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Disaster response and recovery
Disaster response and recovery
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Question1
The ability of the government to pre-empt possible disasters help in coming up with strategies for minimizing the losses and mitigation of its effects. Disaster mitigation requires that proper planning and response mechanisms are put in place. The 9/11 is a classic example a disaster mitigation measures. The American government and UN security system have designed pre-emptive mechanisms in the aftermath of the 9/11. The mitigation measure is aimed at pre-emptying possibility of the terrorist using the nuclear weapons in an attack. Etzioni (2004) argued that following the 9/11, there has been “largely pre-empt a nuclear attack” by the US and the UN Security Council. The UN has strengthened the capacity of the International Atomic Energy Agency to monitor use of nuclear energy. Similarly Bach (2005) argued that the USA “initiated overseas operations and deployments” as a pre-emptive measure. The focus of such deployments are to limit the “terrorists’ ability to obtain nuclear arms and the materials from which they are made” (Etzioni, 2004).
Question 2
Describe mitigation measures to prevent terrorism.
Prevention of terrorism requires adequate planning and training. The government needs to have a strategic military plan that detail the possible terror threats, how to respond and recover from any attack. The government should invest in intelligence gathering as a tool for collection information about the terrorists and responding to any threat. All the information gathered should be analyzed and used appropriately. The government should also invest in modern technology such as biometric identification systems, forensic laboratories and modern military ware.
Mitigation to eliminate or reduce the impact of hazards in a community
To eliminate or reduce the impact of hazards in a community, certain measures need to be taken. The community members should be capacity built on the possible hazards in their surroundings and how to deal with them. Public education and capacity building is the best approach as it helps to empower the community with information, knowledge and skills to address their challenges. Partnerships can be used to eliminate or reduce the impact of hazards in a community. This entails partnership between the local authorities and the private sector to come up with mitigation strategies. The groups must work together to deal with any hazard. Lastly, there is need for a policy and specific laws to address the community issues. The laws such as those touching on public health, construction and waste management should be fully enforced at all times.
What mitigation measures would you recommend for your community?
I would recommend community training and capacity building. This mitigation measure is universally applicable and helps empower all stakeholders about the hazards and their impacts. The approach makes every community member responsible for the community safety and public health.
Topology, types of hazards
The topology of disasters is based on natural and artificial disasters. The natural disaster occurs without any cause or action by man. These hazards occur due to the natural processes that man has no control over.
A potential man-made disaster occurs due to the actions of man. For example, earthquake disasters may occur as a result of myriad dangers related to poor designs by the architectures and town planners.
I would you base my decisions on the causes of the hazards in the classifications.
Question 3
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bioterrorism preparedness and Smallpox Response Plan.
The plan outlines the procedures to be taken to contain smallpox epidemic. The vaccination, as per the plan, is give through mass vaccination or ring vaccination that targets the carriers (CDC, 2013). The plan is however controversial. The controversies have been based on the safety of the vaccines. The protagonists argue that the vaccine may not be as safe as argued by the center. Similarly, issue of the efficacy of the vaccination has been raised. Those opposed to the idea argue that the vaccine may not as effective as portrayed. They argue that the vaccine has not been scientifically tested and proven to be effective. It may therefore lead to life threatening situations.
There are right approaches to dealing with bioterrorism. The CDC already has plans to counter the possible attacks. For example, there are plans on how to deal with smallpox virus instigated attacks. The surveillance and mitigation strategies have been effectively designed by Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and the National Vaccine Advisory Committee (CDC, 2013).
Question 4
One of the objectives of NRF is to “describe scalable, flexible, and adaptable coordinating structures, as well as key roles and responsibilities for integrating capabilities across the whole community,5 to support the efforts of local, state, tribal, territorial, insular area, and Federal governments in responding to actual and potential incidents” (Homeland Security, 2013). The NFR is mandated to come with appropriate response mechanisms during disasters. The first objective shows that the entity should design flexible response strategies. For example, the Katrina disaster escalated because of the slow response that was marred by bureaucracy and systems’ rigidity. The objective also advocates for proper coordination of scalable operations from national to local levels. The aim of this objective is to ensure that the response process is not chaotic but well planned so that no more lives are lost. For example, during the 2013 Boston Marathon Bombing, the team helped to secure the city and arrest the terrorists, while evacuating the athletes. The timely and coordinated response showed the he NFR lives to its objective.
Comments from Support Team:
References
Bach, R. (2005) Transforming Border Security: Prevention First. Retrieved from.
https://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=1.1.2
CDC (2013). What CDC Is Doing to Protect the Public From Smallpox. Retrieved from.
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/prep/cdc-prep.asp
Etzioni, A. (2004). Pre-empting Nuclear Terrorism in a New Global Order The European Think
Tank with a Global Outlook. Retrieved from. http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/314.pdf.
Homeland security (2013) National Response Framework. Retrieved from.
HYPERLINK “https://s3-us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/dam-production/uploads/20130726-1914-” https://s3-us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/dam-production/uploads/20130726-1914-25045-1246/fina
Richards, E. (2010). The United States smallpox bioterrorism preparedness plan: rational response.
William Mitchell Law Review. Retrieved from.
HYPERLINK “http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/articles/Richards.7.20.2010.pdf” http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/articles/Richards.7.20.2010.pdf.
l_national_response_framework_20130501.pdf
Aluminum Alloys And Their Usage
Aluminum Alloys And Their Usage
Introduction
In order to enhance formation of alloys and the strengthening of the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloys, they are formed under a solidified process with temperatures below the melting point. The material is initially deformed over semi solid temperature as result of heat caused by the process of plastic deformation.
The tensile power, elongation, toughness and hardness of the alloys are achieved under the temperature that varies from 500 to 550 degrees. This is in comparison to the billets extruded under hot temperatures of about 450degrees together with the semi solid that is processed at 560degrees. The billet heat during formed is evaluated using the finite stimulation element. The tensile potency together with hardness of extruded billet at 550 degrees which is below solidus temperature that is high than the billet produced at around 450degree.
They are almost similar to the billet that is malformed at around 560degrees at a semi solid state at the same temperature. Cracking that happens on the surface extrudes the billet that is processed at high blow speed. The calculated heat that is applied to extrude the material in a semi solid state that is experimental because of the improved hardness. Volume production of cars commonly uses aluminum in the production of parts of the car. The different parts include engines castings, radiators, together with wheels. The general production of the cars is approximately around 5000 to 6000 chain of alloys.
It is also essential as it offers adequate strength that combines to make the parts resistant to corrosion, its toughness and ability to weld it. The reasonably low cost, ready availability and the light weight in density, the flexibility of the metal its structure and integrity and its easy nature to make into various forms and its uses has now widen from use in commercial vehicles, cars, marine freights, navy submarines, putting up of structures, and also to make military combat vehicles has made it a preferred choice in the automobile industry.
Conclusion
Use of aluminum in the transport sector is the preferred choice because of its light weight. It has been the major material for use in the aviation since time in memorial. The high strength is commonly used to build body trucks. Another series 2014 is used to make bolts and rivets. Some elements in this category can be readily joined together by welding and also gas. The other use of aluminum is building of aerospace materials like space crafts which are joined by gas tungsten. An alloy 2195 is the latest lithium that is used to make high strength elastic aluminum for use in outer space. Some applications which require tough fracture strengths varies from 2124,2324, and the 2419 that are all specifically made specifically to suit the aviation industry. With the absence of the aluminum alloy the aviation industry could face major setbacks. Other alloys like 2011 2017 are used to make fasteners. Other uses of alloys includes manufacture of heavy duty structures, underground storage tanks, truck tanks, booster tanks, rockets and vehicle railings. Aluminum alloy is commonly used in the automobile industry because it is much easy get. It is not easily corroded, it is very flexible, very light in weight, molding it into different shape is easy. Joining it is very easy as one can use gas, weld it together or rivets can also be used to bind the metal together.
Campbell, F. C. (2008). Elements of metallurgy and engineering alloys. New York: ASM International. Eskin, D. G. (2008). Physical metallurgy of direct chill casting of aluminum alloys. New York: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. Farndon, J. (2001). Aluminum. New York: Benchmark Books/Marshall Cavendish. McQueen, H. J. (2011). Hot deformation and processing of aluminum alloys. New York: CRC Press
Disaster Recovery
Disaster Recovery
Student’s Name
Affiliation
Course
Date
Introduction
Disaster recovery (DR) entails a set of policies, regulations and procedures that warrants efficient recovery or continuity of critical and important technological systems and data after a human- induced or natural disaster (Blokdijk, 2008). The aspect focuses on the ability of technological systems’ ability to support critical commercial functions. Disasters can be classified into two classes. Natural disasters entail incidences such as floods, hurricanes, earthquakes or even tornadoes. Miami and Los Angeles are prone to such natural disasters (Phillips, 2009). Man-made disasters are the disasters that result from human activities. They include infrastructural failure, disastrous technological viruses and bugs as well as bio-terrorism. Natural disasters are difficult to prevent but proper risk planning and management can limit the damages that result from natural disasters.
Disaster recovery could entail a variety of technologies that would ensure that data is archived in the best way possible. Security of the data is very critical in ensuring the continuity of the company. Hot and cold sites are critical in data storage (Rommel, 2008). The two have a variety of pros and cons and therefore the company has to decide on the best choice that will not only be cost effective but also efficient. Hot sites are much cheaper to implement and maintain via outsourcing. The limiting factor about warm sites is that it utilizes sharing of storage. In the event of a serious natural disaster, the possibility of data recovery could be on question because of the sharing of storage (Blokdijk, 2008). From an analytical analysis, cold sites would be fit because the technology requires rented space as well as power, cooling as well as connectivity. The length of a disaster could be unpredictable. The cold sites are preferred over hot/ warm sites because they lack the shared infrastructural base and therefore offers cushion against the uncertain period a disaster may last. Hot sites although cheap, are only effective for data recovery when the disaster last a short time (Phillips, 2009).
Data mirroring refers to the duplication of logical disk volumes to separate hard disk to ensure continuous availability of data. Mirroring has a better alternative for storage of data and ensuring the data is perfectly stored in the event of a disaster. The mirroring technology increases data protection. The technology offers complete redundancy of data. The technique uses the SQL servers to carry out its data storage. Storage replication can be done asynchronously, point in time and synchronously. The replication is done by a microcode that is located on the disk array (Rommel, 2008). In the event of a disaster, the different disks can be accessed on separate basis. It is therefore essential to install such technology because in the event of a disaster, not all the data is lost because the disks are not interlinked and depend on each other. In this circumstance, mirrored disks can be separated, split and used to back up the data.
Tape recovery backup and archiving technique is a technology designed to recover data even when hard drives have been damaged after a disaster. Considering the company is located in Miami and Los Angeles, locations that are prone to natural disasters, the possibility destruction of the data storage and archiving facility could lead to destruction of the data storage center (Snedaker, 2007). Contracting companies such as Kroll Ontracks could help in the recovery of the destroyed critical data (Phillips, 2009). Tape recovery offers a variety of other services such as tape replication, data deduplication, consolidation of the data that has been backed up as well as tape indexing besides cataloguing (Blokdijk, 2008).
Companies work extremely hard to build their business empire over a long period of time. The prediction of natural disaster is extremely hard and therefore in the event a natural catastrophe occurs, the firm suffers from destruction of its physical structures and the data that acted are the basic background on which the company operated is destroyed. Such incidences introduce the issue of offsite data recovery centers (Rommel, 2008). The centers are located far from the company and the past occurrences of natural disaster trends can be used as a baseline to determine the areas that have experienced minimal cases of natural disasters as the best centers for offsite data storage. Most offsite data storage companies apart from storing data in large date storage devices, they utilize the cloud computing technology. The cost of backing up data with offsite data storage facilities but the company is guaranteed of the safety of the achieved data (Phillips, 2009). Offsite online storage of data is the best solution of storing the company’s data. Loss of data could have serious implications on the survival of the company after natural disaster because rebuilding the existing structures and models designed to shape the company’s present and future is extremely hard.
Conclusion
Preparedness for natural and anthropogenic disasters is essential for the survival of any firm. The disasters do not sound an alarm before they occur and therefore there is a necessity for the company to timely prepare itself before such catastrophes happen. Proper vetting should be conducted to ensure the best companies are awarded the tender to archive and store the company’s data.
References
Blokdijk, G. (2008). Disaster recovery 100 success secrets IT business continuity, disaster recovery planning and services.. S.l.: Emereo.
Phillips, B. (2009). Disaster recovery. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Rommel, F. (2008). Active Directory disaster recovery expert guidance on planning and implementing active directory disaster recovery plans. Birmingham, UK: Packt Pub..
Snedaker, S. (2007). Business continuity & disaster recovery for IT professionals. Burlington, MA: Syngress.