminal so that they do not commit more crimes. As Abrahams (2010) asserts long prison sentences have the ability to reduce incidences of crime not only by deterring potential criminal from engaging in crime, but also ensuring that criminal are not left to walk around and commit more crimes. According to Pattillo, Weiman, & Western, (2004) both deterrence and incapacitation work in different ways to reduce crime. However, it is difficult to distinguish between the effects of the two since they function together. When short term imprisonment fails to deter crime, crime rate can often be reduced by increasing the length of the imprisonment to ensure that criminal spend most of their time behind bars where they are not able to commit new crimes. Abrams (2011) through a study of gun laws and add-ons to these laws reported that long jail term were effective in reducing gun related crime where deterrence was not realizable. This is because the incarceration locked away most of the criminal who were prone to robbing using guns. The effect of add-ons to gun laws has been appreciated by many states, and most of them have adopted various add-ons to ensure lengthy lock away of convicted criminals. Adams (2011) adds that add-ons that have effects that are short term in nature toward gun laws are responsible for deterrence. Certainly, depending on the nature and length or prison sentence, it is possible to achieve reduced rate of crime through the outcomes of both deterrence and incapacitation.
The reduction in the rate of crime is a benefit the society reaps form locking away criminals and discouraging those with ill intent in their midst from participating in crime. On the other hand, the incarcerated individuals undergo several changes that may affect them psychologically. Some of the changes may be reversible some may remain permanent. The institutionalized individuals undergo the psychological changes as a way of copying with the prison environment (Haney, 2001). This because the prison environment is new to them (especially for the first time convicts), and they have to adjust to it including having to live in a confined space for along period of time.
The first psychological impact is dependency on correctional institutions contingencies as well as infrastructures. Although rare, prisoners develop dependence on the institutional structure since being locked away and deny autonomy. They change to a level where they totally depend on the correctional institutions to make decision for them. When they are released, they have a difficult time regaining their focus since they were used to having decisions and choices made for them (Haney, 2001). Second, the prisoners develop distrust, suspicion and become hyper-vigilant. This is a product of the dangers of the prisons. Since the prisoners are confined and cannot walk away from the dangers, they learn to be extremely vigilant and look out for signs of danger that my cause personal harm. The also develop distrust due to the feeling that the other inmates may try to exploit them if the are not attentive. Some learn tough protective statues that keep others away (Harris, & Miller, 2003).
The convicts also become alienated, emotionally over-controlled and psychologically distant. They learn how to control and suppress their emotional reactions and thus project themselves differently to others. They anticipate and control aspects of their behavior towards other intimates and live by treacherous calculations everyday (Travis, & Waul, 2003). They develop entirely new personalities that conceal their real individualities. The prisoners also become socially withdrawn and isolate themselves as well as develop a diminished sense of personal value or self-worth. They totally disconnect themselves from others trusting virtually no one. They develop symptoms of clinical depressions. Also since they lose their privacy and freedom, some prisoners loose their self-worth. The self-worth is also gnawed away by the dehumanizing conditions of the jails (Haney, 2001).
Finally, incarceration has negative economic impacts both on the state and federal government and the inmates. The population of incarcerated individually has risen by over 300% between 1980 and 2008 (The Pew Charitable Trust, 2010). The prison population now stands at 2.3 million individual. The high prison population and the need to provide adequate prison facilities is clearly an economic burden to the government and its taxpayers. The increasing financial challenges are forcing state and federal governments to try and find alternatives to imprisonment, which can protect the public without heavily consuming its funds. On the other hand, incarceration limits the prisoners’ ability to develop economically. It curtails their economic mobility (Lendman, 2010). They have no ability to move up the economic ladder in their lifetime and may also affect the ability of their children of families to improve economically, especially if the individuals incarcerating are the breadwinners of their respectful families. Locking people in prisons limits their capacity to engage in meaningful economic activities that can help improve their standards of living. Half of the male populations in American prison were employed before their incarceration. Half of them were the main source of financial support to their families. The economic repercussions to their families cannot be overstated, and in most cases, when the prisoners are released, they are normally beyond their working years and have a tough time finding employment of meaningful economic activities. Therefore, incarcerations not only affect upward economic movement of inmates, but it affects that of their children, as well.
Incarceration is an indispensable tool as far as fighting crime in the society is concerned. It helps reduce crime by deterring criminals from criminal activities and by locking then away thus incapacitating them, limiting their opportunities to commit crimes no more. However despite the evidence of reduced criminal activities due to incarceration, there are also negative aspects associated with the practice. First, it has numerous negative psychological effects to the inmates, and second it has negative consequences economically to the government and to the inmates and their families. As a result of the increasing number of inmate and the need for improved prison facilities, the government incurs exorbitant costs just to keep the institutions running. On the other hand, incarceration limits the inmate economic mobility by reducing their ability to engage in meaningful economic activities. As a result, they are unable to get economic growth and their families suffer.
References
Abrams, D. S. (2011). Estimating the Deterrent Effect of Incarceration using Sentencing Enhancements. University of Pennsylvania retrieved from https://www.law.upenn.edu/cf/faculty/dabrams/workingpapers/Deterrence12312011.pdf
Haney, C. (2001). The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post-Prison Adjustment. University of California, Santa Cruz. Retrieved from http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/prison2home02/haney.htm
Harris, O., & Miller, R. R. (2003). Impacts of incarceration on the African American family. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers.
Lendman, S. (2010, December 1). Incarceration’s effect on economic mobility. Retrieved from http://rense.com/general92/incar.htm
Pattillo, M., Weiman, D., & Western, B. (2004). Imprisoning America: The social effects of mass incarceration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
The Pew Charitable Trust. (2010). Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s effect on economic mobility. Washington DC.: The Pew Charitable Trust.
Travis, J., & Waul, M. (2003). Prisoners once removed: The impact of incarceration and reentry on children, families, and communities. Washington, D.C: Urban Institute Press.
Effect of Improper Sleep Patterns on Health
Effect of Improper Sleep Patterns on Health
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Introduction
Academic excellence is a priority to many students. The need for success subjects them to overwhelming pressure, which calls for sacrifice, especially on timely aspects. The hard economic times have called for drastic measures for the sake of survival. Many students are now involved in daytime jobs or other side hustles. Such students will opt for evening and night classes to cover for their absence in daytime classes. From much data collected and the ongoing trends in students’ life, the need for academic excellence surpasses the concerns over a healthy life style. Students attending online night classes may be living independently, balancing their academic demands with financial responsibilities arising from the need of support.
The biological consequences attached to the late night exposure of very hazardous rays from the computers or other online gadgets add to the already interfered sleep patterns. Despite the benefits that come from the undying quest for knowledge, other preliminary researches have revealed an overwhelming cost effect associated with staying late at night. Due to lack of information, knowledge or possibly, ignorance, many have ignored the costs embedded in sleeping poorly. Sleeping poorly will increase the risk of having a very poor mental health, and in the same way, sufficient sleep will improve our mental health, thereby the general health.
Of late, one of the characteristic trait of the modern society is sleeplessness-related risks. Epidemiological data suggest that a large part of the population in the current world has chronically inadequate sleep, resulting to sleeplessness-related disorders.
Psychology experts all agree that the minimum required time for a person to sleep is an approximate of 7 hours per night. This belief has however contradicted some of the experimental data that points out on the negative effects of cumulative partial sleep deprivation (PSD), such as poor cognitive performance, immunological and metabolic variables.
Literature review
Sleep is an active, repetitive and reversible behavior serving several different functions such as repair and growth, learning or memory consolidation and restorative processes: all these occur throughout the brain and the body (Krueger, 2003). Adequate sleep is not a luxury but a biological necessity for any human being. Good mental performance and physical health depends on the maintenance of adequate sleep. According to a poll conducted by the national sleep foundation (2000), fifty- five percent of the young adults ages 18-29 wake up unrefreshed. Thirty-three of the young adults report daytime sleepiness, which is similar to the twenty nine percent of shift workers reporting daytime sleepiness (National Sleep Foundation, 2006). The Lack of sleep results to additional fatigue, which transcends to a number of human errors that may have catastrophic consequences. The upward surge in percentage of complex health issues caused by lack of sleep is shocking, with a shocking revelation on enormous costs and other related accidents. E.g., the evidence relating car accidents experienced by teenage drivers to lack of sleep is substantial. There is also clear evidence that several catastrophic accidents in nuclear power plants and in transportation disasters involved human errors by personnel who had inadequate sleep and who were often working late in night shifts (Mitler, 1988)
Many of the western societies are leading the pack of innovation and technological advancements, with technological integration in many of their day-to-day activities such as education. Although the E-learning program has been beneficial to many, the time adjustments and change in biological factors is very alarming. Many students have opted for night studies and classes as a way to get by, their busy schedule. The online late night classes use a good portion of their sleep time, undoubtedly affecting their general performance. Due to these demands, working college students show an irregular sleep pattern along the week and a sleep rebound during the free days (Fischer, 2003). Consequently, they report excessive daytime sleepiness, difficulty in maintaining attention and poor performance (Gilbert, 1990). Some studies have also reported a relationship between lack of sleep or short sleep duration and obesity. In addition to that, delayed sleep timing is highly likely to result to insomnia, a common sleep disorder in this generation.
Recent studies show that individuals who sleep six hours or fewer in twenty-four hours(short sleepers) as compared with those who sleep nine hours in twenty four hours(long sleepers) have more neurosis, less creativity, report more hallucinations, more eating disorders and exhibit lower academic performances (Kelly, 2002). The irregular sleep patterns lead to difficulty arising for early morning activities during the week and increase sleepiness during the week, a behavior known as delayed sleep phase syndrome (Krystal, 2003). Reasons for suggested decrease in sleep include sleep being seen as not important and being sacrificed to socializing (Adam, 2007) employment, technology (Van den Bulk, 2004) and early school start times (Carskadon, 1997). In Australia, 17% of adolescents do not meet the nine-hour sleep duration requirement (Blunden, 2010). In fact, based on these data for sleep duration and with increasingly delayed bedtimes (Dolman, 2007), sleep loss is emerging as a worldwide adolescent problem that has been reported across countries and cultures (Olds & Blunden, 2010) despite the significant impact of sleep problems reported above, awareness in the community is low (Archbold, 2002). Psychosocial factors associated with later bedtime and insufficient sleep includes increased academic workload, increased part-time employment, and the use of technology particularly in the bedroom (Knutson, 2009). Biological factors include the puberty-related delay of the circadian body clock and reduced homeostatic sleep drive at bedtime (Carskadon & Richardson, 1997)
Researchers have identified several changes in sleep patterns, sleep systems and circadian timing systems associated with puberty (Carskadon, 1999). These changes contribute to excessive sleepiness that has a negative impact on daytime functioning in adolescents, including their increasing risks to injury (Wolfsan and Carskadon, 1998). According to many scientists and psychologists, conflicts between psychosocial factors, behavioral factors and psychological factors that influence the sleeping habits in humans are the real cause behind the sleep related problems.
On another part, researchers have identified a link between the lack of sleep and increased incidence of depression. The level of sleep deprivation can lead to a feeling of total loss of control over your own body. Depressed people have the hopelessness and helplessness feeling. Therefore, a student with persisting irregular sleep patterns is likely to be depressed. The longer this behavior exists, the more depressed the student becomes (Volker, 2004)
Moreover, researchers have also identified a relationship between sleep deprivation and the negative impact on the immune system through a chain of reactions. The irregular sleep patterns due to sleep deprivation can increase the stress level in students. Students are likely to respond to stress by activating some weird behavioral changes such as self-medication. The body would otherwise respond to stress by releasing cortisol, which will thereafter depress the immune system. This response makes a stressed student susceptible to upper respiratory infections, headaches as well as sleep disturbances seen in college students (Brown, 2006)
Partial sleep deprivation may become chronic, through producing serious consequences such as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders (Foster, 2005).
Research has also revealed the hazardous light effects from computer gadgets used for online class. Previous studies have shown that dim light, such as 180 Lux light exposure, is already sufficient to cause a phase shift in the timing of the human circadian clock (Boivin, 1996). Intensities and durations of light are sufficient to alter circadian phase, and /or amplitude of circadian rhythms (Czeisler, 1990). Likewise, Harada (2004) observed that nocturnal light exposer delays the melatonin secretion rhythm and temperature, delaying the propensity to sleep.
Sleep loss is, in fact one of the most striking problems of modern society (Bonnet, 2000). Often, many tend to sacrifice sleep to cope with our many daily interests hoping that this will not result to dangerous effects. Unfortunately, this is not true and sleep deprivation has various consequences, such as sleepiness and impairments in neurocognitive and psychomotor performance, (Harrison, 2000). These decrement in neurobehavioral function after sleep restriction or deprivation are well known and common to all people(Durmer, 2005) even though some individuals differences in vulnerability to sleep loss have been shown.(van Dongen, 2004). The last few years have seen an increasing literature on the relationship between sleep, memory and learning capacity (Peigneux, 2001). Recent findings have shown that sleep plays an important role in learning processes and memory consolidation (smith, 2002 & Hobson, 2002), although no direct relationships were found between different kinds of memory, such as procedural or declarative memory and different sleep stages, such as REM or NREM sleep (Rauchs, 2005). This studies clearly show that sleep deprivation can impair learning and memory for both motor procedural (Smith, 2001) and declarative memory system (Gais, 2004))
Statement of the problem
The aim of this research was to examine, the effects of nighttime online classes for overseas students and how that affects their health. In this research, we will therefore concentrate on a particular question of interest on how irregular sleep patterns affect student’s health.
This research described the non-traditional college student and the problem of sleep deprivation within this population. Some of the detailed information on the adverse effects of inadequate sleep was provided.
Research questions
This research attempted to answer some of the relevant questions concerning the relationship between late night sleep to health complications. The question was,
To what extent do late night online classes affect individual health due to the improper sleep patterns?
Objectives of the research
It therefore concentrated on the following objective
To find out if late night online late night classes affect the sleep patterns and if it does, will the irregular sleep patterns of the students have any impact on their daily normal function of activities or health.
Generating a research study
Type of study
This research was a descriptive study by using a convenient sample of twelve oversees students. The status of the identified variables was described and the systematic information on their particular traits was proven.
Description of the study population
To differentiate the possibilities of available distinguishing traits, the research did a description of the student participants. The research did a description of some of the sleep related variables that were perceived to be a source of error in data collection, thus giving inaccurate results. It did consider the areas and places where the participants had been sleeping in the past one month to analyze if there was a possibility of that influencing the results. Furthermore, it did consider additional information such as the specific time of individual nighttime classes as well as those working during the day and their length of workday. The research excluded any participant using any chronic medication such as calcium antagonists or anti-inflammatory drugs or any sleep inducing drugs that could affect their sleeping patterns as this is likely to give invalid information that would be a source of error in the results
Sample
The research will give conclusive remarks from the sample of ten oversea student enrolled in online classes. This research selected students from oversea nations participating in any nighttime online classes. The selection process was done randomly, with no form of biasness over sex or gender. This research selected a sample of oversea students attending online classes within a similar time to help minimize the differences that would occur during analysis of the exact sleep time and period.
Ethical issues
The information consent tool was used to address all ethical issues raised by the participants. None of the participant was forced into participating, completing or filling the form. This research tried as much as possible to uphold all ethical standards as approved by the ethical committee of the school of public health.
Data collection
As a tool for data collection, this research used a twelve-item general health questionnaire. The questionnaire focused on overview questions that were highly likely give a general overview on the health of the participants over the past few weeks. The data collection tools (the general health questionnaire) was structured in a very comprehensible manner and the type of questions presented in a closed-ended format.
Some of the concerning questions were; have you recently lost much sleep over worry? Have you recently been enjoying your normal day-to-day activities? Values ranging from zero to three (0-3) were indicated in the open-ended questions.
Data analysis
The research performed a descriptive data analysis after the participants filled all the questionnaires. The research did not import or export any data unethically. The general health questionnaires was analyzed using a Likert scale as a validated measuring tool focusing on how the individual’s health has been over the past few weeks. The Likert scale analyzed the 4-point scale ranging from ‘more so than usual’ to ‘much less than usual’. In the descriptive analysis, the general health questionnaire scoring was presented using twelve items with a score range of 0 to 36. Each item was summed with other related items to create a score for a group of statements. The participants’ responses were grouped to relate the data to the statistics calculate.
Descriptive statistics
After coding and doing the necessary calculations from the raw data in the questionnaires, the data was presented using descriptive methodologies, by using the pie charts, interquartile ranges and means of central tendencies. All fully answered questionnaires were analyzed, by summing up related values in the Likert scale of individual items. This research used a pie chart to show the distribution of the scores. The research calculated the measures of central tendencies’ such as the mode, median and mean of the variations and responses given. In addition to that, we will include the measures of variability that will indicate the range, quartile deviation, variance and standard deviation of the participants’ responses. The measures of relative position will indicate the percentile ranks and standard scores.
The research provided percentile scores in the research to provide an index of the official position of one’s score relative to all others on a scale of 1 to 100. The percentile is a score relative to the comparison group and it will depend on the responses of others in that particular group. The use of standard scores will help show how far an individual’s raw score will deviate from the mean of the relevant sample.
Results
The scores will have a range of 0-36 of about 11-12 will be considered as typical, scores between 15 to 20 will the evidence of distress and scores above 20 will suggest severe problems and psychological distress. The research will do a deep analysis of the results to establish the significance of the research questions and variables to the entire study. The research will indicate the difference of the results to other existing results, only if they exist.
Discussion
The results of this research will either show a positive or negative effect, thus proving or disapproving previously done researches. The results of the research will aid in providing a ground campaign of whether the extensive late night online classes are beneficial and if not, they should somehow be restricted to certain time periods in the bid to protect students from suffering from sleep related health concerns.
Health related factors like nutrition and amounts of sleep were found to have a great influence on students (Trockel, 2000)
Conclusion
The conclusion of this research will base their remarks on the results of the descriptive analysis, with no any form of biasness or prejudice.
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