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Social Darwinism And Marxism
Social Darwinism And Marxism
Social Darwinism is derived from the theory of evolution that states that man evolved from a less sophisticated being to the Homo Saipan species. The evolution of human beings is defined by the need to adapt to a new environment through the development of a more advanced brain. This means that human beings are competitive animals who have to be fit in order to survive in the harsh ecosystem. The belief in the theory whose principles are based on science is known as Social Darwinism.
Social Darwinism not only based on evolution, it seeks to define the levels of hierarchy amongst human beings. The classification of human beings singled out some of the races such as the blacks and the native Indians as inferior stating that they bared the most resemblance to the apes. This thus put the white man at the top of the hierarchy in terms of intelligence. Most of these theories were extensions of Darwin’s theory which had created the distinction between the superiority in relation to the development of different apes.
The theory of evolution is based on the change of the intellectual capacity of the human beings through the growth and development which was enabled by the invention of equipment to ease their lives. Social Darwinism is the result of the evolution of the Darwin theory to a more complex philosophy that was marked by the eradication of all the races which were viewed as inferior. Some of the leaders who adopted these theories were Hitler and the members of the KKK who were intent on promoting white supremacy to the extent of dedicating their lives to the belief of their cause.
Marxism can be defined as the emphasis of maintaining a socialist lifestyle that focuses on the having a one party state thus eliminating capitalism. Most of the theories of Marxism borrowed their principles from the book of Darwin. Despite this, Marxism sort to acquire a new identity in that members do not recognize the need for the creation of hierarchy amongst all the races.
Founded by Carl max, Marxism proved to take a more political standpoint in that it was introduced to the system of official governance for most of the countries that chose to adapt it. Marxism did not emphasis the importance for the struggle for survival. It instead paid tribute to working together as a community so that all the members of the community can get the same benefits. Providing equal opportunities for all individuals discourages competitiveness. People who chose to follow the laws of Marxism were defiant of all the rules capitalism which was associated with the exploitation of the unfit members of the society. The promotion of socialist states was thus ideal in that it promoted oneness amongst the members of the society.
In conclusion, the adaptation of the laws of evolution was enabled by the belief that man was able to improve on their ability to perform a certain task. This in turn led to the creation of distinction amongst human beings in general. Marxism, that once had a close association with the theory of evolution, ventured into a different path that turned up to defy all the theories that Social Darwinism stood for. This in turn gave rise to two influential theories that have been transformed into a way of life to date.
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism
Name
Institution
Social Darwinism
In the (1789) Essay on the principle of population by Malthus’s what struck Darwin was the observation that in nature both animals and plants produced far more offspring’s than can survive in addition the fact that man if left unchecked was capable of overproducing. According to Malthus this observation stressed that unless there is a regulation on family sizes; issues like man’s famine problems would grow to become a global epidemic that would eventually consume man. This interested Darwin since it was somehow parallel to his own theory of natural selection which he was working on at that time.
The main reason that made Charles Darwin hesitant to publicize his evolution theory for twenty one years included facts like he was not sure how the society would welcome his research findings and the impact it would have once made public. He had also witnessed the criticism that other scholars had received on the subject and he wanted to be absolutely sure of his work before publication, which due to his bad health he was not sure he could take negative criticism. His theory also did not agree with his Christian faith that went against the bible creation theory and in addition since he came from a family of known researchers like his grandfather he was careful not to bring any disgrace to the family name (Richards, R. J ,1983).
Social Darwinism can be defined as an essential belief that states that only the fittest and strongest should be prioritized while giving a total disregard for the afflicted or weak in the society. In the late 1800’s this belief was popularized in Europe and America. Social Darwinism centralized on the concept of survival of the fittest; in which humans were segregated by Social Darwinists into groups that are mainly based on races, and are judged through ancestors and genes (Crook, D. Paul, 1994).
I do agree that there is a close relation between Imperialism and Social Darwinism if looked at from the aspect of applying the human society concept of survival of the fittest. This can be shown from the basic Social Darwinism defense of imperialism which states that just like all other species mankind has to evolve so as to adopt to the scarce resources and through this process natural selection will help remove the weaker species, this is in line with imperialism which supports that the scarce resources only belong to the superior species, and that the lesser species should be removed from the gene pool. Both of these theories support the notion of only the strongest or fittest should have a share in reproduction and resources
Social Darwinism was used to justify Imperialism in Europe during and before the WW2 by using the idea that claimed that only the stronger race should survive while the weaker ones should die off. It was expanded to justify thoughts like the countries which were taken over or colonized needed help since they were weak, and due to this the greater country should enforce on it its customs. The Social Darwinism theory applied the idea of survival of the fittest and individual competition to the social races and hierarchies and in this manner the non-white races and lower classes had lost all rights to the survival struggle. This belief in white Europeans’ biological superiority justified white rule and the dominance of Western civilization.
In summery the 1869 Hereditary Genius book by Galton stated that the natural selection mechanisms were potentially sabotaged by human civilization this theory he greatly borrowed from the initial Darwin ideas. His reasoning showed that, the weak and underprivileged relied on protection in many societies, according to him such societies were at odds with the theory of natural selection which was solely responsible for the extinction of the weaklings, and only through reviewing its social policies can a society be saved from reverting to mediocrity. With this explanation Galton advocated for reproduction of the brightest and only the best while discouraging reproduction of the unfit and those of poor physical health mainly by sterilizing the ill and restricting foreign immigration (Francis Galton, 1883)
Aryan Physics or Deutsche Physik can be described as a nationalist movement of the German based community mainly in the 1930s that went against the work of modern theoretically based physics and Albert Einstein; it was also labeled as Jewish physics. The effects it had is that it failed to prevent the use of relativity and quantum mechanics by the energy scientists which led to mass suffering of the education of many engineers and young scientists, not only from the political interferences and appointments but also from the loss of many Jewish scientists. The initially established research on aerodynamics was greatly affected by the massive loss of science and the interference which lasted even after the war it can be presumed that the Deutsche Physik affected other areas that were related to war research to which physicists normally contributed like communications, radar and chemistry.
The main reason why the Nazis were so obsessed with racial purity included aspects like the wrong labeling of the Germans as Aryans by Hitler, which he effectively used to propagate his ideas of Herrenvolk or pure German race. In this manner the Nazi believed that it was the rightful duty of the Aryan’s to achieve global domination since they were the superior race and had pure blood. An ideal Aryan according to the Nazi and Hitler had blonde hair, pale skin and blue eyes. Anybody not exhibiting these qualities was viewed as evil and impure and so had to be expunged from existence and in particular the main threat were the Jews, according to their league table of categorizing races the Aryans toped while the Gypsies, Jews and Black people were at the bottom. These inferior people were regarded as a threat to the strength and purity of the German nation. Originally the term Aryan in the old Indian language and society is used to describe the upper class as being noble; however the Germans linked the Aryan word for noble with their Ehre which means honor and justified that the word meant honorable people in Aryan.
Some examples of people and institutions that tried to resist the Nazi eugenics include faction’s like the 1920 to 1945 Catholic resistance which was varied and widespread and openly manifested in the actions of people from all the levels of the catholic hierarchy from the religious orders, the papacy, lay people and the parish clergy. The Catholic Church ideologically rejected the pseudo-science of the Nazi racism and eugenics and the underpinned ultra-nationalism embedded in the Nazi ideology, and preached instead for unity of the different races. Another resistance came from the Jewish women and men in the Warsaw Ghetto in 1943 when they realized that they were being deported to the Treblinka extermination camp; they took up arms and rebelled against the Nazi (Graml, Mommsen, Reichhardt & Wolf; 1970).
The reason why Himmler was against Christianity was due to the fact that the religion was too strong to be abolished or controlled and due to this it stood in their way as they tried to establish a hegemony in the society. Due to this Himmler saw it necessary to stop its influence by stripping off its strength through facilitating its abolishment. He intended to replace it with paganism that centralized on mysticism that at that time was prevalent.
Reference
Richards, R. J. (1983). “Why Darwin Delayed, or Interesting Problems and Models in the History of Science”, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences.
Crook, D. Paul (1994) Darwinism, War and History: The Debate over the Biology of War from the ‘Origin of Species’ to the First World War
Graml, Mommsen, Reichhardt & Wolf; (1970) the German Resistance to Hitler; B. T. Batsford Ltd; London
Francis Galton, (1883) Inquiries into human faculty and its development , London, Macmillan,
Social Cultural Issues in Early Childhood
Social Cultural Issues in Early Childhood
Student’s Name
Institution of Learning
Introduction
This discussion essay is a research paper on social cultural issues in early childhood. Children’s experiences are mostly as a result of influence by beliefs passed on from one generation to another. The research paper focuses on socio-emotional development in early childhood. The early infancy years of a child presents a platform to foster healthy development. How a child is handled in the early years of their development have both positive and negative experiences. This is in relation to shaping the behavior, social, cognitive and emotional development of any child. Thus research shows that such factors contribute to the risks undergone by young ones in relation to social, emotional and behavioral problems. These factors also contribute to obstacles in eligibility, access to services and even utilization of services.
Describe the issue, referencing theories to explain its significance in terms of child development
The early years of life to any new born child gives a chance to lay down a firm foundation for healthy development in that it gives the opportunity for great growth and of vulnerability. Children experience common socio-emotional problems in their early ages. Children below five years of age undergo socio-emotional problems. These problems may the key contributing factors to their functioning, development and even readiness to attend school. Research shows that boys are more prevalent to problems associated with behavior as opposed to girls (Ammerman, Putnam, et al. 2009).
Family and environmental factors are the major contributing factors that make children more vulnerable to social, emotional and behavioral problems. Children living in moderate neighborhoods do not experience behavioral problems as compared to children living in low-income neighborhoods. This also applies to children who come from households with lower levels of family income. The behavioral problems they experience adversely affect their development. The impact of income on the development of children can be intervened by target parenting.
Children healthy development is a majorly influenced by parents and caregivers. Behavioral problems among the young ones are brought about by family risk factor. These may include maternal risk factors such as substance use, mental health problems and even continued exposure to domestic violence. These factors affect the ability of parents to support the development of their children. These family risk factors make children to experience problems with aggression, anxiety and even depression.
Parental attachment to children is a key factor for social development of children .poor attachment to the young ones and more so the maternal attachment can have negative impacts on the socio-emotional health and development of the young ones.
Parents with mental illness pose a greater challenge to their children. Such children are at the risk of suffering from psychosocial problems. The mental health problems of non-relative caregivers have negative effects to the early experiences of children (Johnston, Brinamen, 2005). Young children who are exposed to many risk factors are more prone to suffering from achieving benchmarks in early School success.
Discuss the issue from the perspective of UAE culture and compare it to perspectives of another culture
In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), there are strategies and plans of action to ensure early childhood care and development strategies. UAE provides goals to ensure expansion of early childhood care and development activities. These activities include interventions in families and community, and especially the poor, the disadvantaged and the physically challenged children.
The kindergarten cycle provides the basic stage in the preparation for primary education. The system helps bridge little children from the confined world of their families at home to the school environment that is diversified. The kindergarten system has educational philosophy, educational requirements and educational goals that encompass behavior, knowledge, emotions and skill and the curriculum in place. Authorities in the UAE term the kindergarten system as a key part of the system of education in the country. This is because the system enables children to attain a comprehensive and balanced growth. This is in terms of physical, intellectual and also I aspects of psychology (Pearsons, 2009). It also helps to strengthen and develop the abilities of children through actively participating in games and free activities.
Possible Recommendations
Policy action is crucial so as to improve on the social emotional development and mental health for young children and their families. The possible recommendations include:
Implemnetiaon and promotion of quality child care programs. These programs will help support social-emotional development and the mental health of young children. Policy makers should come up with preschools that offer mental health consultations to children.
Prevent occurrence of severe emotional and behavioral problems among children. This will be achieved by the use of child or family risk factors to help determine the possible services to help support their eligibility and access to desired services. The relevant authorities should ensure that there are enough providers of health, mental health and early care and education to children. These include pediatrician who have been trained in the identification and management of emotional and problems associated with behavior (National Center for Children in Poverty, 2009).
Policies should be implemented to ensure identification of parents with mental illness who have young ones so that they can receive parenting support and treatment. If proper parenting screening is carried out, the impact on the young children will be reduced.
Finally, there should be consistent funding to facilitate appropriate and effective interventions and strategies for children and their families. This will help improve and lead to positive social, emotional and behavioral health results to children and their families.
References
Ammerman, R. T., Putnam, F. W., Altaye, M..,Chen, L., Holleb, L. J., Stevens, J.; et al. 2009.
Changes in Depressive Symptoms in First Time Mothers in Home Visitation. Child
Abuse & Neglect
Johnston, K.; Brinamen, C. (2005). Integrating and Adapting Infant Mental Health Principles in
the Training of Consultants to Childcare. Infants & Young Children
National Center for Children in Poverty. (2009). Improving the Odds for Young Children, State
Profiles. Retrieved on April 3, 2009 from
http://www.nccp.org/profiles/early_childhood.html.
Pearsons.(2009). Infant and Toddler Social Emotional Assessment. Retrieved March 27, 2009
from http://pear-sonassess.com/HAIWEB/Cultures/en-us/Productdetail.htm?Pid=015-8007-387