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Dogs are better than cats
Dogs are better than cats
The superiority dispute between dogs and cats has brought a heated debate between the pet lovers with each side strongly supporting their own favorite. There is no exact date as to when both the pets started living with man but the most significant thing is that we currently domesticate them for various reasons. This writing tends to settle this dispute.
Dogs are generally brainy compared to cats since their brain mass is 64 grams while cat’s is 25 grams. Although when the brain capacity is calculated in relation to body mass the cat wins, the fact still remains that the dog is brainier than cats.
Dogs are naturally human lovers by maintaining the mother child relationship as compared to cats. Dogs will never feel happy when their owners are away or when left with strangers. Dogs are seen to universally behave differently in the absence of their owners and this obviously shows the strong bonding between dogs and human being unlike cats who are seen to be independent and loners who do not even care about the presence of their owners. The cats are not as social as dogs.
The number of people keeping these pets slightly differs with cats taking the lead but the popularity of one’s preference cannot change his mind on whether to have the pet.
The dogs can comprehend and use several channels of communication such as signs and words to recognize and respond to dozens of commands and request for objects. Dogs usually hold eye contact with humans and gaze technique to attract owners’ attention as well as responding to human gestures such as outstretched finger. Dogs can interpret and comprehend information by just looking at the human face. Although the cats almost have similar response as dogs, their level of understanding are slightly lower and are very hard to work because they are not as compliant as dogs (Douglas Web).
Dogs have better problems solving techniques compared to cats whose problem solving techniques are not known. Dogs due love very collaborative approach in solving problems such as being guided by human in what they are supposed to do. Dogs mostly depend on human guidance in solving problems. Cats have a way of communication which can only be interpreted by owners unlike dogs that have a flexible vocal that vary in range, pitch, frequency modulation and tonality which they use in different situations. The dog’s nature of bark can be interpreted by even people who have never possessed a dog (Douglas Web).
Dogs are easy to train in meeting our needs since they obey rules and skilled at cognitive tasks requiring cooperation and sharing information to achieve goals. Dogs will always emulate a code of behavior we expect from them when trained unlike cats, which although have not been tasted, have never shown any interest. Generally, dogs are more sensitive and usually capitalize on various perceptual talents as smell compared to cats that also have a good sight and hearing senses (Douglas Web).
Cats kill more wildlife per year compared to dogs and that only disturb ground nesting birds which do not affect biodiversity much although their footprints cover more area per year compared to cats. Dogs are therefore more eco friendly than cats because they do not kill more wildlife like cats.
Dogs are useful in many ways including hunting, herding, guarding, sniffing substances such as drugs, bombs and guide blind and deaf people. Dogs can further be used in sport, pulling sheds and excavating people buried by avalanche which cats cannot do. Dogs can also be used to improve an individual’s health by reducing stress and regularly doing exercise by walking with them. Cats can only be used to scare and kill rodents as well as stroking their soft fur to reduce stress and this remedy is already offered by dogs. By and large, dogs are the best pets and are better than cats in numerous ways.
Work Cited
Douglas, Kate. “Dogs Vs Cats: The Great Pet Showdown.” New scientist Life 09 Dec. 2009: N.P. Web. 9 Apr. 2013. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427381.200-dogs-vs-cats-the-great-pet-showdown-.html.
Does working night shifts increase the risk of breast cancer in females between the ages of 40-60
Does working night shifts increase the risk of breast cancer in females between the ages of 40-60?
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Institutional Affiliation
Introduction
In the last two decades or so, there has been an increased agreement that working night shifts increases the risk for development of internal cancers for those who engage in night shifts. In 2007, shift work was classified as one possible carcinogen; particularly that involving disruption to circadian rhythm (WHO 2010).
Background & Justification:
Past research has suggested that long-term night work exposes workers to high risk of breast cancer. Nevertheless, more studies need to be done that employ more broader–spectrum methods of exposure assessment to depict the diversity of change patterns are needed. Additionally, not many earlier studies have taken into account the role of hormone receptor subtype (Grundy et al 2013).
Purpose, Aim and Objectives:The main aim of the research study is to take a critical literature review which intends to explore whether working night shifts exposes female workers to increased risk of breast cancer and this focuses on female workers aged between 40 and 60 years. By using critical review of literature, the study assesses past studies to achieve the main objective and this helps in coming up with ways to reduce prevalence of breast cancer and breast cancer incidences among working females of ages 40 to 60 years of age. In order to accomplish the objectives of the undertaking, several of questions shall have to be answered. The questions that follow are going to guide the study:
What measures can help in dealing with incidences of breast cancer among night shift female workers aged 40 to 60 years?
How can the severity of cancer-related complications be most favorably managed among this group of night shift workers?
Are there factors that should help in screening for breast cancer among women who go for night shifts to make cancer management easier for patients in the middle to late aged patients?
Are there any demographic predictors of approaches to be taken in management of breast cancer for middle aged and late aged women who work in night shifts?
With these questions geared up for the study, the objective of the study shall be to investigate measures that have been identified by various researchers and research studies that can help in proper and optimal management of cancer among middle aged to late aged women who work on night shift basis. This should be done with an aim of exploring ways of lessening the incidence and severity of cancer-related complications in that group of the population. This shall also take account of exploring the best agreed moment for cancer screening based on the studies on cause-and-effect factors identified from the research and also investigating if demographic attributes relevant to women of the said age act as determinants in causing cancer among these women and also if the demographic attributes can provide direction on the approaches to be taken in managing cancer and related complications in the identified sub-group of the population.
Rationale for Research Study
The main question is “Does working night shifts increase the risk of breast cancer in females between the ages of 40-60?” This question is relevant for the current research because while many studies have recently been interested in investigating the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and occurrence of cancer among people of different gender. There is also research literature indicating that studies have been carried out investigating the relationship between disruption of melatonin production and occurrence and recurrence of cancer. However, these studies have not provided a specific focus on specific ages to determine the differences in prevalence of cancer. This provides a strong philosophical rationale for the current study as it endeavors to achieve two objectives with respect to the above gaps in the previous studies. First, it focuses on female workers who attend night shifts and secondly, it draws the line of focus to the age range of 40 to 60.
Literature Review
This literature review takes a critical look at related studies by analyzing past literature and recent body of literature that relates to the present topic of study. To achieve this and ensure relevance to the current study, the research uses peer-reviewed journals to gather information that relates to internal cancers in females. Where relevant information is found in studies that focused on cancer in men, these are also adequately used and referenced. A keen interest and focus is put using peer-reviewed databases and research repositories such as EBSCO, British Journal of Nursing repository, Medline and Cinnah database among others. The search criterion is to look for journals touching on internal cancer in female humans. This criterion will allow the present research to pinpoint the evident holes and gaps in the existing body of literature and research. The criterion will also ensure that the required limits are met as proposed by O’Toole (1998), that search criteria meet requirements of PICO (population, intervention, counter-invention and outcome) hence these have to be used accordingly.
The study by Grudy et al (2013) conducted an exposure assessment for individual considering the impact of tumour hormone receptor status. The study established that there is an association for the impact of tumour hormone receptor status for individuals aged 30 years and above where the individuals were exposed to prolonged night shift periods. It did not find association for ages below 30. This study therefore provides a good basis to start assessing exposure to breast cancer in terms of age with respect to night shift regime.
For instance, in a research study conducted in 1996 by Tynes et al (1996) investigating the prevalence of breast cancer among Norwegian female radio and telegraph operators established that working night shifts for these Norwegian telegraph operators and radio workers who go for night shifts had higher risks of breast cancer. While the research by Tynes et al (1996) mainly focused on females working in the radio and telegraph areas, other studies have also delved into uncovering the occurrence of internal cancers among male night shifters. For instance, a study was recently carried out investigating the prevalence of internal cancers among men who worked night shifts in Canada (Parent et al 2012). It is with no doubt that there are several risks for internal cancer among males and females and these risks have been known to differ between male and females (Schwartz 2014). This means that the topic of cancer and its risk in people of diverse aspect is a very broad topic that would be beyond this study. It is however acknowledged that prevalence of cancer in our modern world is an area that needs further exploration to fully understand the factors that relate to cancer in terms of causation.
Summary and Conclusion
Working night shifts has long been a focus of research in respect to its relationship with causation of cancer. Classification of circadian rhythm disruption as a possible carcinogen necessitates conducting of extensive research in the area since this classification was only done recently in 2007. While a number of research studies have been conducted in the recent focusing on the relationship between night shift work and cancer, few if any, have specifically focused on females aged between 40 and 60. This study finds a philosophical rationale by filling this gap. By undertaking it, the research can help in coming up with age-specific measures dealing with incidences of breast cancer among night shift female workers aged 40 to 60 years; coming up with most favorable mechanisms that can manage cancer among night shift workers and establish if there are any demographic predictors of approaches to be taken in management of breast cancer for middle aged and late aged women who work in night shifts.
Reference list:
Grant WB. (2013) Re: “Night work and the risk of cancer among men”; author reply. Am J Epidemiol. 16 Apr 2013 epub.
Grundy A, Richardson H, Burstyn I, et al. (2013) Occup Environ Med Published Online First: [ please include Day Month Year] doi:10.1136/oemed- 2013-101482
Sanchez-Barcelo EJ, Mediavilla MD, Alonso-Gonzalez C, Rueda N. (2012) Breast cancer therapy based on melatonin. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov. 2012 May;6(2):108-16
Schernhammer ES, Razavi P, Li TY, Qureshi AA, Han J. (2011) Rotating night shifts and risk of skin cancer in the nurses’ health study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(7):602–606.
Schwartz G. G. (2013) Vitamin d, sunlight, and the epidemiology of prostate cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2013 Jan 1;13(1):45-57.
Tynes T, Hannevik M, Andersen A, Vistnes AI, Haldorsen T. (1996) Incidence of breast cancer in Norwegian female radio and telegraph operators. Cancer Causes Control. 1996 Mar;7(2):197-204.
WHO. (2010) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans:Painting, Firefighting, and Shiftwork. Vol 98. 2010. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol98/index.php
Does Violence in the media cause criminal violence
Does Violence in the media cause criminal violence?
Name
Institution
Does Violence in the media cause criminal violence?
Several assertions have been made that watching television and playing violent video game strongly contributes to criminal violence especially in children. What a child watches and plays influences and desensitizes him or her. Thus the child becomes violent. This is mainly because behavior is developed from observations, imitations and reinforcement and since all these are well associated with violent media the child’s behavior is developed using that. According to a study by Coyne Sarah 60% of children in the United States aged between seven and fifteen use the media in their play time or as a form of recreation and 42% of children aged between sixteen and twenty four also depend on the media for some leisure period. Her article “Does Media Violence Cause Violent Crime?” goes further to state that this number of children is still increasing and in the near further it may even reach 80%. It is also worth noting that 80% of these children find violent media especially violent video games quite fascinating. With that analysis and real time data it is clear that we urgently need to determine whether truly violent media affect the character of children. To establish this assumption, focus should be given to the three concepts that influence or build a person’s behavior: observation, imitation and reinforcement (Bryce, & Kaye, 2011).
Observation or vicarious learning involves seeing behavior of others and finding it as perfect. Children will tend to play violent video games or watch violent behavior on television and tend to imitate that in real life. Since the video games do not show the consequences of these crimes as serious negative effects, children will also find them less punishable. To children that watch this violence will consider them as solutions to most problems or solutions. Further, some characters in the media tend to be expressed as heroes such as Batman. The children get the desire to emulate their behavior and techniques even in real life situations (Freedman, 2002).
According to Albert Bandura media violence provides observation learning to children in both long and short term, thus developing their character. He uses the Bobo doll experiment to prove his allegations. Bobo doll experiment was an experiment carried out on a number of children whereby they were assembled to watch a video that included Bodo doll model that got irritated and beat up a plastic doll. The beating included punching, throwing, heavy shaking, scratching, leaping and other violent actions. After watching the video the children were kept in another room full of dolls but asked not to touch any of them. Later they were transferred to another room full of colorful dolls and similar to the plastic doll that was in the movie. 80% of the children portrayed similar actions to those in the movie they had watched earlier while playing with the dolls. Eight months later, 40% of the children recorded these same violent actions is different situations, meaning that they still remembered and that affected their behavior (Murray, 2008).
Imitation is another aspect that brings about personal learning and behavior. This is also referred to as copycat crime. Watching or playing violent media provides perfect ideas to young children. They tend to distort views on how to deal with violence. For instance, protagonists’ use of swords, gun shooting and physical beating tends to provide perfect answers in most confrontations and danger experienced in the videos. The children watching these will find that these solutions are perfect when they do not know how to get out of a problem or danger. Copycat crime in media as stated by Ferguson Christopher is based on the fact that media desensitizes crime. This means that crime does not seem to have serious consequences as what may be preserved in real life. Therefore, children using violent media make them view serious violent actions such as; gun shooting, boxing and strong language are normal life actions. Weakening the seriousness of these actions in the media is further transferred in the children day today activities and they end up imitating these actions.
As earlier indicated reinforcement is another contributor to learning and behavior development as evidenced by instigation and arousal theory discussed by Dr. Stanton. The theory discusses the role of emotions in relation to television and its effect on violence. Watching violent television programs arouses feeling of violence. The viewer feels angered by a character in the program and later punishment is introduced to the character. Arousing violent feelings and desires while watching, is also likely to appear in the viewer’s real life behavior. In unpleasant situation the viewers who constantly have violence desire while watching television will not have problems when constant violence actions are practiced (Coyne, 2007).
Reinforcement learning attained through media is also associated with providing strengths to violence. This is because good behaviors such as peace, dialogue, and forgiveness which are contrasts to violence have cultural backgrounds. Cultural backgrounds such as religion, family ties and communism are aspects that are currently being disregarded and assumed as less important by the media. Human beings tend to develop behavior from things they regard important especially children and youth today who strongly value technology and media. Therefore, since strength to different actions which further develop to be behavior is upheld and accepted in the media which is considered to be of value, then the significance of good behavior weakness.
However, there exist different theories that argue that media violence does not necessary influence criminal violence. Catharsis theory is one of these arguments and it portrays that actually media violence lessens violent reactions. The theory was first tested using a sample of students from an approved school who were considered of violent behavior from their previous actions. The experiment result stated that by allowing the students to watch violent television programs and play video games provided a chance for them to relieve their anger thus limiting violent behavior in real life. Catharsis theory also stated that all humans are bound to be angry at some point, but it how well they handle these anger that prevents them from violent reactions. For these reason providing people with a less harmful way to relieve hanger such as computer games and watching television is important.
Another counter argument that has commonly been discussed and researched about by psychologists and researchers is on the development of behavior. Robert and Donald in the article “Generation Media in the lives” argue that behavior is developed by culture especially in the society and homes. Therefore watching television and playing of video games simply reflects on our personality. Individuals who are fascinated and excited by violence and crime even in the media are already violent persons and that is why they tend to immerse themselves in those activities. In most cases media is solely for recreation and does not dictate our behavior in the long run.
Different studies have shown that media violence contributes to criminal behavior mainly because it affects an individual’s learning. Behavior is dictated by what we learn over a period of time and is also related to our personality. Learning especially in children is determined by three aspects: observation, imitation and reinforcement. The media especially in children who still have strong desires to learn more strongly provide platforms for these three learning aspects. The media provides items to observe that later result to practicing, imitation especially by providing role models who are protagonists in the videos and reinforcement that is brought about by arousal theory. Clearly violent media assists in learning through different ways and therefore results to users learning and developing violent aspects in their actions and thinking. Though there are theories that weaken violent media and a contributor to criminal behavior they are quite weak and uncertain. For instance, the catharsis theory is not supported by multiple researches and statistical data on that media violence provides a platform for individuals to relieve anger feeling and violent reactions. In addition, argument that behavior is solely developed by cultural backgrounds is not correct according to Snyder (2004) by stating that behavior is influenced by different aspect of one’s live, actions and society.
References
Anderson, C. and Bushman, B. J. (2001) Media Violence and the American Public: ScientificFacts Versus Media Misinformation. American Psychologist
Bryce, J., & Kaye, L. (2011). Computer and videogames. In G. Brewer (Ed.), Media Psychology.London: Palgrave Macmillan
Coyne, S. (2007). Does Media Violence Cause Violent Crime Law andPsychology:Springer.com
Ferguson, C., (2007). Media Violence Effects and Violent Crime. Criminal justice and Behavior
Freedman, J. (2002). Media violence and its effect on aggression.: Assessing the scientificevidence. Toronto: HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press” o “University of Toronto Press” University of Toronto Press.
Murray, J. (2008)Media Violence: The Effects Are Both Real and Strong. Journal of Research inCrime and Delinquency American Behavioral Scientist
Roberts, Donald F., Ulla G. Foehr, and Victoria Rideout. (2005) Generation M: Media in thelives of 8-18 year-olds. Law and Society Review Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser FamilyFoundation.
Snyder, H. (2006). Juvenile arrests 2004 (Juvenile Justice Bulletin).Washington, DC: Office ofJuvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Journal of Criminal Justice U.S.Department of Justice.