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Research on Most Frequently Used Scaffolding Techniques by Teachers
Research on Most Frequently Used Scaffolding Techniques by Teachers
Autumn R. Clary
Rollins College
Introduction to Scaffolding Techniques
Scaffolding in education refers to a range of instructional techniques that are typically used to move the students gradually towards more solid understanding as well as ultimately greater independence in their learning process. Young children require proper attention, and they need to be guided well in their pre-reading skills. Therefore, teachers mainly those who teach young children the pre-reading skills offers consecutive levels of temporary support that aid the students to reach advanced levels of comprehension besides getting some skill acquisition that they would probably not get without the much-needed assistance. Consequently, scaffolding is generally regarded to be an essential component of effective teaching and due to this reason, teachers either at a grander or lesser extent, definitely use the numerous methods of instructional scaffolding in their process of teaching.
Researh has shown that if these children are not at the required reading level to understand a text or some words that are being taught by their teachers, the teacher might apply instructional scaffolding to incrementally increase their reading ability till they can be able to read the required words or text independently without being helped.
This research is is an ontological research that is based on research objects. The twenty-five research questions mainly focuses on how, teachers use scaffolding in bridging the learning gaps, for example, the difference between what the young children have learned and what they are projected to know in their education. Some of the scaffolding techniques the research utilizes in understanding how teachers support the young children’s pre-reading skills include; the teacher illustrates a specific problem or concept in several ways to ensure that these young children understand. Before the children read a problematic text, the teachers typically provide them with a simple vocabulary text. Other techniques include; the teacher making suggestions and use of demonstrations. The research questions also defined the concepts of scaffolding as applied in early childhood education.
Research hypothesis:
If the studedent does not understarnd prereading skills then applying skafolding techniques will help him understand better.
If scafolding techniques are applied to early learners then there is a high posibility to perform better in education.
If the teacher uses different scafolding techniques then the relationship and understanding between the teacher and the student will be improved differently.
Literature Review
The research utilizes previous credited researches on psychology and specifically on scaffolding techniques. That is how the teachers uses scaffolding techniques the effects on the learner and how best do they get to adopt. According to research, it has been proven that scaffolding techniques are effective and student to student cognitive and metacognitive activities have utilized these techniques which in return turned out to be successful (Pol, J. V., Volman, M., & Beishuizen, J. 2010). To further on Pol and his fellows research of 2010 showed that one to one teacher to student learning through scaffolding turned out to produce a very sharp student. Their research based on questionnaires and observation also found out that those subjected to scaffolding processes seemed to enjoy the learning unlike others who were using other methods such as being directly shown how to do something. This group of students would forget very fast and admired that they would be taught using the scaffolding methods.
Also the same researchers that is Pol, Volman, Oort and Beishuizen did another research in 2015 where the research found out the effects of scaffolding. According to their research, teachers increased the contingency degree in their support which in turn become a success by having groups of students become independent after a very short period of learning. Also in trying to control the efforts placed in tasks their research showed that high contingent support made the student work independently for a long period of time for positive results. The reverse of the same where low contingent support increased independence among the students thus worked for a short period for positive results. Lastly, higher levels of contingency and appreciation were directly related (Pol, J. V., Volman, M., Oort, F., & Beishuizen, J. 2015). According to this research it is important to note that high end learned professionals (post graduate teacher) find it hard to apply scaffolding techniques unlike those with teaching diploma, certificate or degree.
According to Ankrum, J. W., Genest, M. T., & Belcastro, E. G. and their research of 2013, we get to know that verbal scaffolding is effective and improves learning as non-verbal does. First, verbal scaffolding improves a learner’s literature through getting to know literacy skills in the process of scaffolding learning. Verbal scaffoldings are very useful in early literacy learning and this makes the learner grow as an independent literature student. The study also identified a difficulty in both verbal and nonverbal technique whereby a student needed to make a mistake so that the instructor can know where and how to begin in the scaffolding teaching method (Ankrum, J. W., Genest, M. T., & Belcastro, E. G. 2013). Untrained teachers will leave students to make mistakes intentionally thus making the learning process very difficult.
Reference
Ankrum, J. W., Genest, M. T., & Belcastro, E. G. (2013). The Power of Verbal Scaffolding: “Showing” Beginning Readers How to Use Reading Strategies. Early Childhood Education Journal,42(1), 39-47. doi:10.1007/s10643-013-0586-5
Pol, J. V., Volman, M., & Beishuizen, J. (2010). Scaffolding in Teacher–Student Interaction: A Decade of Research. Educational Psychology Review, 22(3), 271-296. doi:10.1007/s10648-010-9127-6
Pol, J. V., Volman, M., Oort, F., & Beishuizen, J. (2015). The effects of scaffolding in the classroom: Support contingency and student independent working time in relation to student achievement, task effort and appreciation of support. Instructional Science,43(5), 615-641. doi:10.1007/s11251-015-9351-z
Research-MethodsPaper
Research Methods: Behavioral Health Field
PSYCH/626
Research Methods: Behavioral Health Field
The health care field is a multi-faceted branch of study that has evolved over many centuries. This field of expertise is scientifically disciplined due to the fact that it deals with finding cures for almost every conceivable illness and disease known to man. That is why it is extremely important for professionals to conduct appropriate research studies and create efficient research designs that will allow them to gain the best answers to the questions they may have pertaining to a person’s health. Within the behavioral health care field, there is no exception to the quality of scientific research needed to gain a better understanding about a person’s health. The focus of this paper is to describe two research methods used in behavioral health, summarize two articles using two different research methods applied to the same population, and analyze the effectiveness of the methods used throughout each study.
Descriptive Research Method
One of the two research methods used in behavioral health that I will discuss is the descriptive research method. A descriptive study is one in which information is collected without changing the environment or manipulating the variables (Shuttleworth, 2008). This scientific method is commonly used in behavioral health because it allows professionals to gain a better overview of the patient within their natural state. Research case studies, observational experiments, and surveys are often used within a descriptive research design. For example, a researcher wants to known if a college student’s fraternity influences the amount of alcohol consumption. To find out the amount of alcohol consumption among fraternity members of three different organizations, the researcher would utilize observational tactics as well as surveying the fraternity members. This method has its advantages because it allows a researcher to observe his or her participants in a completely natural and unchanged environment. According to Shuttleworth (2008), “In human research, a descriptive study can provide information about the naturally occurring health status, behavior, attitudes or other characteristics of a particular group” (para 3). This sort of research method opens the door for further investigation into the specific study and allows for additional quantitative data to be collected. Overall, in behavioral health utilizing the descriptive research method has its advantages to gaining information about a specific patient or population of interest.
Epidemiological Research Method
The second research method used in behavioral health that will be discussed is the epidemiological research method. World Health Organization (2014) explains, “Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems” (para. 1). Tactics within this form of research method involves observations and similar characteristics of a descriptive study, all to understand the distribution and determinants of an infectious disease. Utilizing such procedures allows for medical professionals to gather information, plan, and evaluate preventive strategies of the particular illness being studied. For example, if a health care coordinator was interested in knowing the accidents rate in patients within a hospital. The results concluded that patients aged 60 years and older were more likely to have accidents within the hospital (British Medical Journal, 2014). This information would then be analyzed and preventive actions would result from the epidemiological study. The advantage of an epidemiological research method is the information sought out throughout the studied is not tied to one individual it is collected to draw conclusions and speaks for a population of subjects.
How Descriptive Research is Used in Behavioral Health
Descriptive research is used in behavioral health as a tool to help health care professionals observe and evaluate conditions as it pertains to a person’s health. Freberg (2013), explains that there are four types of descriptive methods used through out the behavioral health field and they are case studies, observational methods, surveys, and archival methods. Case studies usually involves an analysis of a sample group of participants. Observational methods within the behavioral health care field describes a natural, un-manipulated observation of a group of individuals. Surveys utilize correlated questions that are set in a particular way to achieve a specific goal of gaining a person’s perspective or attitude towards a certain topic. They are commonly composed of self reports, face to face interviews, or telephone surveys. Finally, archival methods is often used in behavioral health because this form of research involves locating pre-existing data and statistical findings already researched by prior professionals. Overall, descriptive research in behavioral heath care helps medical professionals analyze and describe situations, therefore enabling them to conduct further research and create theories about a specific health related concern.
How Epidemiological Research is Used in Behavioral Health
The health care field is a complex industry that focuses on scientific and critical thinking methods in a hope of preserving life, while incorporating preventive measures. Epidemiological research does just that within the behavioral health field of care. According to Johnson (2014), “Epidemiology is the study of the distribution, determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems” (para. 5). In behavioral health, epidemiology consist of scientific inquires about a specific disease, analyze of the frequency and pattern of that disease within a given population, and the determinants that may influence the onset of the disease. This scientific research method is important within the behavioral health field because it enables health care professionals to know and understand the demographics of a particular disease with a population and in turn that allows them to create preventive methods or control they outbreak. MacMahon & Pugh (1970) explains:
Originally, epidemiology was concerned with epidemics of communicable diseases. The discipline was extended to endemic communicable diseases and non-communicable infectious diseases. Modern epidemiology has been applied to chronic diseases, injuries, birth defects, maternal-child health, occupational health, and environmental health. Now, even behaviors related to health and well-being (amount of exercise, seat-belt use, etc.) are recognized as valid subjects for applying epidemiological methods (p. 27).
It is intriguing it see how behavioral health professionals has expanded the criteria of epidemiological research in order to fit the needs of the population as it related to health issues.
Epidemiology Article Titled Nutritional Epidemiology
Kelemen (2007), authored Nutritional Epidemiology, which is an article that expresses an overview of commonly used methods of dietary assessments in epidemiological studies that capture consumption patterns of populations over a period of time. The text explains that utilizing epidemiological research, as it pertains to nutrition, enables a better understanding of the affects of health care related condition such as cancer and other chronic illnesses. Epidemiological research supports the conclusion that dietary factors share a relationship with diseases among any given population. Dietary factors includes their intake of vitamin, essential nutrients, minerals, and amino acids (Kelemen, 2007). “An observed association between a nutrient and disease is complemented by statistical analysis of the nutrient’s food source (food, food groups) with the disease, which strengthens the hypothesis under study”, Kelemen (2007) says (p. 403).
Descriptive Article Titled Prostitutes Homicides, A Descriptive Study
The descriptive article that was located is authored by Alison James, Gabrielle Salfati, and Lynn Ferguson. This article explains that it has been estimated that women involved in street prostitution are 60 to 100 times more likely to be murdered than are non-prostitute females (Salfati, James, & Ferguson, 2008). The text also explains that homicides within this particular group of women are difficult to investigate and often remain unsolved. Despite this large risk factor, little literature exists on homicides of prostitutes, and there is a lack of basic statistics and knowledge regarding this very specific victim group that could possibly help investigators. The aim of this descriptive study is investigate and explore key characteristics of this group and how they differ from other subgroups of homicide. offender—female victim nonsexual homicide cases and 17 male offender—female victim sexual homicide cases. This study attempts to gain a better understanding of the crime against these prostitutes naturally and not develop predictions or manipulate its variables.
The Effectiveness of Both the Epidemiology and Descriptive Articles Methods Used in Each Study
Both the epidemiology and descriptive articles provided effective research methods to accomplish their goal set throughout the study. The epidemiology article titled Nutritional Epidemiology used a dietary assessment method to gain knowledge about a person’s diet and how it could correlates with a disease. This article explained that the most common application of nutritional assessments used Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) for their epidemiologic investigations, utilizing case control, prospective cohort, and cross-sectional study designs (Kelemen 2007). The questionnaire was effective because it asked about a person’s usual eating habits, before the dietary changes could be implemented. The descriptive article titled Prostitutes Homicides, A Descriptive Study , to demonstrate effectiveness of their study utilized an collection of techniques that required collected data from other statistical findings. According to the article, the data sets were compiled of using information from the U.K. Home Office, Hilary Kinnell press reports, and various police forces prostitute murder cases (Salfati, James, & Ferguson, 2008). Additional data was collected from local newspapers and posted created throughout the internet. The effectiveness of this method allowed researchers to use statistical data and compare their findings to the already reported ones. Overall, both articles used scientific methods to help them answer certain questioning pertaining to their research study.
Conclusion
In conclusion, when deciding on the best possible scientific study to utilize, a researcher must be aware of what type of questions they want answered. If a study wants to gain a better understanding about a particular subject, generate a theory, or observe a population within their natural state one was perform a descriptive study. If a researcher is interested in understanding an epidemic outbreak of a infectious disease within a particular population, analyze its determinants, and develop preventive practices one would use a epidemiological research design. Throughout this text, a descriptive and epidemiological research article was located and explained. Their research methods was explained for their effectiveness. After completing this task, I have learned that it is important to know and understand the different characteristics composed within the various research methods used in behavioral heath care.
References
British Medical Journal. (2014). What is epidemiology?. Retrieved from http://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-readers/publications/epidemiology-uninitiated/1-what-epidemiologyFreberg, L. (2013). Descriptive research methods in psychology. Retrieved from http://psych.com/studies/descriptive-research-methods-in-psychology
Johnson, E. O. (2014). Behavioral health epidemiology. Journal of Mental Health, 19(3), 233-248. Retrieved from http://www.rti.org/page.cfm/Behavioral_Health_EpidemiologyKeleman, L.E. (2007). Epidemiology: nutritional epidemiology. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 25(4), 401-407. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03244.x
MacMahon, B., & Pugh, T. F. (1970). Causes and entities of disease. Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12(5), 25-32.
Salfati, G., James, A., & Ferguson, L. (2008). Prostitute homicides a descriptive study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(4), 505-543. doi:10.1177/0886260507312946
Shuttleworth, M. (2008). Descriptive research design. Retrieved from https://explorable.com/descriptive-research-designSutton, S., Baum, A., & Johnston, M. (2004). The sage handbook of health psychology [University of Phoenix Custom Edition eBook]. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, PSYCH626 website.
World Health Organization. (2014). Epidemiology. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/epidemiology/en/
Research Methodology
Research Methodology
Student’s name
Institutional affiliation
Course
Instructor’s name
Date
Research Methodology
Education represents the act of teaching other people as well as the act of receiving knowledge from other individuals. Education also represents the knowledge that an individual receives in learning institutions such as schools, colleges and university. There are different learning techniques and methodologies that leaner can utilize through their learning process. One of the major techniques that also adds up as a knowledge generation mechanism is research studies. Research represents a systematic and procedural technique of applying scientific methods through learning. Research studies can be used to generate new knowledge or test a hypothesis. As a student, research offers an individual the opportunity to subject show case their level of understanding concepts learned by applying the it to the real-world scenarios. Research studies follow a distinct pattern, design and structure. I in the article, we will discuss the research method that I wish to utilize, procedures and some of the limitations that I may face trough my research process.
Methods
One of the requirements that helps distinguish a scientific research study from other forms of studies is the type of research design employed by a researcher. There are different types of research designs for example, I will employ the meta-analysis or literature review research design. Meta-analysis research design is a research design that seeks to derive a particular conclusion of a research question by looking into the conclusions and relying on the research’s data rather than primarily conducting a new research altogether (Gurevitch et al., 2018). The reasons why the above research design was elected is because Meta-analysis improves the generalization of specific study findings by providing a rather more exact estimate of the impact magnitude. As a result, it may be able to resolve study disputes and produce definitive conclusions when individual research is inconclusive. The other reasons are that Meta-analysis also allows researchers to critique and statistically integrate the outcomes of related research or tests. Its main goal is to boost the number of observations and external validity, as well as to enhance estimations of an intervention’s.
In statistical analysis, sampling represents the act of selecting a predefined number of observations from a larger population. Sampling is always favored in research since the using a smaller size instead of the whole number of respondents help in saving time and money. It is also important since a researcher can be able to easily detect and correct anomalies that might arise through the data collection process. Sampling is also essential given the fact that it helps in improving the accuracy of the data collected and improve convenience in data organization. Depending on the sort of study being conducted, the approach utilized to sample from a broader population may include simple random sampling or systematic sampling. For the purposes of this research study the sample size of the research of researches will include two hundred pieces of research studies conducted between 2017 to 2021 for master’s level. To ensure uniformity of quality it is also essential that the source of the sample papers to be Google Scholar as it is the only system with the highest quality assurance mechanisms and also provides an easy interface for easy operation.
To select the studies that could be used for the research a random sampling technique will be utilized. Some of the measure to ensure quality and applicability of the random size include; ensuring that all the sample collected for the research are between the year 2017 and 2021, the research studies should also have been conducted on a doctorate level, lastly all the research studies should be from Google Scholar. Lastly, they all must be based on examining the techniques and forms of gifted education for the gifted children.
Data collection represents the act of obtaining and analyzing data on specific elements in a structured manner, allowing an individual to solve concerns and assess consequences. In all academic disciplines, including physical and social sciences, data gathering is an essential part of the research process. For this research the technique that will be used for data collection is literature review. Literature review represents the act of going through other related research studies for purposes of arriving at a specific conclusion on a specific topic.
Procedure
The following are the specific procedure that will be followed for the purposes of conducting the research
Identification
This is the first step of the data collection procedure. In this type will identify the literature reviews that would be utilized on my research. The identification criteria will be based on the research topic and also time limits. This means that only the most recent and relevant studies will be selected.
Finding the research studies
After identifying the identification and selection criteria, the next step is finding the research studies to be used. This will require the use of the internet, the school library and any other resource that is relevant for the study.
Review
This step will include reading through the studies to ascertain that they meet all the required standards. This means that they should be relevant to the topic and also be amongst the most recent studies.
Compiling the data
The most applicable data is selected in this step and complied to be used in the research writing process.
Writing the research
After the relevant data is selected and compiled the next step would be to commence writing the research.
The practice of methodically applying statistical and logical tools to explain and demonstrate, compress and summarize, and assess data is known as data analysis. The correct and proper interpretation of study findings is a vital part of guaranteeing integrity of the data (Rajagapolan, 2021). there are different methods that could be utilized to conduct a research data analysis. For the purposes of this study the type of data analysis technique that will be utilized is descriptive. Descriptive analysis represents a form of data analysis that enables an individual to explain, illustrate, and summarize data sets in a constructive manner so that trends can develop that satisfy all of the data’s conditions.
Limitations
Limitations represents some of the underlying obstacles found within a research design technique that an individual can faces through their research process that hinders their abilities to reach for a perfect conclusion or that can limit a researcher from completing their study. The selected research design for the study is literature review or meta data analysis. Some of the limitations that might be encountered through this research include;
One of the limitations that would be encountered in this type of research is time. The time an individual requires in contacting this type of research is more compared to other forms of research. This makes their type of research time consuming as an individual is required to selected and locate more studies that already have been published so that they can be able to find content for their studies. Finding time for this type of research is would require a researcher to focus more on the research at the expense of other aspects in their life.
The other limitation is based on the fact that the research is capital and labor intensive. Finding the necessary studies for the research would require an individual to use the school library, community library and the internet. Some of these resources are not found freely and cheaply ad would require an individual to spend money of internet, library membership or even in purchasing the resources. Labor intensiveness of the research comes in by the fact that an individual is required to sort through a huge number of resources as they are finding the most relevant or applicable studies for their research.
References
Gurevitch, J., Koricheva, J., Nakagawa, S., & Stewart, G. (2018). Meta-analysis and the science of research synthesis. Nature, 555(7695), 175-182. Retrieved from
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25753?sf184289833=1Rajagopalan, G. (2021). Descriptive Data Analysis Basics. In A Python Data Analyst’s Toolkit (pp. 101-116). Apress, Berkeley, CA. Retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4842-6399-0_4