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Alzheimer Disease
Alzheimer Disease
There are many diseases that affect the brain, we also have disorders that affect the brain and the nervous system. Dementia is a common symptom of brain diseases. Dementia is the loss of mental functions such as thinking, memory, and reasoning that is severe enough to interfere with a person’s daily functioning such as paying bills. Dementia is not a disease itself, but rather a group of symptoms that are caused by various diseases or conditions. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of a progressive dementia.
Alzheimer’s Disease is a condition that affects the brain too. Alzheimer destroys the brain memory slowly, affecting thinking ability and with time the patient then get to a state where performing simple tasks becomes a big problem. It is very hard for a patient to notice that they are developing the Alzheimer disease since if starts as a simple memory loss and with time the patient then develops a dementia which progresses slowly and after several years, the affected person finds it hard to think and remember things and eventually cannot remember the basic things that a three-year-old child can remember. Mild cognitive impairment can also result to Alzheimer since, this is an intermediate stage between cognitive impairment and the dementia stage which is common among the old age. Cognitive impairment leads to dementia and after some years Alzheimer then arises.
There exists less research to understand the root causes of Alzheimer disease. Scientific researches in existence have only established that the disease develops in stages as stated above. Alzheimer was first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1907. According to him, presenile dementia, cognitive impairment, the existence of senile and neurofibrillary tangles have been defined as the key features and the tracking factors that can help in diagnosing a patient with Alzheimer (Armstrong, 2013). These features are now regarded as the clinical pathological features of the disease that is affecting the brain.
There have been reasons speculated since 1907 about the disease and some include; acceleration of aging. There is an age related to reduced brain capacity thus when one ages very fast the brain capacity tends to reduce faster. This has never been proven scientifically thus it remains a theory. Also, some argue that degeneration of anatomical pathways reduces one’s ability to think and as days go by one loses his memory and eventually he or she is diagnosed with Alzheimer. Studies in 1980s sowed that there are losses in Acetylcholine in the brain reduced one’s ability to think (Armstrong, 2013). Degeneration of one’s anatomical pathway comes as a result of reduced cholinergic system inter affecting the neural system thus resulting in memory loss cases. Another cause is linked to genetics where one may be a carrier or has the Alzheimer disease and passes it to the unborn child who then experiences the symptoms as he or she grows.
Despite lack of scientific proof on the exact cause of Alzheimer disease, scientists have linked it to the core brain proteins which at one-point fail to work normally. Abnormal functioning of these core proteins then affect the functioning of the brain releasing a series of toxic events (Lin, et al, 2018). The neurons get damages and end up losing connection to each other in return causing damage to the memory of the brain. This process is said to begin years before the signs of Alzheimer disease starts to manifest. The region of the brain which controls memory is the one that gets damaged first before the loss of neurons spreads to other parts of the brain. Since the signs are hardly felt at an early stage, when the memory part of the brain is completely destroyed, then the brain shrinks significantly and one’s memory is destroyed.
The two proteins linked to the dementia are plaques and tangles. Plaques is a beta amyloid leftover of larger proteins which when they cluster together they interrupt the functioning of the neurons and in return affecting cell to cell communication in the brain (James and Bennett, 2019). When cell to cell communication is lost it becomes hard for one to absorb and release information thus what is referred to as memory loss. The clusters form amyloid plaques which are larger clusters that also contain cell debris.
Tangles on the other hand are the Tau proteins which aid in neural transport and internal support by carrying nutrients to other parts of the brain. A person who happens to develop Alzheimer as a result of Tau changing their shape by collecting themselves into tangles which then forms structures known as neurofibrillary structures which are toxic to the brain (James and Bennett, 2019). Interrupting supply of nutrients to the brain hinders normal brain functioning which then causes cognitive impairment and as the condition last one then gets Alzheimer.
Even though the causes are not specific, there are people who are at a high risk of getting the disease. We have the old age where as you grow old the chances of the brain memory depreciating are always high. People between age 65 to 75 are at a high risk of getting Alzheimer. Also, if there is history of Alzheimer in the family then there is a chance of one out of five children might get the disease.
The Apo lipoprotein E gene (APOE) is the best understood gene factor liked to Alzheimer. A variation in APOE e4 increases the risk factor of one getting Alzheimer (Lin et al, 2018). The gene is hereditary just the same way we understand how DNA is passes from parents. However, not all the people with APOE e4 get Alzheimer it is just a few but it is good to frequently visit a physician if one experiences the symptoms and has the same gene.
A good number of those with Downsyndrome happen to be diagnosed with Alzheimer at an old age. The issue is explained by one having three copies of the 21 chromosomes thus one has three copies of the protein that lead to formation of beta amyloid. With gender less is to be explained however, there are more females with Alzheimer because they tend to live longer compared to the males. Nearly everyone with mild cognitive impairment develops Alzheimer after some years, thus this category is also at risk. Also people who have severe past head trauma can easily get Alzheimer because of the frequent interruption of the neurotransmitter cells. Lifestyle for example; non nutritional diet and lack of physical exercise, and long-term health conditions, like high blood pressure and diabetes, plays a role in risking one to get Alzheimer disease.
A person who has Alzheimer disease will always have difficulties in communicating. For instance, one cannot tell the signs and symptoms of the disease he or she is suffering from. One cannot follow medical prescriptions because they keep forgetting. One cannot adhere to instructions. In short, the affected patients will need help from family, friends or anyone willing to help them with the daily routine especially taking drugs after taken to the hospital.
At an early stage, there are symptoms like; short term memory, disturbances in sleep patterns, difficulties in doing normal routines such as getting dressed, washing hair, and generally lack of proper grooming. One will always get disoriented to normal surroundings, have problems with language including the first language (mother tongue), one will always lack a motivating factor and is fool of mood swings. When it gets to middle stage, one will always forget to properly groom themselves in the morning. One is always paranoid, full of anger, having hallucinations and keeps wandering. At the final stage, there is loss of ability to respond; one withdraws from the environment including friends. One gets bedridden because of memory loss and there are high chances to cause accidents when left alone in the environment.
Diagnosis of Alzheimer is a big problem, but one dies true diagnosis can be obtained from the autopsy done to carry out examinations if he brain is damage or a person’s mind was affected and one had Alzheimer disease. However, testing allows for 90% accuracy that a patient has “probable Alzheimer disease. The rest of the diagnosis is through studying the symptoms stated above and if they keep recurring before one gets medicine then there are very high chances one has Alzheimer disease.
Diagnosis is very important because, through diagnosis, one’s family and the doctor can help manage the symptoms of the patient. Diagnosis helps to curb problems such as incontinence and depression. If family in unsure, ruling out Alzheimer disease as cause for memory deficit in family member, diagnosis can ease concerns. Diagnosis is done to help family have as much time to prepare and learn how to care for family member with Alzheimer disease (Alzheimer’s, 2015). Some treatment medications are only used in early stage, so the earlier you can diagnose, the better the treatment options.
The treatment options that exist do not treat the disease but the symptoms of Alzheimer. The drugs offered do not stop the progression of Alzheimer but to some point, they just slow down the progress. Among the drugs given include; cholinesterase inhibitors where there are four types given that is, Tacrine (Cognex), Donepezil (Aricept), Rivastigmine (Exelon) and Glantamin (Razadyne). Antidepressants are also given, anxiolytics, and antipsychotic drugs.
Cholinesterase Inhibitors slow progression of disease via preventing breakdown of acetylcholine Donepezil (Aricept)
Antidepressants— citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline-to treat irritability and mood disorders in AD pts
Anxiolytics – Lorazepam (Ativan)-to treat any anxiety or difficulty sleeping.
Antipsychotic medications aripiprazole (Abilify) and olanzapine(Zyprexa)-To treat any hallucinations, delusions, agitation, and aggression.
Nondrug therapies: Vitamin E; Hormone therapy—estrogen in women; Music and art therapy
LITERATURE CITED
Armstrong, R. (2013). What causes Alzheimer’s disease?. Folia Neuropathologica, 51(3), 169-188.
Lin, Y. T., Seo, J., Gao, F., Feldman, H. M., Wen, H. L., Penney, J., … & Rueda, R. (2018). APOE4 causes widespread molecular and cellular alterations associated with Alzheimer’s disease phenotypes in human iPSC-derived brain cell types. Neuron, 98(6), 1141-1154.
James, B. D., & Bennett, D. A. (2019). Causes and Patterns of Dementia: An Update in the Era of Redefining Alzheimer’s Disease. Annual review of public health, 40.
Alzheimer’s, A. (2015). 2015 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s & dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 11(3), 332.
Hannah Hoch Heads of State (1918-20)
Hannah Hoch Heads of State (1918-20)
Hannah Hoch was one of the rare females practicing arts in the 20th century. She was also an active member of the Dada movement which collapsed during her time. She was a supporter of female working creatively in the society. In her artwork, she clearly addressed the issues gender and the plight of women in the modern society, mainly in her pioneering artwork inform of photomontage (Rainbird, Sean, 1987, pp 447)
Her ability to transform visual elements of other people by joining them into her own creative projects showed a good example of appropriation, which was adopted as an artistic technique. As a political iconoclast, she critiqued the happening in her society using her renowned art work
I choose to talk about her work, Heads of State (1918-20). This piece was build around the German minister of defense Gustav Noske and the German president Friedrich Ebert. (Nochlin, Linda, 2018)She has cut the men out and proceeded to create a characteristics that make the men look quit foolish and out of context as they are in their bathing suit. She places the men against a background butterflies which surround a woman and iron-embroidery pattern of flowers.
The message in her art was to represent the political happenings where the president and her ministers had ruthlessly stopped a Spartacist Rebellion. She presents them as being in a fantasy world where they did not understand the hardship the Germans were going through politically and financially at that period. The embroidery-pattern background represents a source of income and occupation of many German women and contrasts the role of men and women. The composition attacks the patriarchy and questions the arbitrary values projected onto different art forms by society. The college represents the head of state as worth of ridicule as they are stripped off.
Works cited
.
Nochlin, Linda. Women, art, and power and other essays. Routledge, 2018.
Rainbird, Sean. “Hannah Höch. London, Goethe Institute.” (1987): 478-478.
Discharge of Contracts Dryden Construction Company vs. the Ontario Hydro Electric
Law
Discharge of Contracts: Dryden Construction Company vs. the Ontario Hydro Electric Power Commission
Understanding when a contract is formed and how it is formed is a paramount aspect of a business organization. However, it is also important that one gets to know how a contract for business can come to an end.
There are several ways in which a contract can be discharged or terminated. This may be by the performance of the obligations of the contract, operation of law voluntary agreement between the parties, impossibility of the performance or by one party privy to the contract accepting that there has been a breach.
In order for Dryden Construction to have a legitimate argument they would have to prove a fundamental mistake of facts to claim that the contract had been discharged. Suffice it to say that the condition of the area of which the road was to be built must have been an essential and fundamental aspect of the contract such that had it not been as described, it would greatly influence the extent of the work and the contract as whole would become frustrated. It could be said that the heavy snow during the time of entering into the contract, and the excessive muskeg than had previously been indicated could amount to grounds for the frustration.
As a matter of fact therefore, for Dryden Construction to claim that the subsequent circumstances and the frustration therefore discharged the initial contract, they would have to use the grounds under the impossibility of the performance of the contract. When the act provided for in a contract becomes impossible to perform the law usually presumes the contract to be discharged on that basis, but only under certain circumstances, such as new laws making the contract illegal, destruction of the subject matter, an act by the other contracting party or death or incapacitation of the other party. All these cannot be adduced to have happened in this circumstance.
The fact that a contract has become impossible to perform, must be practical and the mere fact that it is more difficult than had been anticipated does not discharge it. Therefore, given that Dryden Construction had the opportunity to inspect the site for the road construction and agreed to the condition “that he is fully informed regarding all of the conditions affecting work to be done and labour and materials to be furnished for the completion of the contract and that this information was secured by personal investigation and research and not from the Commission or its estimates and that he will make no claim against the Commission to an entirely different contract” he could not later be heard to rescind on the contract merely because it look harder to perform and would ultimately cost more.
Effects of a breach of contract: Shaw vs. Universal Travel Services
In order to analyse the breach of a contract, there is a sequence of events that must be considered in law. All these must be proven to exist in order for Shaw to claim any remedies that may arise after proof of breach or otherwise. These are that she must prove that the Universal Travel Services owed her a duty for a complete tour as advertised, that this duty was breached and what in her opinion amounted to the breach and finally that she suffered damage from the said breach and is therefore liable to be compensated for those damages.
Given that she probably contracted Universal Travel Services purposely for the advertised three week tour though western Canada which also included 5 days at Banff and a stop at Castle Mountain, it would be presumed that Universal Travel Services had an obligation and responsibility to see their contract through. In addition, given that she is a paying customer, she deserved the true value for what she paid for.
She is however taken, together with other patrons to Mount Assiniboine, about two kilometers away from what was advertised. This arguable does not amount to a very fundamental aspect of the breach as the peaks being 2 kilometers apart would not offer a spectacularly different intention. In essence, this part of the contract, though arguable may be considered fulfilled if all other conditions of the contract were satisfactorily met.
However, in an instance where in addition to this change, Universal Travel Services books the patrons in a small hotel in Calgary this would fundamentally change the contract that they had entered into and would be a fundamental breach of the tour contract. Such a situation goes beyond an advertising bluff as it totally provides a different product to what the parties agreed to and the reason for the contract in the first place.
In order for compensation to be awarded, Shaw will have to prove sustainably that she suffered financial loss whose proximity is not far from the cause of events that led to her loss as a result of the breach. After proving her case, she could be awarded compensatory damages for her loss. Alternatively, it would be fair and just to offer her restitution if as a whole, the contract that she did enter into was totally different from what she had anticipated.
In order to determine what form of remedy would be best for her, it would be important to determine any financial risk she may have suffered or loss incurred as a result of the breach of the contract. Her subsequent conduct would also determine if she accepted the breach because had she protested, it would indicate that she did not acquiesce to the new state of affairs. Finally, it would be considered if returning her costs would sufficiently make good the loss she suffered as a result of Universal Travel Services not meeting their end of the bargain.
Remedies: Martin Floor Covering & Tile Company vs. Jones
As initially stated and discussed, before a person can claim remedies for a breach of contract, she must prove damage as a result of the said breach. The law provides for both equitable remedies, these are specific performance and injunctions on one hand; and remedies at a common law on the other.
In practice, however, the most common sought after remedy has always been damages. The claim for damages raises two very important questions: for what kind should a plaintiff be compensated and its proximity to the damage or loss suffered; secondly what monetary compensation she should receive in respect thereof.
In order for the claim by Martin Floor Covering to stand, they would have to prove that whatever they did was not going to amount to a fundamental breach. It is true that they had to make the workers attend to an “emergency” work. However it should be noted that Jones entered into the contract on the basis that “never pull anyone off a job until it is finished”. This fact notwithstanding, Martin Floor Covering mitigated the loss by continuing the work, without any resistance from Jones, whom they could argue had by then impliedly acquiesced to them completing the work they had been contracted to do.
Jones on the other hand could have argued breach of the contract when the workers were pulled to work in an “emergency job.” However, her lack of action therefore amounts to acquiescence and acts as an approval of the breach. Furthermore, the dental costs that she claims in addition are too remote that it can be said to have “fairly and reasonably be considered either as arising naturally to the usual course of things from the breach itself, or such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties at the time they made the contract, as the probable result of the breach.”
Given the above considerations, the court may grant a specific performance in favour of the plaintiff Martin Floor Covering for the work they did. Jones may also be awarded restitution for the costs of eating in the restaurant and taxi fares because this directly and naturally arise from the fact that the plaintiffs pulled their workmen and as such the work could not be completed in the completed time.
Agency and Franchising: Bright Lighting Company vs. Watts
Under the law of contract an offer is a promise that one is definitely to be bound upon and thus should not be vague. However, an offer can also be terminated and therefore the person making it would not be bound.
Revocation is ineffective until the communication to the offeree has been made. However if the revocation comes to the offeree through a third party, he is not mandated to uphold it. In this situation Curran, is a sales representative for the Bright Lighting Company and therefore under the laws of agency he is authorized to transact for the company’ behalf and he thus can create a legal relationship between any other party and Bright Light Company so long as it is made within the scope of his employment. Himself, Curran is not party to any contract he enters on the company’s behalf.
Under contract law, where the offer has been made for the performance of an act, it cannot be withdrawn once the act has commenced unless there has been a reasonable lapse of time.
The situation of contracting works both ways. There must be an acceptance for the offer that was made by the other party. It may be in writing, oral or inferred from the conduct of the person whom is authorized to accept the offer. In this case, it could be implied that when Curran started processing Watts written order, he had made an authorized, unqualified acceptance that was corresponding to the terms of the offer that Watts had made.
Like an offer, acceptance is not effective it is communicated to and received by the person who made the offer and it too must be from a person whom is authorized to make such an acceptance. Therefore, under the laws of agency this again comes in as a fundamental aspect for an authorized agent which in this case study Curran is.
This circumstance is tricky in the fact that there are situation where silence would normally not constitute acceptance and therefore cannot be imposed on the offeror. Even when the offeror has prescribed the form with which an acceptance is to be made, where the offeree adopts an equally expeditious method, it will be valid.
In this case, it is evident that an offer was made and received by the Company. However Curran’s assertion that the offer could not be revoked once the order was received is bad in law. Such an allowance would open a Pandora’s Box of litigation. Provided that Watts revoked his order and did so promptly he can therefore not be forced to see it through.
Business Associations: Kuli and Magory
Under the law, a partnership is defined as “the relation which subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with the view to profit.” This therefore means that the relationship of the partners does not therefore create a separate legal entity from them. Secondly, the partners must carry a trade, profession or vocation over a period of time, not just be co-owners of property.
Another characteristic of a partnership is that it must be carried on for the joint benefit of the person whoa are partners; and ultimately with the view of getting profit out of the relationship in the end. However, it does not mean that if they do make a loss their relationship stands dissolve.
In this case, Kuli owns the resource for the business and Magory owns the expertise. Given the circumstances, it would be difficult to present Magory as Kuli’s employee, as the terms clearly do not move towards that possibility. Moreover, it does not present an agent – principal relationship too.
Given that no formalities are usually required in order to form a partnership, lack of any description to that effect cannot also be conclusive to presume that they never intended to form a partnership.
Finally, the share of profit does not appear to favour one person over the other, given that each made his own contribution the best they could, the relationship is definitely a partnership of sorts.
Corporations: Driftwood Products Limited
The assertion that Driftwood Product Limited’s existence came to an end simply because the sole shareholders had all died is very wrong in law. From the date of registration, a corporate person comes into being, having a legal personality form that of its creators and members and subject to a wide range of legal rights and duties.
Although there are various types of companies, most of them almost always have the basic and similar characteristics that: they have a separate legal entity distinct from its members. This therefore means that they have limited liability, they can own property, they have the capacity to enter into contracts, they have transferable membership, they can borrow and most important to this case point, they have perpetual succession.
The continuity of a company is not affected by the death or incapacity of some or all if its members. However, given that a company is not a person per se, it will always need someone else to act on its behalf. This is where the Manager and the lawyer come in.
Finally, the fiduciary duties of the company manager obligate him to act in the best interest of the company. In doing this, he has the power to sue the company debtors in order to claim payment for the said debts. Given that the office manager had such authority and was acting within them, he was therefore well within his powers to sue the debtor, and even then, the debtor is obligated to pay.
This therefore means that as the trustee of the company, the manager must display the utmost good faith towards the company and in the dealings with it or on its behalf. This includes even when he acts especially without the will of the general meeting and in this case, all the shareholders are dead.
Internal Affairs of a Corporation: Forest Park Apartments Ltd
Foley believes and is convinced that by the company acquiring the property from Messrs Forrest, Moss and Pine, a wrong has been done to the company and her belief is that they as shareholders in the company have been defrauded into obtaining the property.
Normally, where a wrong is done to the company, or there is suspicion of an irregularity in the management of the said company, there arises a need to enforce the rights of the company. Being the proper plaintiff in such a situation, it is for the company to take action.
This is based on the fact that as a logical consequence of the company existing as a separate legal person, it is the victim of the wrong and it is the one supposed to seek remedy for the wrong committed. This in essence preserves the principle of the majority rule, and subsequently prevents multiple actions given that if each shareholder were permitted to sue, the company might be subjected to many lawsuits started by several plaintiffs. Finally, such a practice prevents futile actions because if the irregularity is one that the company can ratify, it would be futile to have litigation about it without the consent of the general meeting. However, this power is sometimes abused by directors who are majority shareholders.
The above principle places the majority shareholders in such a strong position that minority shareholders would be a t a serious disadvantage if the company were to act in an illegal or ultra vires manner, where the resolution is not properly passed, where the individual rights of the plaintiff as a shareholder have been infringed or where the majority are committing fraud on the minority.
If Foley can prove any of the above grounds, her course of action against the majority shareholders would succeed. However, if she cannot then she will not succeed to get what she conceives as an irregularity redressed.
References
Smyth, J. E., Soberman, A. J. and McGill, S. A. “The Law and Business Administration in Canada”. 12th Ed. Pearson Education Canada. 2009.