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Time series monitoring and intervention of aggressive behaviour in children.
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Topic: Time series monitoring and intervention of aggressive behaviour in children.
Aggression in children is a common behavioural concept found in children that requires adult intervention before it grows worse as the child is growing up. Behavioural intervention is required in order to prevent the aggressive behaviour from progressing to chronic stages which would be harmful and inappropriate for the child. The most essential step in behaviour intervention, for example in our case Kaya an elementary school child with aggressive behaviour and inability to maintain eye contact with class work; analysis and recording of the child’s behaviour and progress towards intervention is an essential step towards improving their behaviour.
ABC(antecedent, behaviour, consequences), is a time series design used to monitor the response of a child towards certain behaviour intervention therapy and collect data for analysis and to provide information to the practitioner (Christensen, 2007). This method is usually used by Function Behaviour Assessment often school based; the three steps help determine what causes the child to behave as they are and what are the consequences of the behaviour. The method is also used in behaviour intervention so as to measure over time how the child is responding to the management treatment. By the embracing of technology, an application used by iPhones and iPads, the practitioner can set different time intervals, during class and recess during the day and use a Behaviour Tracker Pro to collect data about the child’s behaviour and response to the therapy. In conjunction with applied behaviour analysis behaviour therapist, practitioners are able to monitor and collect data, behaviour frequency in percentage against interval time. Within this scope you are able to collect data and analyze it. The type of data collected is in video form.
In our case behaviour intervention would involve helping lower physical aggression, verbal aggression and off task behaviour across an interval of time during classes and recess. Through representation of the information in a graph analysis is easier.
From the graph above and analysis of the collected data, aggressive language is the least common bad behaviour as compared to the rest, this shows an improvement in the language behaviour of kaya. On two occasions off task and aggressive language were at the same level. But on Monday there was no case or sign of violence seen in Kaya. Generally from the graphical representation of data collected, both off task and series of aggressive language were seen in the child.
Several reasons are usually developed in order to explain the case of aggression in children; some of the stated reasons include mental illness. When a child’s mind is mentally unstable cases of change in moods or inability to control their anger leads to aggressive behaviour. Disruptive disorders in children and inability to make decisions can be termed to a certain level as aggressiveness (Stahr, 2006). Conduct disorder is an illness with aggressiveness as a symptom; children with this are usually malicious. Inability to concentrate mostly in class is as a result of poor listening skills in class and the lack for need to learn. Problems with cognition could also lead to poor eye contact in class. Aggressive language is a result of poor family and parental care from the guardian and use of aggressive language, the child grows and develops with the same behaviour as the parent.
Aggression in children is harmful to the child and should be eliminated before it develops to other stages. Through monitoring analysis and intervention people can save and protect the future of their children.
References:
Christensen, L., Young, K. R., & Marchant, M. (2007). Behavioral Intervention Planning: Increasing Appropriate Behavior Of A Socially Withdrawn Student. Education and Treatment of Children, 30(4), 81-103.
Stahr, B., Cushing, D., Lane, K., & Fox, J. (2006). Efficacy Of A Function-Based Intervention In Decreasing Off-Task Behavior Exhibited By A Student With ADHD. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 8(4), 201-211.
Differences and similarities between Chinese economy and Indian economy
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Differences and similarities between Chinese economy and Indian economy
CHINA India
GDP – real growth rate 7.8% (2012 est.) 9.2% (2011 est.) 10.4% (2010 est.) 5.4% (2012 est.) 6.8% (2011 est.) 10.1% (2010 est.)
GDP – per capita (PPP) $9,100 (2012 est.) $8,500 (2011 est.) $7,800 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars $3,900 (2012 est.) $3,700 (2011 est.) $3,500 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars
Population below poverty line 13.4% note: in 2011, China set a new poverty line at RMB 2300 (approximately US $363; this new standard is significantly higher than the line set in 2009, and as a result, 128 million Chinese are now considered below the poverty line (2011) 29.8% (2010 est.)
Unemployment rate 6.4% (2012 est.) 6.5% (2011 est.) note: registered urban unemployment, which excludes private enterprises and migrants was 4.1% in 2010 9.9% (2012 est.) 9.8% (2011 est.)
Budget revenues: $1.838 trillion expenditures: $2.031 trillion (2012 est.) revenues: $171.5 billion expenditures: $281 billion (2012 est.)
Debt – external $710.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $656.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.) $299.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $287.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Investment (gross fixed) 45.9% of GDP (2012 est.) 30% of GDP (2012 est.)
Public debt 38.5% of GDP (2011) 43.5% of GDP (2010) note: official data; data cover both central government debt and local government debt, which China’s National Audit Office estimated at RMB 10.72 trillion (approximately US$1.66 trillion)in 2011; data exclude policy bank bonds, Ministry of Railway debt, China Asset Management Company debt, and non-performing loans 51.9% of GDP (2012 est.) 50.5% of GDP (2011 est.) note: data cover central government debt, and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Central bank discount rate $3.389 trillion (31 December 2011 est.) $4.763 trillion (31 December 2010) $5.008 trillion (31 December 2009 est.) $1.015 trillion (31 December 2011) $1.616 trillion (31 December 2010) $1.179 trillion (31 December 2009)
Commercial bank prime lending rate 2.25% (31 December 2011 est.) 3.25% (31 December 2010 est.) 5.5% (31 December 2010 est.) 6% (31 December 2009 est.) note: the Indian central bank’s policy rate – the repurchase rate – was 8% during December 2012
Stock of money 6% (31 December 2012 est.) 6.56% (31 December 2011 est.) 10.8% (31 December 2012 est.) 10.19% (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of quasi money $2.434 trillion (31 December 2008) $2.09 trillion (31 December 2007) $278.8 billion (31 December 2009) $239.8 billion (31 December 2008)
Stock of domestic credit $4.523 trillion (31 December 2008) $3.437 trillion (31 December 2007) $853.4 billion (31 December 2009) $687.7 billion (31 December 2008)
Stock of narrow money $12.59 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) $10.92 trillion (31 December 2011 est.) $1.402 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) $1.249 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of broad money $4.91 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) $4.6 trillion (31 December 2011 est.) $342.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $305.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Taxes and other revenues $15.58 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) $13.52 trillion (31 December 2011 est.) $1.451 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) $1.293 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) 22.3% of GDP (2012 est.) 8.8% of GDP (2012 est.)
-2.3% of GDP (2012 est.) -5.6% of GDP (2012 est.)
Table 1; comparison between Indian and Chinese economies, retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.indexmundi.com/factbook/compare/china.india/economy” http://www.indexmundi.com/factbook/compare/china.india/economy.
China and India have some similar country economic profiles and to the same extent have some differences. This has an implication on the type of policies that the two countries enact in order to overcome the challenges that they face. Some of the economic issues that can be compared between the two countries include inflation, unemployment rates, the high levels of inequalities in the two countries, high national debt levels and the growth trajectories of the two countries. These economic factors are important because they determine the general economic climate in the countries, the relationship of the country with other nations and the type of policy that they will adopt in handling these issues.
Inflation
Inflation in China is caused by the tendency of the Chinese government to peg its currency, yen on the US dollar. This means that, the stronger the Chinese economy becomes, the US economy becomes weaker therefore making it difficult to keep the Yuan at stable and manageable levels hence making the China lose the benefits that would come with such a policy. In order to maintain Yuan against the dollar China buys US dollars from the open market and as the economy of united states gets weaker, China has to buy more dollars, which has led to it printing more money for the activity as the Us attempts quantitative easing. Printing more Yuan to buy dollars means that China is adopting an expansionary monetary policy, which is a replica of what is happening in US. On the other side, US has also been printing more dollars which get absorbed in to the Chinese economy when American buy good from China, this has the effect that while more dollars enter the Chinese economy, no Yuan leaves China therefore increasing liquidity in the market which leads to inflation.
Recent inflation in India has been caused by a combination of several factors, these factors include deregulation of administered prices especially in the energy sector, which has led to upward push in prices of fuel, this has spilled over to other sectors. In the agricultural sector, supply side inflation caused by shortage of agricultural products has pushed the prices of agricultural goods up as demands exceed supply. Increase in indirect taxes in the 2012 budget has also led to increase in commodity prices, in addition increase in government spending through schemes such as NREGA have also contributed to rising inflation by increasing liquidity in the market (Srinivasan, 2006).
The differences in the cause of inflation in the two countries are as a result of climatic conditions especially in India where the increase in price is as a result of adverse monsoon conditions, the policies that the governments have adopted where china pegs its Yuan on the dollar while Indian government has increased government spending.
Unemployment
Unemployment problems in the Chinese economy have been caused by the high population growth rates in the country and the disconnect of skills that students are learning in college and the skills that employers require. China is the country with the highest population size in the country with more than a sixth of the world population being Chinese, this means that the Chinese economy cannot sustain such a large number of the labour force. Due to lack of jobs at home, jobless Chinese have been moving to other countries to look for employment opportunities especially in Africa. The government, to curb the large population, has adopted a one child policy per family which requires each family to get at most one child, any family getting more than one child is charged for each extra kid that they get. Since Chinese economy is based on manufacturing and building, students who studied courses that are not relevant in these industries have a problem getting jobs.
In India, unemployment is caused by almost similar factors as those in china. One of the main causes is an education system that does not equip students with the relevant skills necessary to be employed, in addition, the education system does not equip the students with the knowledge to employ themselves. Rapid population growth rate in the country has also contributed to the high unemployment level, as the developing economy does not have the capacity to accommodate all the people entering the job market.
Inequality
Despite China boasting of one of the largest economies in the world, a large population of its citizens live below less than a dollar a day. This is worsened by the increasing income disparity between the rich and the poor in the society with projections putting Gini coefficient at 0.447. This inequality has been caused by rural urban disparities where in the urban centres individuals are able to access better social amenities in addition to better wages. Economist Kenneth Rogoff cautioned about this problem, as it is a threat to social stability
As at 2011, inequality levels in India stood at 39.9 per cent, this is attributable to the division of poor and rich states in India, which is dependent on the infrastructure available in those states. In addition, poor fiscal administration in the nation has also contributed to the problem of inequality in the nation.
International debts
Chinese government has increased its borrowing to reach 160 per cent of its GDP, this debt situation has reached a critical level with some government funded organisations declaring they are unable to meet their debt obligations. However, despite this challenge, the Chinese economy has remained vibrant; the idea of how China deals with debts is explained in the book ‘red capitalism’ by Carl Walter and Fraser Howie.
India’s international debt has been rising in the recent past, according to 2012 figures, it stands at 390 US dollars. The greatest contributor to this debt is external commercial borrowing, which was intended to spur growth among Indian companies and to help them meet their import costs.
References
Srinivasan, T. N. (2006). China, India and the world economy. Economic and political weekly, 3716-3727.
Smartphone Market in New Zealand
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Topic: Smartphone Market in New Zealand.
The use of smart phones has become a new trend among many people around the world. In this essay New Zealand will be our region of focus. The New Zealand smart phone market has grown over the years with 30 percent of the nation’s population using smart phones and with Horizon research statistics within the next five years the population using smart phones will rise by 20 percent. But that is just a general overview, through intense calculations; the population assumed to be using these kinds of phones is close to fifty percent of the population. Out of the 4.5 million phones in the market eight hundred thousand consist of smart phones categorised as follows; two hundred and fifty thousand are iPhones/ iPad, one hundred and fifty thousand are Android Phones, the rest of the four hundred thousand being blackberry, widows and Nokia N series (Safko, 2012). The country is considered the second highest smart phone using nation in the world. The market segmentation strategy used by the selling firms in New Zealand is the dividing of the population in terms of age, income, occupation and location. Statistics also show that the range between the age that uses smart phones is 25-34 years and that the use of smart phones declines as age increases (Safko, 2012). This indicates that the largest percentage of the population that uses smart phones are the young adults and middle aged people who are mostly working and earn an average income of a hundred thousand to a hundred and fifty thousand dollars per annum. The major advantage of this product is that is supports thousands of applications have better look and design and has a large memory capacity; to some extent it is seen as a sense of class owning one. The purpose of this discussion is to study the how smart phone companies achieve their goals paying particular attention to factors such as, market segmentation, specific value offered and the competitive edge they have; this will be illustrated through statistical data available online and observations made.
Market segmentation is a marketing strategy that is used to disintegrate the market into different consumer groups all with the same common need, then coming up with ways to satisfy their common needs and desires through advertisement and delivering the products the consumers want (Pickton, 2001). Companies that sell smart phones in New Zealand decided to segment their market into four categories, based on the age of the population, the income level, the occupation and finally the location of the population. Many of the jobs in the world today demand use of information technology and use of internet. Communication is a key thing a business or any organization or individual cannot do without. Through the providence of a phone that holds large amounts of information and applications that support easy communication with easy internet access capabilities, the firms are able to deliver a device that satisfies the wants of the working customers who need a phone with all those features so as to conduct their daily business.
From statistics, most people using smart phones are aged between 25 and 34 (Safko, 2012); generally this is the working population of New Zealand. The firms have also decided to use age as a way to segment their smart phone market. The range given constitutes of young people with the basic knowledge about Information Technology. This age too constitutes of people who are already working, hence they have the necessary income to be able to purchase the product. Firms have strategized to target this age group since if they are working they require a device which can support various applications that can be used in making their work easier, as well as to enable effective communication via email, whatsapp, and other social networks which only smart phones can support. This age group is also the earning portion of the population, so they can afford to purchase the phones. Statistics indicate that close to forty four percent of the working population that use smart phones are found within this age range. Hence the companies have been able to achieve their goals by targeting this age group and satisfying their wants.
Getting to know the average income of your market share as a company is very essential so as to enable the marketers to determine if the value and price of the smart phones is relevant to the income the market segment earns. In New Zealand around and above sixty percent of the working population are average income earners; so the smart phone companies have been able to attain their goal by selling a quality, portable and efficient gadget to people who can afford it.
The basic function of mobile phone is to call and send short messages, but in the word today use of mobile phones for internet access has increased. In New Zealand Horizon statistics indicate that, twenty seven percent of the mobile using population use it to access the internet spending more than five hours a day online. Forty two percent of these internet users use smart phones to download applications and to do researches; it can be assumed then that forty two percent (Safko, 2012) of the mobile phone users use smart phones to access the internet and the rate at which these types of phones are being used is growing from none in 2007 to eight percent by year 2012 (Safko, 2012). Internet is in conjunction to location, firms target and segment their market according to regions with good network and internet coverage hence with good internet access people can purchase the phones; this way they are able to attain their goals.
Competitive edge in a company refers to the things a company does or the strategies it holds that make it outstanding and have a better chance of attracting more customers compared to other companies that sell the same product (Marshall, 1996). What gives New Zealand smart phones a competitive advantage over other phone companies. Through targeting the young population which includes people aged 18 and 24 who also, apart from the majority 25-34 range, use smart phones (Safko, 2012); the companies know that people around this age are swiftly changing from using other kinds of phones to smart phones. However this age group does not earn hence making them price sensitive; through lowering the prices of smart phones to a considerable price has given the firms a competitive edge since besides the quality and exciting features that smart phones have, they are now affordable. Technology is on the rise and people need to embrace it; with a smart phone which can hold over a thousand applications which provides the user with educational, business and entertainment services, almost as having a mini computer in your pocket, people will most likely get attracted to it. This gives the companies a competitive edge over other phone companies because they have quality features. Based on gender and the different tastes people have, smart phone companies have tried to come up with different varieties, such as HTC, Nokia, Samsung and Blackberry each with its own unique features and different designs all to suit the consumers’ needs. Businessmen, engineers and I.T specialists require a portable gadget that would help them in their line of duty; firms have considered this hence giving them the competitive edge over other companies.
Firms also have used quality and effective advertisement in order to give customers information about the products, how they are and how much they go for. Through advertising firms are able to promote their products and this increases sales and attracts more and more customers giving them the advantage over other competitors hence maximizing their chances of achieving their objectives (Morgan, 2005).
Firms have also created a good and user friendly customer firm relationship. Through customer relationship management, most firms are able to build a good relationship between themselves and the customers; attracting more customers and maintaining those that they have already acquired. Smart phone firms have improved their customer firm relationship by bringing the product and the firm close to the customer making both services and product easy for the customer to access. Through 24/7 customer care services and through websites customers can consult and gain information about their product of desire (Safko, 2012). Through building such a healthy relationship companies are able to attract customers since they feel comfortable with ready information availability. Through quality and variety products, effective advertisement and fair pricing firms in New Zealand have been able to grow outstandingly in the phone market.
Value proposition is another method used in marketing of smart phones so as to have the competitive edge. Value proposition is the promise that companies give to the consumers of the value that the phones will have to them and the belief that the customers will receive that the same value provided to them (Ferrell, 1999) . Value proposition is widely used to enhance a company’s market share. This is done mostly when introducing new products into the market. It increases the chances to grab a large market share at the beginning of the product introduction or increase the market share of an existing product. Developing of a value proposition is a process that involves a review and analysis of some factors. These include; benefits, cost and value that the organisation can deliver to its customers, potential customers and other groups affiliated to the company both internal and external. The New Zealand companies promise to offer products which meet the consumer’s needs. For example when introducing a new product, firms advertise and give information about the product, inclusive of the agreement is a two year warrant on the product. This tends to enable the customer to put trust on the company’s product.
New Zealand’s smart phone company is constantly rising and reaching the levels of other foreign countries such as America. Through competitive advantage, market segmentation and value proposition they have been able to rise and take over the phone market in the nation; which is part of achieving their goals.
References
Safko, L. (2012). The social media bible: tactics, tools, & strategies for business success (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
Pickton, D. (2001). Integrated marketing communications. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall.
Marshall, K. P. (1996). Marketing information systems: creating competitive advantage in the information age. Danvers, Mass.: Boyd & Fraser.
Ferrell, O. (1999). Marketing strategy. Fort Worth, TX: Dryden Press.
Morgan, M. J., & Summers, J. (2005).Sports marketing. Southbank, Vic.: Thomson.