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Education- Phonics and phonemic Awareness
Phonics and Phonemic Awareness
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Abstract
Learning is essential for student mental development and the elements of learning are applied to ensure this. More specifically, phonics and phonemic awareness comprise the first stages of learning involving various activities and student assessment tests to facilitate adequate learning in students.
Key Words: Elements of Learning, Phonemic Awareness, Phonics
Introduction
In education, there are five essential elements of reading including phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary development and reading comprehension strategies (Schwanenflugel et al., 2006). These elements are critical for ensuring effective reading and learning for students in the basic classroom setting. Just as teaching principles demand, each of these elements requires plenty of instructor-student participations and comprises of diverse learning and assessment activities. At the outset, phonemic awareness requires than students learn how to speak, and the assessment at this stage is through oral examinations. Just like phonemic awareness, phonics demands that a student learns the association between speaking and writing. At this stage, students are taught how to write what they speak, with assessment tests at this stage including written examinations. With fluency, student assessment is based on their understanding of both spoken and written language, and the accurate application of this (Ranson et al., 1996). Assessment in this stage requires that students demonstrate accurate reading, expression and phrasing.
Vocabulary goes beyond the basic language and revolves around knowledge of words and their definitive contexts. Assessments include written and oral examinations with the use of specific words to test student understanding of these words. Lastly, comprehension refers student understanding of the taught subjects and is usually based on scientific research (Schwanenflugel et al., 2006). Here, students receive comprehensive assessment tests for educational and professional development.
This paper examines the first two elements of reading, phonics, and phonemic awareness. Illustrating their importance to learning, the paper also draws attention to the elements’ differentiated strategies, as well as, activities and assessment for each strategy.
Phonemic Awareness
To understand phonemic awareness as an element of reading, one must consider the concept of phonemes, which refers to a diminutive, segmental unit of sound and utterance. Essentially, phonemic awareness refers to student ability to recognize and apply phonemes in their reading (Ehri et al., 2001). Put simply, phonemic awareness refers to individual ability to discern, assume, and work with distinct sounds in spoken words. In reading, student ability to hear and recognize sound is the first step towards successful learning and performance. Students need to demonstrate their knowledge of language through the use of spoken sound effortlessly.
Differentiated Strategies
Differentiated strategies in language and dialect include strategies used for students with special needs such as ELLs, students with disabilities, as well as, gifted students. The main differentiated strategy for phonemic awareness is the individualized approach to instruction to ensure superior phonemic awareness in students (Ehri et al., 2001). When students begin their education, they demonstrate different levels of phonemic awareness, and for that reason, phonemic awareness is highly individualized to bridge this gap. For example, a gifted student’s level of phonemic awareness may be different from that of an ELLs level. Notably, the child demonstrating low levels of phonemic awareness should be given the most personalized attention. Individualizing phonemic awareness allows educators to meet specific student needs, and is the greatest indicator of future reading and learning abilities in students.
Manipulative and Group Activities
There are five main manipulative and group activities for phonemic awareness including rhyming, syllable segmentation, sound isolation, beginning sound substitution, and phonemic segmentation (Ehri et al., 2001). Rhyming refers to student ability to recognize sounds that are similar in sound for example kit and hit. Rhyme promotes knowledge and understanding of phonemes in language and dialect. Segmentation of syllables assists students in indentifying individual sounds in a word, whereas, isolation refers to recognizing individual sounds in words. Substitution refers to student recognition of substituted words in rhyming, in this case, recognizing that ‘h’ substituted ‘k’ when rhyming the words kit and hit.
Assessment
Assessment and assessment tools in phonemic awareness are related to the activities provided at this stage. Likewise, different activities have different assessment tests including rhyming assessment tools, assessment of phoneme identification, isolation and substitution, as well as, assessment of student syllable segmentation abilities (Ehri et al., 2001).
Student Progress
One fundamental principle of learning and education is monitoring and ensuring student progress with regards to what he or she is taught. In phonemic awareness, instructors need to monitor the progress of students pertinent to recognition and application of different sounds (Ehri et al., 2001). Owing to its individualized strategic outlook, instructors teaching phonemic awareness need to ensure that their students can recognize and speak words effectively and efficiently.
Phonics
Relatable to phonemic awareness, phonics involves students’ ability to relate the words that they speak, and the letters that make up the word/sound (Nunes et al., 2001). This is the basic educational element for reading and writing, and the main tool used for teaching is the alphabet. As a learning element, phonics is important for assisting students in realizing the systematic and conventional relationship between speaking and writing. Basically, phonics involves student familiarization of letter-sound associations, which is important in ensuring proper learning in students.
Differentiated Strategies
This element of reading suggests two main differentiated strategies to promote student learning. These strategies include word construction and reading aloud, and are used for both groups, and individual students in the classroom (Nunes et al., 2001). Individual strategies facilitate individual learning by students, whereas, the group setting is meant to encourage apposite communication by the student. Word construction allows students to use the alphabet to create words familiar to them as sounds. For example, after learning the alphabet, a student will be able to spell the word with relation to the letters that make up sound in the word. Reading aloud, on the other hand, helps in recognizing student knowledge of letter sounds, and the combination of these sounds to come up with words.
Manipulative and Group Activities
Notably, there are three main group activities including letter-sound-word associations, analyzing sound-letter correspondences and speech (Nunes et al., 2001). The former activity requires that students recognize the different letters in a word, their sounds, and blending theses sounds to come up with a word. This is closely related to word construction as it requires that students have the ability to recognize all letter sounds and use them to create words. Activities in this case may include learning the alphabet, word games, and digraph phonics among other things. Analyzing sound-letter correspondences allows students to understand the different spellings of words without necessarily having to relate these letters to the sound. Conclusively, speech requires that the student is able to read and speak what he or she reads accurately. Speech promotes learning in that, students are able to read and speak gradually, hence promoting learning in students.
Assessment
Just like in phonemic awareness, assessment of phonics is related to the activities used to facilitate learning. In this case, assessment may include, word construction assessment, reading assessments, as well as, writing assessments (Nunes et al., 2001). These assessment tests can be administered both orally and in writing to ensure that students have properly understood lessons regarding phonics.
Student Progress
Instructors and educators ensure student progress through active engagement of the student in phonics. The more the engagement, the greater the chances of student comprehension, thus, ensuring student learning (Nunes et al., 2001).
References
Ehri, L. C. (2001). Phonemic Awareness Instruction Helps Children Learn to Read: Evidence
from the National Reading Panel’s Meta-Analysis. Reading Research Quarterly, 36(3): 250-287.
Nunes, S. R. et al., (2001). Systematic Phonics Instruction Helps Students Learn to Read:
Evidence from the National Reading Panel’s Meta-Analysis. Review of Educational Research, 71(3): 393-447.
Ranson, S. et al., (1996). Towards a Theory of Learning. British Journal of Educational Studies,
44(1): 9-26.
Schwanenflugel, P. J. et al., (2006). Becoming a Fluent and Automatic Reader in the Early
Elementary School Years. Reading Research Quarterly, 41(4): 496-522.
helena19152-Competitive-Strategies
Competitive Strategies
Determine how each corporate culture differs from the other
PepsiCo provides best option for the initial responsibility along with culture, which encourages initiative, risk taking as well as access towards the decision makers, says single insider. PepsiCo has the professional however fun corporate environment in that the employees have been free of pursuing their objectives without “burden of the excessive structure.”
‘Casual’ & ‘collegial’ culture has been headed through the senior management ‘focused to hear questions and ideas’ of their junior colleagues CITATION Tom03 l 1033 (Costello, 2003). Pepsi has also been the organization of the candor and reality. PepsiCo has been in the diversity that they have welcomed and then actively recruited the people of color along with provided them the initial option for advancement.
Diversity has been at heart of the Coca Cola business. They have been striving towards creating the work culture, which gives all their associates similar access towards information, development and opportunity.
Through building the inclusive workplace culture, they have been seeking towards leveraging their global team of associates that has been quite rich in diverse people, talent & ideas. They see diversity being much more than simply policies and practices. This has been the important part of which they have been as the organization, how they operate and how they see their future.
Being the global business, their ability of understanding, embracing as well as operating in the multicultural environment, both in marketplace and at has been critical to their long term sustainability and, particularly, impacts their capability of meeting their Vision of 2020 i.e. People objectives.
Key difference within the Coke and Pepsi has been their history along with how they efforts, particularly with the advertising, came towards defining every brand CITATION Coc12 l 1033 (Coca-cola vs. Pepsi: The Economics behind Coke’s Dominance, 2012). Coca Cola had been launched in the 1885 by the pharmacist called John Stith Pemberton and had been recommended as the tonic. Coca Cola has much stronger taste and on the other hand Pepsi has the sweet taste.
Analyze three (3) ways that each unique culture has benefited by the other’s competition
I think advertisement along with diversity, as each one of them has been willing to be top of soft drink market. Organizational culture has been featured value, traditions as well as behaviors the organizations employees share. The value has been the basic belief of what has been right or wrong or of what we must or must not do.
The organizations culture shows itself in many ways. We may see pattern of behavior of the employees along with physical manifestation so the organizations behavior like the rules, the office layout, and organizational structure & ethic codes.
Speculate how each would continue to thrive if its current corporate culture would need to change in the near future. Be sure to state what change(s) you are speculating on and what led you to identify that possibility
Changes, which I speculate go back towards advertising to reach the broader market. Nowadays Coke has still been leading Pepsi; I feel that this would remain in such a manner as Coke has been much more diverse. Till Pepsi tap within that all fields in which they remain behind as it has only been the start for Coke.
Strong corporate environment would in addition differentiate the company within the competitors as well as giving companies the capability of sustaining the long term competitive benefit with the entire better business performance. They have the capability of adapting along with changing as it will make the bigger difference for each.
With the faster changing competitive culture, the economic uncertainty, advances within the technology along with globalization, culture has been the essential element for the company for distinguishing itself from the competitors. Quite some organizations have been good at creating the strong corporate environment.
There has still been much of room for improvement. Clear communication has been the essential to developing the culture. Top management may dramatically increase the company’s position relative to the competitors when this communicates their commitment towards building as well as managing the strong corporate environment & making those thoughts transparent to all the employees.
This may be a foundation of forming the values and the assumptions uncommon to one company shared through all of their employees. Culture takes time so as to be developed. Putting in the additional time along with effort while developing the strong culture would pay off big dividends in longer run; execution of the strategy would follow by smoothly providing the company a powerful competitive benefit.
As communication has been quite essential in developing as well as managing the corporate culture, a suggestion for upcoming research could be analyzing how multinational organization managing the uncommon and regular culture within the countries.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Coca-cola vs. Pepsi: The Economics behind Coke’s Dominance. (2012). Retrieved February
13th, 2013, from http://economicstudents.com: http://economicstudents.com/2012/10/coca-cola-vs-pepsi-the-economics-behind-cokes-dominance/
Costello, T. (2003). Arch rivals: Coca-Cola vs. Pepsi. Retrieved from:
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/3718141/#.URuiF0jLqlU .
D’Altorio, T. (2012). Coke vs. Pepsi… Are the Cola Wars Finally Over? Retrieved from:
http://www.investmentu.com/2012/February/are-the-coke-vs-pepsi-cola-wars-over.html .
News, B. (2012). PepsiCo Opens China R&D Center as Competition Heats Up With Coke.
Retrieved from: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-11-13/pepsico-opens-china-r-d-center-as-competition-heats-up-with-coke.html .
partner, M. M. (2012). Is Pepsi really better than Coke? Retrieved from:
http://money.msn.com/saving-money-tips/post.aspx?post=754feaec-2155-4af2-91d0-62266a42fc1a .
Education marks an essential aspect in improving peoples lives for a better future.
Name
Instructor
Course
Date
Narrative Literacy
Education marks an essential aspect in improving people’s lives for a better future. The Saudi Arabian government does value education and, therefore, established a program called ‘King Abdullah Scholarship’ (KASP) on 25 May, 2005. The program offers a chance to both male and female undergraduate and graduate students to study abroad. Upon settling in the United States, I suffered from culture shock since it was hard for me to adapt to a new country with a very different culture. Back home, I had built a close relationship with my family, especially my husband, and separating from them was not easy. Studying in a foreign country and being away from home is a unique learning experience. One learns way more than any book can teach concerning a country’s culture. Moreover, I faced some challenges adapting to the new environment. For example, language was one of the biggest barriers that I had to overcome. I lacked a clear way of communicating my needs, which made me feel disheartened. Atop that, I developed a dislike towards the local people. I also felt inadequate and lonely in my life. In order to cope with the challenges, my family suggested I embark on writing because I was a good writer in the Arabic language. However, they advised me to start writing in English. When I was in my country, I used to write a lot but quit when I got married. Writing was my hobby because it helped me express my feelings via writing. It was not easy for me to get back to writing, but had a lot of support from my family who highly influenced my emotional literacy (Weare 4).
Nowadays, I consider writing a response to the environment because I react to people or objects through it. I enjoy the fact that I can create my stories, and come up with unique characters instead of just reading about them. Writing also offers me the ability to indulge into a world where I can explore anything I want or need. In addition, I also get to create a fixed space for someone to receive and react to my ideas where required. When I write, I do not have to worry about what is going on in the real world because, at that time, my characters are the real world to me, which I enjoy the most. Moreover, the experiences gained from studying abroad shaped my identity and personality. This was especially aided by the culture in the foreign country, which had a significant impact on helping me become literate and improve on it.
My initial encounter with literacy occurred to me at an early age, before getting married. I started by writing fictional stories, which I enjoyed doing. My literacy work since then was driven by passion, a factor that has always pushed me to indulge into more writing than ever. My educational background also plays a key role in assisting me develop impeccable literacy skills. Exposure to different literatures gives me the best experience as I comprehend other authors’ works. Indeed, one cannot learn or develop skills without other people’s help. Thus, I have always admired other authors’ literature works and used them to improve my writing skills. In turn, that exposure broadens my imagination, and I generate incredible ideologies in my writing.
Interaction, both at home and in the foreign country, has also shaped my literacy skills in various ways. Back at home, I used to write using my native language, which was very easy for me. The situation was simplified by the fact that I have been talking and writing in my native language since I was young. However, literacy writing is a skill that has to be honed despite having exposure to my language for a long time. Therefore, I had to improve my writing skills via practice and additional studies. Most of the time when I am home, I interact in my language. Consequently, this makes writing using the same language quite easy. Change of location to a new environment, by contrast, made writing a bit difficult to execute. English is a second language to me; hence, I have had to master it beyond simple understanding. Indeed, I may have ideas that I want to express in writing; however, if I lack the appropriate skills to write it down, all my ideas may be rendered void. Therefore, I have had to study literacy language keenly in order to improve my writing skills using the English language. It is crucial for one to understand the rules in writing using the English language. As such, it is vital to learn things such as sentence structure, verb use, vocabularies, nouns and adverbs among other components. Interacting with people in the United States also helps me understand the English language better than when I was back home. To most, English has been their native language; hence, they express it better than I do. Listening to the English language native people talk, and reading their literature works has also heightened my writing skills. Over time, I have gained additional understanding in the use of the English language in literacy.
Technology is yet another factor that has highly improved my literacy work. The internet, for example, is a major technology factor that has highly contributed to my literacy work. I have had endless opportunities to peruse through the World Wide Web in search of motivational literatures that have helped improve my work. In addition, I have been able to exploit different learning materials concerned with writing different literature pieces. In turn, I have had the opportunity to do extensive readings in relation to literature writing. Exposure to media has also developed my literacy skills in several ways. The media is a source of entertainment and information. As such, I have used this to my advantage in different ways. I learn a lot from watching movies and listening to music. Both forms of entertainment provide me with ideas that I am able to coin stories from whilst writing my works. A movie or a song, for example, may be written with a purpose to teach about love among the involved characters. Watching such a movie or listening to a song with a message of love helps me develop ideas concerning that subject matter. Afterwards, I put the developed ideas to paper. The environment also has much to offer when it comes to literacy works. When roaming outside the confinements of my house, I make observations about different things. For example, I look at how people interact, their behavior and the relations they portray within different environments. Concurrently, I relate such behavior to the characters I develop in my literacy works. Moreover, making an observation about my environment extends my understanding about the human nature.
Work Cited
Weare, Katherine. Developing the emotionally literate school. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc.