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Alexies Indian Education
Education
Introduction
Education is defined as the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment( World English Dictionary) and generally includes preparing oneself or others for an intellectually mature life. The term can also be used to mean the outcome of a particular training, instruction or a study. Traditionally, the ideal setting for imparting knowledge is a classroom. This usually comprises of a teacher, who is responsible for teaching a group of learners a given concept. In the end the teacher is supposed to evaluate how well the learners have grasped the concept taught through an assessment, most commonly an exam.
Alexie’s “Indian Education”.
Sherman Alexie is a Native American who tries to capture what it is like to grow up in the white American culture. He uses each academic year to illustrate his experiences and shows how differently non-white students are treated in an area that is still greatly affected by the effects of colonization. Even though it has been centuries since the western expansion into the Indianterritory, the natives gradually saw their land taken from them and their culture diminish. They were finally relocated to reservations. The natives still have the feeling of oppression and this is portrayed by Sherman when he writes about his experiences as a young boy through school and also after his schooling years.
Colonialism is the movement of one country, usually a more advanced country especially in military capabilities, into another less dominant country and integrating their cultures. This led to the assimilation of the two cultures. Thus, herein lies the problem since there is a conflict of cultures as the colonialists try to dominate the native’s cultures while the natives fight backto try and retain their cultural identity. This conflict is clearly portrayed by the author as he takes us through the journey from a tender age in his schooling years to his post-gradation years.
For most children, elementary school is a time for fun before the later pressures of academics in more advanced stages of life. It is at this stage that children develop socially through interaction by their peers. However, for Alexie, this works in the exact contrast. It proves to be a time of torment for him from hi peer. He is called nick-names like “Junior Falls Down” or “cries-like-a-white-boy” (Alexie 1.3). Such nicknames were deeply engrained in the American culture and were often a creation of a much older person within the society. These were characteristic of oppression. Theses bullying acts were often directed to children who appeared to be weaker in the society.
In third grade, Alexie is taught by a missionary teacher who works with children in the reservations. She shows her dislike for the Indian culture when she proposes that Alexis cut his braids. This action appears to stem from the fact that the dominant culture views their practices as superior. In this case however, the submissive culture fights back and this is portrayed where Alexie’s parents “came in the next day and dragged their braids across Betty Towler’s desk”
Alexie describes hearing girls in their washrooms in eighth grade talking about anorexia and bulimia (Alexie 2.50). The girls are fearful of consuming food in order to keep a check on their body weights. He then compares this to his life in the reserves where his mother had to wait in line for commodities and goes back home with canned beef that he describes as so bad that even the dogs would not touch it. He therefore argues that in relation to how difficult it is for those in the reserves to get a decent meal, he sees no reason for anorexia.
The first year in high school present a different type of challenge for Alexie. While giving his accounts on his schooling experiences, Alexie has mostly described the conflict between the white people and the NativeAmericans. But now he shifts his focus to then light skin and thoseAmericans with darker skins. Alexi is accused of drinking by a Chicano teacher who blames the Indians for “starting to drink real young”. Alexi then comments that “sharing dark skin does not make two men brothers”, a thing that surprised the white population (Alexie2. 58-59)
Fashion has also been focused on in Alexie’s accounts. Women are supposed to dress according to their culture and ethnicity. This expectation was enhanced both by the media and the fashion world. Alexi mentions the pressure of the media first in his school. Whereas in the Indian culture hairdressers were a symbol of courage and honor, the current fashion world uses it for beauty purposes without giving any consideration to the meaning of the attire.
In conclusion, Alexie shows the impact of colonialism on the Native American population lifestyle. There are so many issues that surround these dominated groups. The Native American group have been pushed to reserves with poor living conditions, health conditions and also Ares with rampant drug abuse. This has led to the depression of the Native American culture.
How does Alexie’s’ life experience in the essay “Indian Education” change our understanding of the concept of “education”?
From the definition above, education includes preparing oneself and others for an intellectually mature life. After reading the experience by Alexie I view education differently in the following ways;
Firstly, traditionaly education is believed to be delivered through a teacher to a student and the ideal setting for this is in a classroom. The teacher takes the learners through a givenconcept and then the learners evaluated after a given period. However, this does not always favor all students alike since at young ages some go through more difficult experiences than others. Most teachers go as fast as majority of theirstudents but who takes care of the interest of the weak students? With respect to this, new policies or methods should be introduced to take care of such learners.
Secondly, apart from the normal classwork pupils should be taken through other social skills that will help them accommodate their peers irrespective of their tribes or backgrounds. Teachers should help learners form not only academic partnerships but also strong social bonds
Discrimination starts from adult and spread to their children. Occasional adult education should be held to help sensitize adults against poisoning the minds of their children with radical ideas that they may not be able to comprehend. Otherwise, if left to digest such strong opinions on their own, wrong misinterpretations may lead to radical actions and thus dire consequences.
REFERENCES
Berglund, Jeff, and Jan Roush. Sherman Alexie: A Collection of Critical Essays. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2010. Internet resource.
Grassian, Daniel. Understanding Sherman Alexie. Columbia, SC: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 2006. Print.
Kosambi, D D. An Introduction to the Study of Indian History. Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1975. Print.
Li, Rong A, and Jeffrey T. Fouts. Education for Social Citizenship: Perceptions of Teachers in the Usa, Australia, England, Russia and China. Aberdeen: Hong Kong university press, 2005. Print.Nichols, Roger L. American Indians in U.s. History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004. Print
Hacksaw Ridge Movie Review
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Hacksaw Ridge: Movie Review
Hacksaw Ridge is a biographical film that tells a story of one soldier by the name Desmond Doss who was a Christian and specifically a seventh day Adventist whose religion does not permit him to kill and for the said reason refuse to carry a gun. He enrolls in the army because he wants to help people in the war as a medical doctor. After a few disagreements with the commanders of his platoon for defying the order to carry a firearm, Desmond is allowed to serve in the Second World War. Hs is tossed in the fearsome battle of Okinawa where hundreds of people die and get enjoyed. Despite being a “conscientious objector” among his peers, Desmond emerges from the battle of Okinawa as a hero having saved the lives of 75 soldiers that night. This paper is a short but detailed review of the biographical war drama Hacksaw Ridge and the evaluation of its effectiveness as a genre of this kind.
The cinematography presented by Simon Duggan in this movie is beyond dazzling. The movie is able to capture wonderful battle sequences with balanced shadow and color. The hand held shots are also outstanding with very little reliance on CGI (Brody). A good illustration of how good the movie’s quality is, is the beauty and simplicity of the light and precision of Desmond’s home and the woods. The shots that show the sky on numerous occasions can is metaphorical and takes the audience to heaven. The visuals carry through the believes of Desmond on every level. The camera angles are also exceptional.
The Hacksaw Ridge is a biographical war drama that dramatizes the life of a soldier that participated in the second world war on an exceptional capacity. As a biographical film, Hacksaw Ridge uses the real name of the historical character the film is depicted on. What makes it so suitable for its genre is the comprehensive attempt to narrate the life of Desmond Doss and especially the years that are historically significant in his life. The dramatization of Desmond’s life by actor Andrew Garfield in a scenario that is so demanding of actors is spot on. Why this is important is that, biographical movies are based on the actions and characteristics of a person that are already known to people. Without such dramatization that take notice of detail, the movie can lose its authenticity as a biography and rendered obnoxious. Since male biopics are considered a different genre from female biopics because of the characteristic content in each case, Hacksaw Ridge fulfills the demands of a male biopic by dealing with the accomplishments of the individual portrayed in character.
As a biopic, the movie Hacksaw Ridge is judged based on its ability to dramatize the life of Desmond Dos while still maintaining the authentic and important elements of his heroic life. It should just be a dramatization and not an exaggeration or an understatement. The audience receives an account of Desmond’s life that is an example of how humanity raises above evil despite the movie being about war. The depth and authenticity that each character brings makes the development and portrayal of this story very successful. The movie is able to define even the smallest character in Desmond’s unit distinctively and as a person through the short interactions between the men. The movie is also judged for its stretching of the truth for the purpose of dramatization. incorporates the story of Desmond Doss and the surreal aspects of a war for the purpose of stretching the film without losing authenticity. People who know the true account of the Hacksaw Ridge should not be put off the excesses of the film and should be able to enjoy the additional content for dramatic effect.
Hacksaw Ridge perfectly uses cultural stereotypes to introduce and shape the character of Desmond Doss. This movie especially challenges what it means to be at war. In the real sense war is a place where people inflict pain on one another but in this case Doss is an element of healing. In his own words Doss says “With the world so set on tearing itself apart, it don’t seem like such a bad thing to me to want to put a little bit of it back together.” At one point as a viewer who has grown with movies that reinforce idea the historical enemies of America in wars as evil I found myself strongly disagreeing with the sentiments of Doss. If he is not carrying a gun and fighting, then he is not a soldier and should then not be allowed on the force. There is nothing special about him is what society has taught many people who watched the movie to initially respond to Desmond’s approach to contributing to combat.
Works Cited
Brody, Richard. “Mel Gibson’s ‘Hacksaw Ridge ?: Religious Pomp Laced with Pornographic Violence.” The New Yorker, 3 Nov. 2016, www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/mel-gibsons-hacksaw-ridge-religious-pomp-laced-with-pornographic-violence.
Hackers, Good And Evil
Hackers, Good And Evil
“Governments form the industrial world; I come from cyberspace, the new home of mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome here. You have no sovereignty where we gather. You do not know us, nor do you know our world. Cyberspace does not lie within your borders, your legal concepts of property, expression, identity, movement and context do not obey to us. They are all base on matter and there is no matter here.”
John Perry Barlow – Electronic Frontier Foundation
Cyberspace Declaration of Independence
A war is being fought in the Internet twenty-four hours a day. A team of defenders spread throughout the world, are ready to stop and neutralize every attack. It is the Global Thread Operation Center where all attacks are being monitored; any of which could be the signal for a stronger hit that could generate absolute chaos. The room looks like a set from a futuristic movie. Four huge screens in the front of the room display the process data that is taking place. Several rows of desks and panels fill the room. More than twenty people are moving around, answering and making phone calls, talking to each other, and examining computer screens. They are ready, and waiting. Suddenly, everyone’s attention is focused on a specific screen, where a problem has been detected. One of the major highways of Internet traffic has slowed down considerably due to an assumed hacker assault. What is scary about this attack is that it seems to be moving through the time zones towards the Americas, most likely the United States. So far, it has in some way affected every major network attached to one of the pipelines. If the attack effectively reaches the U.S., it could negatively affect hundreds of companies, businesses, the stock market and millions of people; this would cause a devastating strike on the infrastructure of the Internet itself. The head leader of the team makes a quick check with another station in Asia and as they speak the Internet traffic recovers from the incident as fast as it occurred. The team lightens up and feels good that they were able to catch it on time. This kind of anomaly is what the team most fears, an electronic Pearl Harbor (Hackers: TLC).
Over the past twenty years, our world has evolved into a more complex society and simultaneously people have been evolving as well (Himanen vii). There is an overall, new culture, new technology and different languages that conforms a digital community holding all kinds of people: pirates and thieves, delinquents and law enforcers, dreamers, heroes and villains. Even though they operate all over the world, their true home is cyberspace. “These diverse breed of people are known as hackers”(TLC).
Unfortunately, the press uses the term hacker incorrectly when describing illicit access on computers with malicious or criminal purpose. The Atlantic Magazine, Feb. 17, 2002 par. 1 “It has been widely noted that last week’s attack by hackers against the Internet sites Yahoo, Amazon…” and it continues, “the fact that hackers were able […] to cripple these major sites…” How can such important magazine permit such barbaric mistake? Many other important publications and periodicals follows the same mistake. “ Stopping hackers from malicious breaking into computer networks is often a game of cat and mouse”, “Every attack on a computer by a hacker leaves traces” said Paul Eng from ABC News.com.
Since the start of the computer era, the term hacker has been used to describe its pioneers, defining their motivation to explore in detail how computer systems and networks function. In the early sixties, small groups of Stanford and MIT’s programmers started to call themselves hackers. Interested only in analyzing systems and writing programming code, they never got involved in any criminal activities, malicious intents or in breaking the rule of privacy and property. On the contrary, they followed the hacker ethic, which tells that “the search for information and expertise is vital and sharing this knowledge is the hacker’s duty to the community” (“RedHat,” par. 4).
Steven Levy was one of the first writers that got involved with hackers. In his book “Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution” Levy recorded the original hacker ethic:
qAccess to computers should be unlimited and total.
qAlways yield to the Hands-On Imperative.
qMistrust authority — promote decentralization.
qHackers should be judged by their hacking.
qYou can create art and beauty on a computer.
qComputers can change your life for the better.
These seven statements are very clear and precise and many hackers still practice the art of hacking based on this ethic code. Hackers simply enjoy challenges, like for example that of circumventing security controls on computer systems (RedHat par.4). By the mid-eighties when some members of this community began to commit dishonest hacking of systems and networks to inflict damage or obtain personal gain, hackers decided to name them crackers in order to differentiate themselves. Over the years, different levels of distinctions (“black, white, and gray hat”) where applied to describe the individuals who find and exploit vulnerabilities in computers. Whatever you call them, the fact is that hackers are among us. They are people just like you and me, heroes or villains. Like any group of people, some will be good and some will be bad.
Ian Murphy, also known as Captain Zap, performed one of the first cracker attacks. At a very young age, he targeted the charging system of AT&T telephone Company because the rates were too high. At that time, computerized systems did not have much security. For Captain Zap was easy to get access, it was a game. By changing the clock system around the country, Zap was able to turn discounted night rates into daytime rates. Therefore millions of ATT subscribers started to save money without even knowing about it. Just when the first set of bills started to go out, the company found out. This is considered one of the greatest hacks, and Captain Zap became part of the hall of fame of hackers. Zap himself says that above all he decided to become this “techno freak” because he seemed to know a lot about it and also because there were no laws to it. Today hackers like Captain Zap are considered as hackers who wear the black hat (TLC).
The hackers, “wearing” the black hat (the crackers,) are those who are not interested in the academic value of breaking into computer systems, instead they used their abilities to steal sensitive private information for their own gain, causing damage and crisis to many organizations and the public. Crackers gave birth to the phrase “cyber-crime” generating serious damage to business and companies, to the social structure in general. Their actions range from credit card fraud, identity theft, to spreading computer viruses. Still, the black hats category can be broken down further. There are the Script Kiddies or Cyber-punks. These kids like Cold Fire and Mafia Boy get bored at school and are very skillful with computers and technology. They tend to use their skills for evil and end up getting caught because they brag about their exploits in order to make a name in the community. Another group is the level of Professional criminals. Private companies, and even the government usually hire crackers since they make the perfect spy (Hacker 101). Lastly there are those who have great abilities writing programming software code and used it to create those malicious programs called viruses. The Melissa virus is an example of how critical damage crackers cause, with an estimated damage of $80 Million dollars in one million computers across the world. In a response to such acts, tougher laws on cyber crime have been created.
With the appearance of cyber crime, a new profession for hackers came alive. These hackers have their “white hats” on, and they are also known as ethical hackers (TLC). A “white hat” hacker only attacks systems when authorized by the owner. His purpose is to test and examine the systems and networks performance, to determine how vulnerable it is to intrusion. Very good examples of white hat hackers are academic researchers and professional security consultants (RedHat). Many of the ethical hackers wore the “black hat” before, but they have switched since the “white hats” they get paid, and better yet they are allowed to hack. It is the best reward any hacker can receive.
The white hats first start fighting the bad guys at the Internet Security Services Global Threat Center. Just in one hour, they observe more than 400 pre-attacks, 1500 Denial-of-Service attacks (overload or flood of site’s servers) (TechTV, “What Is”) and last year alone they seized approximately 83 million hacker attacks all over the world. The team has to analyze every attack and figure out if it will hit any of the companies they protect and it does, how dangerous can it be? For the last 20 years the battle between the good guys and the bad guys has become greater and the techniques, software and types of attack by the black hats have evolved (TLC).
To keep up, hundreds of the white hats every year register for special classes. These classes are setup to train the system administrators and many others, to think like the bad guy, to outsmart him/her. One of the notorious “hacking schools” is in Los Angeles California called Xtreme Hacking but Florida doesn’t get behind when it opened up the Intense School in Fort Lauderdale (Garcia, “You too”). Many of the students at these classes worry about their jobs and keeping the intruder out of their systems with vital private information. Students learn how to hack with new methods and also how to protect against these learned new ways. They need to think like the bad guy in order to succeed. After seven days of hacking, there are more white hats ready for possible threats.
A major threat for white hats and the nation itself is that of Info-War and the possibility of ever occurring is real. The year is 1990; U.S government computers were in the scope of hackers that served other nations. A very secret military program was underway, the stealth bomber and it was the target chosen by hackers. Though the existence of the aircraft was known, very little was talked about it. There were no images of it or any specific characteristics; curiosity was the force that began a series of attacks against the projects’ computers. Days later these were discovered and generated panic since it wasn’t known where it was coming from. Due to a process of masking connections used by hackers, where the intruder access several machines across the world, taking control over them and that way hitting the desired target. When an attack is detected and analyzed, only the last IP address, (Internet Protocol) of the chain of computers, is seen so it is very difficult to track it back to where it came from. Later on it was found that this act was cause by teenagers playing with their computers in England (TLC).
Still there are others who also form the hacking community. Last but not least, there are the gray hat hackers, those who have the skills and intents of white hat hackers, in most situations, but use their knowledge for less than noble purposes on occasions. They are white hat hackers who wear occasionally a black hat. Those who intend to stay apart as independent researchers originally created this last level of color. As the other types of hackers discussed before, they gray hat hackers follow another set of hacker ethics. For them, it is acceptable to break into systems as long as the hacker does not commit theft or breach confidentiality. Authorities consider these acts less threatening and merely compared them with graffiti artist on the streets (TLC).
But again the public is given a bad perspective of what the original hacker community is all about. It is important for them to understand the role hackers play in our society, a benign one, and because of those black hats like Mafia Boy and Cold Fire, hackers become the excuse for bad laws, censorship and repression. The future of cyberspace and its rights might be in danger because of this.
Thanks to John Perry Barlow, hackers now count with a force that backs them up. Barlow is the founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), an organization that fights for cyber-rights. “We are dealing with the battle between the future and the past, between the powers that were and the powers that have yet to be” Barlow says (TLC). He also believes that “the internet represents a change in history as great as the industrial revolution” and from this philosophy he came about with the creation of a Declaration of Independence for Cyberspace, fearing from the government and lawmakers that want to take over it. In a few words he summarizes:
“Governments form the industrial world; I come from cyberspace, the new home of mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome here. You have no sovereignty where we gather. You do not know us, nor do you know our world. Cyberspace does not lie within your borders, your legal concepts of property, expression, identity, movement and context do not obey to us. They are all base on matter and there is no matter here” (EFF)
The EFF leads a new hacker battle as John defends one of the most spread and common hacks of the moment, related with the music and the movie industry. With the release of movies in DVD format, movies were capable of being played in computers and now the Entertainment industry was involved in this technological battle. In order to prevent illegal copies of such films, the industry distributes the DVDs with a high Copyright protection but still people find the way to crack them. Matthew Pavlovich was recently involved in a sue hold by “Hollywood.” Matthew is the creator of a certain program that allows people to copy the movies in the computer. Since he is an “open source” programmer, others have used his code base in order to crack the encryption files that conform the movies. Originally, the program called DeCSS was created by Pavlovich to allow Linux users to play the movies as well and to remove the many other restrictions that “Hollywood” force us to have. Thanks the hard work of the EFF lawyers and staff, the U.S Supreme court dropped the lawsuit in Matthews favor (TehcTV, US). Every day there are many cases like this where the big companies just worry about suing many other people.
Nowadays, there is a conflict in cyberspace between its outlaws and angels. The amount of hackers defending their good harmless ethics will increase at the same time many others choose to practice dark activities. It is important for the cyberspace community to protect the cyber rights and fight those who put in danger its liberties. As a result former hacker Anna Marie Moore has re-written “the new generation of hacker” ethics: Hacking is an art of poetry and beauty, Cracking is a criminal act; Know the history of the field and what you represent as part of it; do not dishonor that history; Understand in application the original hacker ethic; To live without regrets means doing nothing of which you might later be ashamed; Do not be afraid to have morals and principles in which you believe; Allow those morals to guide your decision-making. If others decide for you, for your stand, ignore them; Do not be stupid; Do not follow those who have lost their vision; everything in life has either a benefit or a consequence. Both are always possible, based on decisions you may make within a split second of time. Chose wisely (Moore). The future of cyberspace is also in hands of the public who needs to accurately differentiate both sides.
Bibliography:
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