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Sovereignty is a notion that a government of a certain

Question 1

Sovereignty is a notion that a government of a certain nation is free to act as it desires within its own territory. it is the ultimate authority or overseer in all decision-making processes of a state in its maintenance of an orderly society. This is the premise of he peaceful coexistence amongst states with differing political systems.

Question 2

Power, in international relations, describes the ability of an actor to exercise certain levels of influence over another actor within an international system. It is therefore the ability to direct actions and decisions of others. More comprehensively, power is the production of effects influencing and shaping the capacities of actors in the determination of their fate and circumstances.

Question 3

In the context of international relations, balance of power differs from hegemony in a number of ways. Balance of power is a policy and posture of a country of a group of countries protecting themselves against other nation(s) by matching power against that on the opposing side. Hegemony is all about ruling and leadership. It is the ability of actors with overwhelming capacities to influence and shape the global system through often coercive or non-coercive means. Therefore, the differences are built along the lines of formality and social life where power deals with effectiveness and hegemony is all about creating influence, authority, and domination over others. Balance of power aims to achieve effectiveness in the relationship between international players while hegemony intends to generate dominance over an international group or country.

Question 4

Professor Fred Halliday defines international relations from a point of view of diplomacy and war, authority and sovereignty, and international law. He sees international relations as an amalgamation of perspectives and theoretical models that aim to explain the world in relation to salience and dominance of states. He also includes the role of non-states in the running of the world and in defining the relationship of nations and groups of nations. Therefore, beyond the basic definition of international relations as the interactions between two or more nations in the context of the cultural, political, and economic ties, Halliday would add the role of other actors including non-state actors, the military, and the role of dominance, war, sovereignty, balance of power and so on.

Question 5

The international society is said to be anarchic and not chaotic. In neorealism, the international system is permanently anarchic due to the conspicuous absence of an overseeing superior authority. Additionally, the international society lacks a basic sovereign structure or a supreme authority. In anarchic structures, there lacks coercive and superior powers to resolve disputes, enforce order and the law. However, the international society is not chaotic. Chaotic systems are unpredictable, have circular causality, and are difficult to model. The international society lacks a supreme authority, yet is predictable, easy to model, and has a system to ensures its continuous existence.

Question 6

6a.

Countries such as Canada, Venezuela, Brazil, and Mexico are termed as 2nd tier powers because they do not fall amongst the most successful, largest economies, or having the most important aspects of power in comparison to larger nations like China and the United States. The simple definition of 2nd tier power is that it is not first rated. 2nd tier powers do not have the power to rule such as the United States does through a hegemony structure. However, they have the capability to help shape important policies and define relationships with the tier 1 powers.

6b.

The US has equally interfered and defended the sovereignty of its neighbors through influencing international policies. For example, its activities in Cuba and in Venezuela have meant that it has influenced the direction of the political and economic directions of the nations. More recently, its war on drugs has meant strained relations with Mexico including both defending the neighbor and interfering in its ability to run the country effectively. The United States has interfered in the political events of neighboring nations in a way that has imposed political systems. It has also supported and defended these neighbors against external influences such as its activities in Puerto Rico and in Mexico. Overall, it has displayed hegemony in these states through interference and dominance using a political system that ensures support and interference by equal measure.

Some labor economies have criticized the labor capital theory claiming that it tries to explain all differences in wages and

Question 1

Some labor economies have criticized the labor capital theory claiming that it tries to explain all differences in wages and salaries in terms of human capital. Assess the validity or otherwise of this argument.

In simplest language human capital can be said to correspond to any stock of knowledge or characteristics the worker has, either acquired or innate, and which contributes to his or her “productivity. According to the argument of labor economists, every observable difference in remuneration in the labor market is due to due to human capital. That means that if for instance one teacher or lecturer is paid a smaller salary than another lecturer, then the low paid lecturer has lower skills which are not measured by the years of schooling.

The labor economies are right in criticizing the labor capital theory because labor economists presume that all pay differences are related to skills, which is not true because there are many notable exceptions.

(a) The first exception is discrimination based on taste whereby employers pay a low wage to a worker because of the worker’s gender, race or other forms of prejudice. These have also been referred to as gender and nativity wage differentials, discrimination in the work place, and socioeconomic status. An example is a white man working in Kenya is likely to earn more than other Kenyans working in the same organization. The difference in the wages can arise due to the connections one has at the work place or ethnicity. There could also be immeasurable variables such as personal character or connections with insiders for instance via family or fraternity. Wages can therefore be higher for employees on aspects other than human capital.

(b) Differences in compensation can also arise due to labor market imperfections. This is where workers with the same human capital are paid different wages because the jobs they do differ in terms of their productivity and pay, and one of the workers was lucky to get the high productivity job and the other got the low productive one.

( c) difference in wages also arises due to compensating differentials whereby a worker is pad less money because he/she receives part of the compensation in terms of other working conditions which might not be easy to observe for instance better amenities.

Labor market theorists do not take care of market imperfections such as non-competing groups and labor-market segmentation. In segmented labor markets, the “return on human capital” differs between comparably skilled labor-market groups or segments. An example of this is discrimination against minority or female employees.

In conclusion Theories of human capital view human beings as means to increased income and wealth rather than as ends. These theories are concerned with human beings as inputs to increasing production. One can earn a salary different from others depending on many other factors although they are working in the same organization. The term human capital is also considered inappropriate and inhumane, as individuals would be degraded and their abilities classified according to economically relevant quantities.

Skills that makes a Logistics sales person to be a good sales man ship always promotes him

Question 1

Skills that makes a Logistics sales person to be a good sales man ship always promotes him to the next senior position since he has quality traits that a company needs for its success (Leornard, 2005). These traits include;

Confidence is the most important character of a successful logistic sales person. Believing in oneself and the product they sell for their prospects to believe in them. This confidence gives one the power to convince others that they are the only person that they would want to deal with.

Persistence/perseverance makes a successful logistic sales person refuse to give up after being told ‘no’. If the prospect is not ready to sit through the pitch one can ask for another day when he is ready and talk about the product,

Attentiveness shows the logistic person has respect for his prospects. He should listen and understand the prospected customer.

Network Building of contacts from customers helps maintaining them .In addition establishing rapport with the customer gives the sales person a chance to ask for referrals from friends,’ colleagues and relatives to bring in more potential customers.

Initiative and Drive, thus a good logistic sales person always looks for ways to improve delivering on their pitch. For instance the sales person should have the initiative to know their competitors products and compare and contrast when in the field and make good reviews from the products he sells to attract more customers and make more profits.

Question 2

LISTENING Skills enables a sales person find out the most important things for their prospects by recognizing their needs, cares and attributes and try to match them with the benefits and advantages of their products.

Persuasion is the ability to present ones product to prospects in a non-threatening and effective manner, showing them it’s in their best interest and be able to persuade them on the products benefits.

Work ethic is the ability to work harder and better .For instance the sales person should not talk a prospect into something, first listen to what they want and give them a chance to make the buying decision. The sales person’s job is to ethically present the product, idea or service, answer questions and explain the benefits

Reference

Leonardo .V (2005) Basic Concepts & Characteristics (chapter 2) retrieved from:

http://www.adam-europe.eu/prj/7095/prj/CourieL_WP2_Chapter2_final.pdf