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American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principle of Integrity
American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principle of Integrity
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American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principle of Integrity
The American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct consist of general principles that guide psychologists towards the highest psychology ideals (“Revision of Ethical Standard 3.04 of the “Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct” (2002, as amended 2010).”, 2016). The principles guide psychologists in applying ethical standards in various roles. One of these principles is integrity. The principle of integrity allows psychologists to promote accuracy, truthfulness, and honesty in psychology in general (Behnke, 2006). Integrity is an individual trait that enables psychologists to be upright in their character. Integrity guides psychologists not to engage in activities that involve fraud, acts of cheating, and intentional misinterpretation of facts. The paper aims to elaborate on various aspects of the principle of integrity.
As a guide to psychologists, the purpose of integrity is to enable them to behave ethically in their roles. Psychologists need to own up to their mistakes in case of any misconduct and take responsibility. First of all, integrity allows psychologists to find means of promoting the accuracy of facts. For example, psychologists take reasonable steps in ensuring that their reports are accurate. They ensure that the research conducted and their findings are valid. Psychologists also ensure the identity of service providers are accurately provided. When it comes to teaching, psychologists take reasonable steps in ensuring the information provided in the course syllabi is accurate. Accuracy of facts and information provided as part of the subject matter enables students to fulfil course requirements. Integrity is also essential because it allows psychologists to provide accurate information concerning their research proposals according to the approved research protocol.
Integrity promotes truthfulness among psychologists. In research, psychologists are discouraged from conducting research that involves deception. They are also expected no to deceive any prospective participant taking part in their research. Duplication of data is also avoided by psychologists who are keen to follow the general principle of integrity (Pope, Tabachnick, & Keith-Spiegel, 1987). They avoid publishing any data that has been published as their original data. It is considered an offense and can lead to severe consequences.
Honesty is another important aspect of the principle of integrity. Psychologists do not engage in any form of a false or deceptive statement (“Revision of Ethical Standard 3.04 of the “Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct” (2002, as amended 2010).”, 2016). Fabricating data goes against the principle of integrity and the American Psychological Association’s ethical codes of conduct as a whole. Integrity also plays an essential role in enabling psychologists to avoid plagiarism at all costs. Psychologists are discouraged from presenting work that is not their own as their original work. Dr Leso is one of the prominent American psychologists who violated the principle of integrity. Following post 9/11 “war on terror,” Dr Leso violated recommended specific harsh measures to army officers to squeeze out information from detainees (Eidelson, 2015). The techniques were employed during interrogations and involved extreme torture. The account took place in 2007, at Guantanamo Bay.
However, some psychologists may find themselves in situations where they behave unethically and show no integrity signs. In such a case, the psychologist violates the rule of conduct described by the American Psychological Association Ethics Code. An ethical dilemma arises when two values found in the ethical principles are in a conflict situation. In one scenario, a psychologist may disclose confidential information to another party over the individual’s safety that might be affected directly by disclosing such information. Here the psychologist chooses safety over confidentiality. Another psychologist would respond ethically in the same dilemma by weighing both values and keeping both in mind before deciding. As much as the situation proves to be challenging, the most ethical psychologist would wait for the dilemma to unfold before deciding to affect the other party. In 1896, Dr William Playfair was involved in a case associated with confidentiality. Linda Kitson consulted Playfair. Linda stated that she had become pregnant while they were not on good terms with her husband (McLaren, 1993). The doctor ended up leaking the information to one of the Kitson’s relatives. Kitson sued the doctor, and she was compensated for the damages.
References
Behnke, S. (2006). APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct: An ethics code for all psychologists…?.Eidelson, R. J. (2015). “No cause for action”: Revisiting the ethics case of Dr. John Leso.
McLaren, A. (1993). Privileged communications: medical confidentiality in late Victorian Britain. Medical history, 37(2), 129-147.
Pope, K. S., Tabachnick, B. G., & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987). Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. American Psychologist, 42(11), 993.
Revision of Ethical Standard 3.04 of the “Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct” (2002, as amended 2010). (2016), 71(9), 900-900. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000102
Health Care Asthma
Health Care: Asthma
Asthma is an airway disease. Asthma is symbolized by amplified feeling of the airways to a number of which produces spasms of airways. Asthma is also caused by constriction. Asthma causes definite narrowing of the airways and the narrowing may be calmed after treatment or impulsively. Asthma does not occur at specific ages, it can occur at all ages. On the other hand, 550% of asthma cases occur to people who are below ten years. Asthma may occur to an individual if the person is exposed to certain allergens and external stimuli; these cases are classified as allergic asthma.
Idiosyncratic asthma is case where asthma occurs when there is no implication of specific stimuli or allergen. People who suffer from asthma may have strong family or personal history of allergies. Allergic or extrinsic asthma is triggered by several allergens such as smoke, pets, dust, chemical, some food stuff and dander. Other factors that can also act as triggers of asthma are emotional stress, fatigue and respiratory infections. There are drugs which also cause asthma like the beta blockers and aspirin. The three major symptoms of asthma are: wheezing, cough and breathlessness. These three symptoms are normally evidenced during a sharp attack.
The population that is mostly vulnerable to asthma is children who are below ten years. It has been realized that boys who fall under this age are more vulnerable to the chronic disease than girls but the state reverses during adult age where women become more vulnerable to the disease than men. Even though asthma can attack anybody, research states that children who come from poor backgrounds are mostly affected with the disease that those who come from wealthy background (Bjorklund & Ruth, 189).
This is because; these children are exposed to an unhealthy living. The poor people mostly live within the inner parts of cities which can also be referred to as slams. In the inner city, the areas are overpopulated and congested making it very difficult for the smooth flow of fresh air. Secondly the inner parts of the city are untidy therefore making this age group contract the disease at a very high rate.
Children who have low birth weight are also very vulnerable to asthma. The basic environmental factors that make some of the population vulnerable to the disease are: pollution, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, cold temperatures, high humidity and ozone. It has been noticed that asthma symptoms tend to increase during the heavy pollution in the air. This is signified by increased hospital admissions. Cloudy environment releases caustic ingredients to the air. These caustic ingredients are known as ozone. Ozone causes shortness of breath, chest pain and coughing (Glaser & Jason, 167).
The cloudy environment also releases sulfur dioxide. Presence of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere also causes asthma because sulfur constricts airways. The other environmental condition that causes asthma is the change in weather. Cold weather can cause congestion in the airway, constriction of the airway which is also known as bronchoconstriction, reduced clearance of the mucociliary (this is another type of airway inefficiency) and secretions. Humidity can also cause breathing difficulty in some cases.
Unlike any other infectious disease like colds or flu, asthma is not transmitted. Asthma tends to be a condition that an individual is born with or an individual can be bone with the tendency of getting asthma later in life (Bjorklund & Ruth, 169). On the other hand, asthma can be transmitted from mother to child during delivery.
By taking medicine exactly as prescribed by the doctor, an individual is able to control asthma and avoid asthma attacks. One should also stay away from things that trigger an attack by asthma. People who suffer from asthma do not take same medication; some asthma medicines are inhaled while others are taken as pills. Medicines used for asthma treatment come in two types: long term control and quick relief medicines (Glaser & Jason, 194). The quick relief medicines are used to control the symptoms of asthma while the long term control medicines help an individual to have fewer and mild attacks but they cannot help an individual who is having an asthma attack.
The medicines used for treating asthma can have some few side effects but these side effects are mild and go away after a short while. Children with asthma are treated by making them inhale two puffs of steroids like the beclomethasone. This is done twice a day; every morning and evening (Bjorklund & Ruth, 205). Any break through symptoms in children can also be treated by using bronchodilator like the albuteral. Even though the daily inhaled medications are considered the best standard to prevent asthma attack, they also have some side effects. The main side effects these inhaled steroids are problem with adherence and restricted growth.
It is evidenced that diverse ethnic and racial persons and populations living in poverty are most likely to die from asthma than white people. Traditionally used ethnic and racial descriptors like non Hispanic, Hispanic, White and Black often put groups together who have different social, cultural and epidemiologic profiles (Glaser & Jason, 138). Dissimilarity in acculturation also describes the intergroup difference in constant illness occurrence.
There is variety in beliefs that are grounded on social class, culture, ethnicity and education, all of which interrelate and give to health disparities. Practices and beliefs affect both the type of program probable to be effective and the research being carried out within the community to expand and analyze interventions.
Health promotion helps encourage consumer conducts with the aim of optimizing health potentials: mental, psychological and physical potentials through preventive programs, access to health care services and health information. Individuals who are targeted by the health promotion efforts are peers, communities and persons in group settings to encourage a sustainable, lasting behavior changes that improve and maintain health (Connolly & Anne, 170).
Health promotion strategies can be applied to varying population groups, age allies, diseases, settings and risk factors. Strategies like education, policy, regulation, legislation and community development may be used in various combinations to address a wide series of health concerns starting from health disparities to disease detailed issues.
Contrary to the public health influenced approach of health promotion, the notion of wellness is defined as a person’s quest for spiritual, emotional, physical, mental and social well being with the aim of reaching and maintaining individual’s potential in his or her community (Connolly & Anne, 170). The wellness programs tend to highlight the benefits of good health like outdoor activities, feeling better and increased energy as a means of heartening accountability for daily life choices and avoid the negative penalty of poor health.
Health Wellness and Health Promotion both work to endorse person’s responsibility. These two programs both seek to motivate persons to be responsible for their personal health and to actively participate in health care and health decisions.
Works Cited
Bjorklund, Ruth. Asthma. New York: Benchmark Books, 2005. Print.
Glaser, Jason. Asthma. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2006. Print.
Ludovici-Connolly, Anne M. Winning Health Promotion Strategies. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2010. Print.
Retail Marketing Plan
Retail Marketing Plan
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Introduction
A strategy contains a lot of diverse meanings. In business, it signifies the tactics which an organization utilizes to establish and achieve its aims. Marketing functions as a factor of business occur inside the business’s mechanism to attain the targets. It is about the organization’s efforts to satisfy customers’ needs and wants as a section of the reason for the organization’s presence. Business surroundings are aggressive and organizations need to make sure that they fulfill their needs as their competitors. So as the Retail Marketing Director, I know that an organization’s target should be to ensure that the merchandise placed in the client’s mind is different from the others. In short, a business marketing strategy may rest on five factors. They include; the influence of marketplace drivers, the appearance and vanishing of tactical windows, the competitive surroundings features, the place of the market in the industry lifetime, and the skill base available to the business (Chernev, 2018). This essay scrutinizes the strategic marketing of Wal-Mart, target market, and its SWOT analysis as one of the world’s biggest retailer.
Strategic marketing of Wal-Mart’s
Around 1962 in Arkansas, Wal-Mart began, and from there, it has expanded to be a universal huge-market retailer possessing over 1655 stores. Over time, it has depended on its method of forming support services that make sure that it decreases its operational rates and directs the savings to customers. Wal-Mart has chased growth tracks that guarantee it rises the capacity of consumer traffic to our outlets. Since we have a mixture of high capacity and low amounts, Wal-Mart has effectively developed into a trademark-related with its “everyday low prices” nametag. As the Director, I will ensure that as part of the strategic marketing in this company, we continue embracing the thinking strategy to bring a foray inside the market. I will also ensure that critical thinking methods to resolve issues that arise with its growth are used. By doing this within our vertical and lateral strategic marketing, we will be able to attain our marketing aims.
At Wal-Mart, strategic marketing is to practice decision-making methods that ensure the business quality strategy is the finest. I will also look at the competencies to make sure that we remain comparatively well-informed with any alterations in marketing surroundings. Lastly, as part of the strategy is to boost the already effective communication principle and infrastructure that permits the administration to distribute the particulars of the business marketing strategy instead of the result to confirm that application occurs concurrently across all the operational stages. It is the responsibility of every marketing executive at each level to diverge from the status quo and question the way rates may be dropped, losses condensed, and sales capacities enlarged at an affordable cost at Wal-Mart. The accomplishment of the tactical marketing at Wal-Mart gets its recognition from the capability of the business to distinct alternative truths of its clientele. The business emphasized the customer concept as a person pursuing worth for their money instead of a demographic cluster with diverse preferences and tastes. As part of our long-term strategic marketing, we plan to grow into fresh markets, open new outlets inside already occurring markets and raise trades in the global stores.
Target market
Wal-Mart company appeals to the middle class, lower, and the less wealthy in the community, the ones that struggle to get their daily requirements. This market group is the largest in the United States plus several other nations where its operations occur. It has made it be an extremely popular brand in the US. It also approves that Walt-Mart possesses a retail store in each city in the nation. The middle class and poor in the community create a considerable section of the US populace, therefore empowering the company to do sensibly well even in zones where its rivals find it difficult to put their operations.
SWOT Analysis of Wal-Mart
This Wal-Mart SWOT analysis demonstrates that it can build higher long-term achievement potential via aggressive worldwide expansion, particularly in retail markets in rising nations. Wal-Mart’s interior strategic aspects (strengths and weaknesses) signify abilities for this type of growth. Though, the company’s external strategic elements (opportunities and threats) need to form more value via the retail service value chain to defeat the delaying competitor’s force, particularly strong regional and local ones. Its strengths are entirely connected to its business size. These aggressive strengths allow the business to endure threats despite its weaknesses as a cheap retailer. The weaknesses are straightly connected to the company’s generic approach and its consequences on business growth, abilities, profit margins, and resources. Wal-Mart utilizes the cost leadership strategy. Its opportunities are primarily concerning the spreading out and enhancing the practices of the business. These chances are linked to the worldwide economic condition. Wal-Mart’s business threats are connected to the retail market circumstance and the variations in customer views concerning the items they purchase. Still, Wal-Mart must put strategic alterations founded on the threats and weaknesses shown in the analysis to mold the organization for the long-term growth of a universal and progressively online retail marketplace.
Conclusion
Wal-Mart’s strategic advertising and its administrative purposes are to push the corporation’s extension into fresh markets. The general business tactic is to provide “everyday low prices” via a wide corporation with dealers that permit it to direct engagement terms. Wal-Mart’s target market is the lower, middle class, and the poor in the society that Wal-Mart has met their need because of the mantra that is “everyday low prices.” The SWOT analysis proves that Wal-Mart needs to prioritize utilizing its strengths to discover opportunities in the universal retail market. Wal-Mart’s threats and weaknesses ought to be the main secondary concern. Additionally, the business needs to expand its branches to discover fresh economic gaps in emerging markets.
Reference
Chernev, A. (2018). Strategic marketing management. Cerebellum Press.