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Economic Vitality Index, A case study of Baltimore MD 21215 and Kelsey
Economic Vitality Index, A case study of Baltimore MD 21215 and Kelsey
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Economic vitality index
Introduction
The economic vitality index is a comparative report on the economic development or vitality of cities in the US and a ranking. This is a clearing house of what makes other cities much economically vital than the rest. This report is based on the economic data of Baltimore and Kelsey.
A comparative analysis
Rapidly Developing
From the data it is healthy to hypothesize that Baltimore is more economic vital than Kelsey.
Analysis
Ho: Baltimore is economically vital than Kelsey
H1: Baltimore is not economically vital than Kelsey
Descriptive statistics for Baltimore MD
Anderson-Darling A-Squared 0.325
p 0.455
95% Critical Value 0.787
99% Critical Value 1.092
Mean 2560.600
Mode #N/A
Standard Deviation 1717.167
Variance 2948663.156
Skewedness 0.004
Kurtosis -1.421
N 10.000
Minimum 352.000
1st Quartile 961.250
Median 2937.000
3rd Quartile 3594.000
Maximum 5199.000
Confidence Interval 1228.387
for Mean (Mu) 1332.213
0.95 3788.987
For Stdev (sigma) 1181.128
3134.878
for Median 473.000
3624.000
Chi squared test for Baltimore MD and Kelsey
Chi-Sq 72 Baltimore Expected Kelsey Expected
p 0 0 0 0.05 5191.126 5127.874 Variables are Related 4242.849 4191.151 2233.105 2205.895 2693.409 2660.591 4698.122 4640.878 3263.885 3224.115 1887.499 1864.501 594.6226 587.3774 447.7277 442.2723 353.6546 349.3454 Anova test for Baltimore MD and Kelsey household income
Anova: Single Factor 0.05 SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Baltimore 10 25606 2560.6 2948663 Kelsey 10 25294 2529.4 4028804 ANOVA Accept Null Hypothesis because p > 0.05 (Means are the same) Source of Variation SS df MS F P-Value F crit Between Groups 4867.2 1 4867.2 0.001395 0.971 4.413873 Within Groups 62797207 18 3488734 Total 62802074 19 House hold income
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means 0.05 Baltimore Kelsey Mean 2560.6 2529.4 Variance 2948663 4028804 Observations 10 10 Pearson Correlation 0.808797 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 9 t Stat 0.083 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.468 Accept Null Hypothesis because p > 0.05 (Means are the same)
T Critical one-tail 1.833 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.935 Accept Null Hypothesis because p > 0.05 (Means are the same)
T Critical Two-tail 2.262 Descriptive statistics of the Baltimore MD Average Age of Adults in Household
Anderson-Darling A-Squared 0.215
p 0.798
95% Critical Value 0.787
99% Critical Value 1.092
Mean 5788.182
Mode #N/A
Standard Deviation 2202.962
Variance 4853042.364
Skewedness -0.020
Kurtosis 0.252
N 11.000
Minimum 1661.000
1st Quartile 4807.000
Median 5483.000
3rd Quartile 7057.000
Maximum 9513.000
Confidence Interval 1479.970
for Mean (Mu) 4308.212
0.95 7268.152
For Stdev (sigma) 1539.247
3866.052
for Median 3795.000
7631.000
Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1: Education level http://www.clrsearch.com/Baltimore_Demographics/MD/21215/Education-Level-and-Enrollment-Statistics)
2010 Population Growth and Population Statistics Baltimore, MD 21215
Total Population 63870
Square Miles 6.96
Population Density 9,179.40
Population Change Since 1990 -13.87%
Population Change Since 2000 -3.17%
Forecasted Population Change by 2014 -1.51%
Population Male 28,541 44.69%
Population Female 35,329 55.31%
Median Age 41.40
Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 2:http://www.clrsearch.com/Baltimore_Demographics/MD/21215/Population-Growth-and-Population-Statistics
Conclusion
Development
Baltimore is more developed than Kelsey based on the economic data and the household income, the average for the household income for Baltimore is higher than Kelsey, however, Kelsey has a higher population growth and high average for adult’s population. The population growth between the two cities is also skewed towards Baltimore. Baltimore has the highest population growth probably due to migration
Existing-Emerging Growth
In this category, Kelsey has a higher index, as the level of development is higher than Baltimore. Baltimore has reached its peak while Kelsey is experiencing new growth in terms of business and investment. Baltimore can be defined as lagging urban while the Kelsey is an emerging rural.
References
HYPERLINK “http://www.clrsearch.com/Baltimore_Demographics/MD/21215/Population-by-Age” http://www.clrsearch.com/Baltimore_Demographics/MD/21215/Population-by-Age
HYPERLINK “http://www.clrsearch.com/Baltimore_Demographics/MD/21215/Population-Growth-and-” http://www.clrsearch.com/Baltimore_Demographics/MD/21215/Population-Growth-and-Population-Statistics
Analysis of “The Negro Speaks of Rivers”
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Analysis of “The Negro Speaks of Rivers”
“The Negro Speaks of Rivers” is a poem written by Langston Hughes that discusses on negritude as well as the African themes and culture. Hughes is among the most famous and influential writers of the 20th century of the African-American origin. Therefore he is regarded as the Harlem Renaissance trailblazer because of how he wrote his poems regarding African-Americans. He composed “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” while he was on a boat on Mississippi River going to visit his father who lived in Mexico during that period (Trotman). The poem depicts the author’s extensive knowledge of African history and some of the major problems facing it. Hughes composed the poem when racism was predominant in the United States, and the African-Americans were fighting for their freedom. Therefore, as a result, the author wrote inscribed “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” due to extreme racism in the United States. He wanted to empower, restore dignity and give confidence to the black individuals (Hughes, p.6). Therefore Hughes used the metaphor of rivers as a way of showing the time passage and that despite the suffering of the African-Americans, the Negro community succeeded at the end in the same way as the river flows from one point to another.
Moreover, Hughes intended to provide them with the courage to fight for their rights and hence stop the racial segregation and other injustices that discriminated them. While interpreting the poem literally, it is about rivers. However, it seems to have some deeper meaning rather than just talking about the existence of rivers, and thus the reader starts to comprehend its complexity. In “The Negro Speaks of Rivers,” the author has used several literary elements to discuss his themes and to address the restoration of the history and the rich culture that the black people had lost as a result of extreme segregation, social injustices, and slavery.
To begin with, “The Negro Speaks of Rivers,” is composed in the first person narrative. For example the use of “I” in most instances it is describing the African-American people as well as their mutual voices for the liberty. Moreover, the author uses anaphora, and the poem is composed in free verse. The use of free verse indicates that the author lacks a specific set structure in his writing. The poem is composed in a manner of accentuating both the flow and the rhythm of concepts that Hughes wishes to highlight. In the poem setting, anaphora indicates the recurrence of the first word in every line of the poem. For example, there are several cases of recurrence of words like “I looked,” ”I heard,” and “I saw” (Hughes) throughout the poem. Hughes also uses several types of common literary elements for example repetition. This is depicted for example in more than one lines of the poem, for instance, “I’ve known rivers” in lines one and also in line ten. Therefore the use of anaphora and repetition enhances a critical connotation to the poem.
The author embraces long lines and repetition of some words in the poem as the elements to display the Whiteman’s influence. The existence of the extended free verse lines in several instances of the poetry signifies the author’s attempt to incorporate the world through his own words. The repetition of several phrases more so makes it sound look like an incantation. Furthermore, Hughes choice to use the African-American forms of music like the blues and Jazz in his poetry makes him be an exceptional poet. There is also several cases of enjambment throughout “The Negro Speaks of Rivers.” Several lines tend to be cut off abruptly. Therefore this makes it hard for the readers to hunt for the following thought at the start of the resulting line. The reader’s eyes tend to shift and move intermittently while reading the poem. For example in line 8 going on to line 10 (Hughes, p.11). The lines are indented. The poem’s refrain tends to be “I’ve known rivers,” and it is as a result of its repletion in several lines.
An example of a literary device element that Hughes applies in the poem is connotation. The connotation of the word “The Negro” has been used to illustrate African-American pride. For example, the term “Negro” is used in the Title of the poem, “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” to demonstrate how individuals’ are saying about rivers besides how they are meaningfully talking about them as the essence of the civilization (Hughes). It poses a hidden meaning of addressing the white people that even though they took their people and subjected them into slavery, they have their own history and practices that need to be respected. Therefore the use of connotation is significant in this poem, and it is evident that Hughes has extensively utilized it.
Hughes has also used personification in the poem to depict the courage as well as the pride that the black Americans possesses. An excellent instance where he uses personification is when he says that he washed in the River Euphrates when “the dawns were young” (Hughes, p.8). His articulations of the dawns being young demonstrate that the African Americans have existed since the emergence of human beings. Moreover, it shows that they have been a part of contemporary civilization as from its creation. The personification under this context indicates that African-Americans resembles other races like the whites who segregated and enslaved them. It also shows the need for them to be proud of their culture and refuse to be bullied and intimidated because of their race.
Other than personification, Hughes another literally device that he uses is similes. The author seems to apply it in this work to bring the issue of self-importance to African-Americans. For example when he says that his soul has grown deeper like the rivers. By saying this, he meant that the African-Americans have developed to become more knowledgeable and sensible just “like the rivers.” The Rivers Nile, Euphrates and also Mississippi symbolizes freedom, civilization, and strength and therefore, Hughes likening of their souls to rivers suggests that they are resilient, mighty and honored similarly to the rivers.
In conclusion, “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” is a lyric poem that is composed in free verse as evident in the above discussion. The poem is in rich of poetic elements like repetition, anaphora and long lines to make it sound well and be useful to pass the intended message. Instead of using a constant rhythm in the poem, the author chooses to have a pattern of flowing words and phrases that eventually break off. Moreover, the author uses several literary elements to enrich his piece of writing as well as to empower, give courage and self-importance to the African-Americans. He uses this poem also to make them stand up against the issues of racial segregation. Hughes also uses the rivers as a metaphor to place the African culture to greater heights and to term it as crucial as the rivers.
Works Cited
Hill, Jordan. “The Harlem Renaissance.” (2018).
Hughes, Langston. The Negro speaks of rivers. Disney Jump at the Sun Books, 2009.
Trotman, C. James. Langston Hughes: the man, his art, and his continuing influence. Routledge, 2014.
Economic Situation of Estonia
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Economic Situation of Estonia
Introduction
Modernization of Estonia commenced its period of their independence amidst 1918 and 1940. It provided familiarity of democracy construction and development of market propelled economy and volunteer conversion back to an authoritarian administration subsequent to experiencing democracy. The initial duration of Estonian independence took place after fifty years of Soviet business that possessed strong cultural and corresponding demographic inspiration upon the country (Malfliet 89). Estonia’s transition subsequent to its independence within the year 1991 was drastic and radical in regard to choices and outcome. Through choosing of liberal economic reforms and influential political independence, Estonia played significant role in restructuring the Soviet Union and enhancing other underlying republics towards reconstruction and independence. Moreover, the predictions of the underlying membership within the Western organization that include European Union and NATO that are the main promoters for the decisive social, economic and political reorganizations framed in the year 1993 Copenhagen benchmarks. Estonia has more accomplishment than its corresponding Baltic neighbors. Multilateral associates played significant role in choosing of the suitable transition strategy and execution methods subsequent to the downfall of the Soviet Union in the year 1991. It was guided by the prevailing Organization for the Security and Co-operation within Europe and by the Council of Europe that was staged by the European Union and NATO. Estonia developed because of effect USA and Scandinavian in regard to building of the suitable accomplish transition from the prevailing post-communist legacy of the Western king democracy and operation of market economy (Bulmer 154). The role of the European Union within the Estonia transition process during the period that ranges from 1991 to 2004 was purely supervision and offering structural advice. Estonia was mainly charged with accomplishing the compliance conditions and responsibilities whilst European Union offered technical and financial support. Moreover, European Union is depicted as a philanthropic actor by the Estonian public and its corresponding elite.
Succession of the prevailing European Union and NATO is the major cause of lofty expectations for the swift advancement of the welfare and security within the Estonian society. Public attitudes in regard to the integration of Estonia into the underlying European Union and NATO is depicted to be non-committal and skeptical at the commencement of the succession procedure with approximately half of the population supporting them (Sperling 67). The Estonian political elite treasured distinct and structural approach in regard to the Copenhagen criteria. Pre-structural method assistance reserves are fundamental for the Estonia’s target groups. European Union interference has efficiently steadied the prevailing national currency though it had negative impact on employment rates coupled with social security. The effect of macroeconomic advancement is positive that is period amidst of 2004 to 2006 realized a total of 371.4 million euros and 428.2 million euros from interconnectionreserve. Structural Assistance fund amounting to 3.4 million euros was apportioned to Estonia in the period of 2007 to 2013. European Union and Estonia transition does not rely on the combined pressure for the reforms devoid of appropriate and adequate financial support but entire modernization period.
Political and economic developments
After downfall of the Soviet Union, the Resolution on National Independence of Estonia was approved. Diplomatic associations with other corresponding states were mainly re-established and the Constitutional Assembly was developed for the purpose of conscripting of constitution. Moreover, Republic of Estonia was purely re-established as a parliamentary social equality due to the Constitution that was approved in the year 1992 (Malfliet 100). The fundamental of legal continuity is considered to be the basic constitutional debates in the 1990s. Member of Parliament are not normally allowed to be employed either organizational or non-governmental institution. Subsequent to the Estonia independence the country is faced with myriad of political challenges that encompasses inter-national acknowledgment which mainly compose of thirty percent of its total population speaking Russian and nor possessing Estonian citizenship. Soviet legacy in regard to the political system, besmirched bureaucracy coupled with structured economy has resulted to complication in the reform process (Bulmer 121). Political transformation have taken places in Estonia amidst the year 2004 and 2010 due to the underlying multiparty efforts of the prevailing local elite, a sympathetic electorate and corresponding multilateral donors.
Integration within the European Union altered European Union Estonia political culture in regard to the institutions and power division. Moreover, political and administrative alterations within the 1990s led to economic developments and security advancement. This was mainly dependent on the wide societal agreement on benefit of the prevailing EU membership and Euro skepticism of Estonia. Subsequent to Estonia’s independence its underlying central foreign policy objective was joined to EU and NATO (Bulmer 98).
In terms of public debt, Estonia had the best scores in European Union from the year 2009 to 2011(Sperling 99). In the end year 2007 public debt to the underlying GDP ratio decreased to three point five percent which subsequently increased to four point three percent in the year 2008. This is still lower as compared with that of European Union. In the year 2008 and 2009 there was increase in the government lending that was mainly instigated by the underlying co-financing requirements for the underlying European Union structural funds investments. Relatively higher borrowing levels were planned subsequent to linking the euro for the corresponding fiscal years of 2011 and 2012. By the end of the year 2010 public debt increased to seven point two percent of the GDP. Similarly, the general debt that is the total debt of include public, private and corresponding commercial debt developed to the uppermost levels per capita in the CEE countries thereby reaching one hundred and thirty five percent of the underlying GDP within 2010.
The main long term approach of the Estonian government in regard to economic policy is mainly to attract foreign direct Investment at all prevailing cost. This was majorly initiated by radical privatization and currency reform in the year 1992 (Malfliet 88). Nevertheless, dramatic inflation prior to the currency restructuring and designated exchange rate made underlying investors and corresponding property holders incapable to purchase local enterprises. Initial influence of the underlying euro location membership is mainly aimed at controlling inflation to approximately five percent yearly thus reducing the massive rate of unemployment. Estonian is also concern with the share within the ESM that demands open public discussion. Lofty inflation led to radicalreforms within Estonia in 1990s. Because of the cumbersome experience with elevated inflation within the Soviet times and corresponding initial years of independence, the main question pertain to benchmarks for the underlying electorate in examination of the government’s economic accomplishment or failure.
Social, labor and corresponding educational policies were frequently sacrificed in order to accomplish the prevailing electorate’s inflation expectations. Nevertheless, there was massive inflation decrease of eight percent in the year 1998 and corresponding drop of one point three percent in the year 2003. The European Union resulted to a modern rise in terms of inflation that increased to four percent in the year 2004, four point four in the year 2006 and corresponding ten percent in the year 2008 (Sperling 76). Within the year 2009 Estonia managed to control inflation to be under three percent.
Modernization of Estonia commenced its period of their independence amidst 1918 and 1940. It provided familiarity of democracy construction and development of market propelled economy and volunteer conversion back to an authoritarian administration subsequent to experiencing democracy. Estonia’s transition subsequent to its independence within the year 1991 was drastic and radical in regard to choices and outcome. Through choosing of liberal economic reforms and influential political independence, Estonia played significant role in restructuring the Soviet Union and enhancing other underlying republics towards reconstruction and independence. European Union and NATO that are the main promoters for the decisive social, economic and political reorganizations framed in the year 1993 Copenhagen benchmarks. Estonia has more accomplishment than its corresponding Baltic neighbors.
Works Cited
Bulmer, Simon. The Member States of the European Union. Oxford [u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press, 2012. Print.
Lejeune, Ine. The Enlargement of the European Union: Opportunities for Business and Trade. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2004. Internet resource.
Malfliet, Katlijn. The Baltic States in an Enlarging European Union: Towards a Partnership between Small States?Leuven (Belgium: GarantPubl, 1999. Print.
Sperling, James. Two Tiers or Two Speeds?: The European Security Order and the Enlargement of the European Union and Nato. New York [u.a.: Manchester Univ. Press, 1999. Print.
Spilling, Michael.Estonia. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2010. Print.