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PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUGS AMONGST ATHLETES
PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUGS AMONGST ATHLETES
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Performance Enhancing Drugs amongst Athletes
Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports, Commentary 2 | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association (ama-assn.org)This has been an issue among many individuals, especially athletes, and other kinds of sporting activities. Some drugs have been banned for a long time in athletics, and therefore this has always brought a problem with the administrators of different games and sporting activities. Most of the athletes in the desire to perform in the best manner possible and win, make sure that they use those drugs which are not easily identifiable if they are scanned for those banned drugs. However, this causes moral questions. This paper discusses the above article and how performance in athletes has been influenced by drugs, and how this has affected many people within the field area of athletics.
In this article, we get the example of Dr Jarvis, a family therapist, and he is trying to advise Jim, who is trying to take a drug that is considered very recent and high quality. Some rumours are is allowed, and therefore Jim thinks that the drug is okay to be used. However, the doctor tries to be neutral and does not want to make Jim feel guilty for trying to use a new-generation steroid drug. However, with time the doctors try to make Jim realize that it is difficult for him to perform and go unnoticed and tries to make Jim understand what it means to be examined physically for the drugs he is trying to take.
The basic argument about enhancing a person’s ability to perform through taking drugs is unfair competition. Therefore it is needed that a person should be able to compete on level ground with all the other people. The article gives the mythical planet of Asthmatic and how everyone wheezes all the time. Suppose the people tried to use this drug to treat themselves, whether it is an enhancement or just treatment. This was the same case with Rick DeMont, who had his gold medal taken during the 1972 Olympic games. He had used ephedrine, a drug used to combat asthma, especially when swimming and in cold environments. Even though he had the disease which he was treating, this was taken as a performance enhancer. Therefore, if it was the right thing to do, the question was a very diverse topic, and it was discussed in and out. It was also caused by the doctor of the athlete who had told him that the drug had not been banned.
Therefore, when it comes to drugs and how they are used in enhancing the performance of different people, doctors need to be honest with their patients. Specifically, athletes get to know what they want to take and advise them what the correct thing to do is. Therefore the desire of most of the committees is that they want to make sure there is a level ground of competition. Consequently, a person must be able to make sure that what they are doing is the right thing and, in this case, try as much as possible not to use banned drugs to enhance their performance even though many ethical issues need to be discussed when it comes to this issue. The article ends by stating that it is possible to use some steroids to enhance performance while at the same time having vigorous training and having the correct diet, and doing all that an athlete needs to perform excellently.
It is an essential article that addresses the use of drugs in enhancing performance and at the same time talks about ethics and their place in the use of drugs by the athletes in their enhancement of performance. It is well organized, and it gives good examples while clearly explaining them.
Reference
Fost, N. C. (2004). Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports, Commentary 2. AMA Journal of Ethics, 6(7), 300-301.
Did Google Make An Effective Decision In Taking Over Motorola Mobility
Did Google Make An Effective Decision In Taking Over Motorola Mobility?
Table of contents
Abstract…………………………………………………….…………….……………3
Introduction………………………………………………………………………..….3
Methodology/Approach………………………………………………………………9
Merging effects; Marketing……………………….………….………………..…….6
Merging effects; Diversification………………..………………………..…………..9
Qualitative analysis of the merger……………………………….…………………10
PEST analysis…………………………………………………………….……..…….11
SWOT…………….……………………………………….………………….……….12
Results of the merger…………………………………………………………….….14
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..…….…15
Appendixes…………………………………………………………………….…….18
Work cited ………………………………………………………………..……….…21
Abstract
In August 2011, the company Motorola was taken over by Google which marked the first significant access of the giant into the hardware side of the of commercial-device market. Since Motorola had its focus on the android, it was right for the company to function as a separate entity in that the android business remains after the merger. The merger of Google and Motorola mobility has several effects on both Google and Motorola as well. In this paper, one will get to understand how effective the takeover of Motorola mobility has been for Google as a growth strategy. The portfolio of Motorola is massive with patents that are very essential to the prosperity of the companies. This was the main thing that attracted Google into the takeover. The use of both primary and secondary research was used to attain a comprehensive result on the merger effects on the company. The essay drives at the provision on the strengths of Google’s merge with Motorola from the patents and diversification of risks in the company. Google’s growth strategy through the merge is a factor of scrutiny in this essay (Jackson n.p).
Introduction
It is important to understand where the two companies come from and how the merger is a good resource for Google in the end. Google is an internet search provider and online advertising services. It is also known to provide software products and additional online services that bring revenue to the company. The revenue collected by Google is generally from the adverts that are online and, to a certain extent, from mobile adverts. It is also evident that Google develops and avails original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of smart phones and an open source operating system for mobile systems popularly known as android. Google is the leading member in the open handset alliance (OHA). The merger with Google resulted to in the control of Motorola going to Google. Motorola mobility is a supplier of the mobile devices that includes smart phones, with cable broadband access solutions (Jackson n.p).
Motorola’s product portfolios chiefly include mobile devices, wireless accessories, set-top boxes, video distribution systems, and wire line broadband structure products that supplement customer properties equipment. They are focused on developing distinguished, groundbreaking products to meet the growing needs of customers to interconnect, to cooperate and to ascertain, consume, generate and share content at a time and place of their selecting on numerous devices (Jackson n.p). Initially, it operated its industry in two sections, our Mobile Devices section, and our Household segment. Motorola is a holder of numerous patents that attracted Google into the merger. The merge was a growth strategy that Google seized to help the company come out strong in the market, which is competitive. Patents being the new asset class in business today, the merge of Motorola and Google were amended towards the patent wars across the competitions in the markets. The move, which Google took, was essential in the growth of the giant. In the event of the merger, the company entered the market numbers as the largest emerging market (Moscaritolo n.p). The merger provides the company with the ability to have a revenue share of the mobile markets where the households are a big market and give Google an edge in its growth strategy ahead of the merge (Jackson n.p). This essay will analyze the effects of the merger on Google’s revenue.
There are very many advantages of the Motorola take over in the company’s market penetration and development, product development, and diversification. The position of the Google Company is poised in the direction of growth and stability (Jackson n.p).
After the takeover, the SWOT analysis of Google shows that the company has had a growth of strength in the business perspective (Haye n.p). Google has the numbers to propel the mobile company Motorola to an edge of the popularity. When the company excels in its endeavours, the profits are shared in Google as a company. The simple structures in the Google search engine are very essential and have a great reception by the users who find it very simple to use. There is the possibility of any language incorporation in the interface making it easy for people all over the world who do not speak English to access the services of the company. There is a low operation cost as it uses low cost UNIX web servers that propel its profits higher (Jackson n.p). The takeover is very lucrative in the revival of the Motorola Company. Motorola, on the other hand, has the ability to enjoy the protection of the company with Google’s resources being essential to the advancement of the company’s goals. Motorola and Google have the symbiotic relationship where the weakness in the Google Company may be strength in Motorola Company and vice versa (Jackson n.p). Amid all challenges, the merge of the two companies has numerous strengths in product marketing, diversification and product delivery which will be analyzed within the essay.
Methodology /approach
Throughout this extended essay, I have used a data analysis model that explores the use of
Qualitative
PEST
SWOT
The model was chosen for the purpose of accuracy and essence of total inclusion of data about the merger.
Ansoff matrix with the growth strategy that Google have applied
An Ansoff matrix aids in definition of two factors of Google marketing. What is sold and whom it will be sold to. The Ansoff matrix pertains on the markets and products and enables four alternatives of actions when Market Penetration – determining the options in the marking objectives.
Product Development – Selling of existing products to already established markets
Market Development – Extension of existing products to the new markets
Market Diversification – Development of new products for emerging markets
For Motorola and Google, diversification is applied in the strategic development. It will assist in growth of the business through new markets and new products. It is a good option when the market is saturated or when the products in the market are almost reaching the end of their lifecycle. This strategy helps in production of synergies and spreading the risk through product broadening as well as market portfolio.
The companies can apply unrelated diversification. Google is associated with development of software, nevertheless, the company cab venture into new market and new products including the android and mobile industry.
Developing new products for the existing market is risky than market penetration. This is often necessary when the business strength lies in the relation with the customers. At Google, the client retention is considered high and they are unlikely to be detracted away. Therefore, the most valuable means of growing the business is through development of new products for the already existing customer population. Google can now offer mobile products, android applications, software products, consultancy services succession planning in addition to software development (Remenyi 109). Many product-founded businesses can add the complementary services, for instance the suppliers of equipments can add on repair and maintenance and the service-based businesses can add on products to augment sales.
Google can embark on diversification. This involves two unknowns. They can establish new products with indefinite development problems as well as new markets with unknown characteristics. However, this offers the best growth potential. Google will have to develop new products, which take advantage of the main competencies of organization. The examples include taking advantage of the Motorola android to develop a virgin brand and a wider range of goods and services.
Existing product New product
Existing market Market penetration
Aggressive competition
Advertising sale incentives Product development
Product variants
Existing market Loyalty cards, increase usage quantity or frequency
New applications New products
Complementary services and products, backward integration
New market Market development
New channels
Internet
Franchise
New territories
Export Diversification
Acquisition
Reuse competencies
Merging effects;
Benefits of the Merger
With the incredible number of online businesses, tools to help you more effectively manage business give the companies an edge in building strong marketing structures that make them stronger in the internet services and mobile services. The companies have more impact in both the cell phone and Internet. Together, they have the ability to produce many products into the market that impact the rate at which the companies grow (Jackson n.p). With patents that Google acquired, they are very essential in revenue bringing together the assets that many other mobile companies have coveted. Bearing in mind that Apple and Samsung have the highest mobile profits in the world, Motorola has the ability to make the market spread through the vast Internet that Google can offer. Although the company merger does not pose a threat to the market of phone, the merger makes the companies a force to watch in the tech world where everything is changing every day (O’Reilly n.p).
The quarterly financial readings show the company’s profit did grow in the last year. The profits recorded by Motorola were 82% of the total profit minus the operational loss. This profit margin is very crucial in the growth of both companies. The increase in the cash flow of both companies is very instrumental in the operational activities of both companies on the quarterly basis. The move by Google to take over Motorola gives the company a diverse edge in the provision of new products in the market and the company base realizes reaching new markets. When companies get new markets, they are entitled to increasing their profits. Google saw a niche and took the opportunity to experience new major profits from mobile platforms and while still having a big stake in the software markets (Hayes n.p).
The financial situation of Google is very extensive and overly stable compared to other companies in the industry. Google has a deep financial structure, which gives it a better ability to have investments where others cannot. The finances enable the company to employ many qualified workers who are very competent in the provision of services to the company. This results in a very quality customer experience, which is the first target of the company’s growth. The company has loyalty from the users who find their services very simple and efficient (Moscaritolo n.p). The patent acquisition that the company has is very good, making the company have a strong edge in the industry. The company has a culture of innovation that will spread to the Motorola mobility and advance in the mobile services market (Jackson n.p).
Consequently, the company has numerous open source products and services making it a reliable partner to other mobile companies. The takeover gives Google have a stake in the growing mobile market (O’Reilly n.p). Google is a multinational corporation making it very diverse in the advertisement platform and the spread of their products that gives Motorola the ability to reach the highest number of customers possible. The company beliefs are a great strength towards the realization of their goals, making it effective via the merger it made by Motorola. The company gives the world a platform to advertise and make its money. With the merger, the company extends into the mobile world since the world is going mobile hence the merge with Motorola was a lucrative business step of the company. Mobile markets are growing daily while information need is constant. The merger between the two companies is then strengthening (Jackson n.p).
Diversification of the companies is a strong tool that helps them reach a market share as a growth strategy. Google has a reputation of going into ventures that make it more diverse in other services. The company’s growth strategy was strengthened by the acquisition of new patents from Motorola. This is a diversified venture. They have taken technology into another level by making of driverless cars where they will be used in the future. This may be the next biggest thing for Google in its niche (Jackson n.p). Internet provision is a business that grows every day and Google has the resources that are supplied by the profits made in both the merger and the individual companies. With the vast supply of capital, the company can produce the best and fastest Internet. The infrastructure it intends to provide is likely to propel the company to the highest levels in the market. It has grown into the electronics industry where the company has the backing of Motorola to have the best mobile services in the market. It has moved into production of notebooks, tablets, and Smartphones (O’Reilly n.p).
SWOT Analysis
Google took control of Motorola in 2011. This has had negative and positive impacts on Google and Motorola. A SWOT analysis avails the outline of the factors, which influence a project; this points out a few disadvantages as well as advantages of the project. The merger is influential in ensuring that the Google portfolio of patents is made stronger. By taking over Motorola Google reduces the chances of facing litigation, which emanates from infringement. In addition, Google is now authorized to take part in the viable Android environment. By acquiring the patents held by Motorola, Google can widen the client base.
One of the weaknesses is that Google had to adopt cost-cutting measures to sustain the merger. For instance, Google had to lay off 4000 employees in order to lessen the cost of operation of the company (Mirvis 203). As a result, many Motorola branches worldwide were closed to work towards accommodation of expansion.
Many opportunities emerged from the merger. There is the prospect of expansion of the Google market. Motorola is set to introduce Google to the business of TV. Secondly, Motorola poses many patent portfolios. This guarantees a client base expansion. In addition, it is predictable that the merger will hamper completion from the other companies. Google is expected to attract a big audience for the products. Technologically, acquisition of Motorola patents means that Google may engage in many ventures for instance manufacturing of driverless cars.
The threat to the merger includes the variance of sorts between Google and a few of partners in software. For instance, Samsung is a big manufacturer of android. It is now a main competitor of Google in the hardware industry. This is conflicting given that they are required to work in unanimity while being careful in keeping secrets.
Taking into account the fact that Samsung and Apple have the highest mobile profits in the globe, Motorola can utilize the opportunity to spread its market through the vast internet offered by Google. Even though the company merger is not expected to pose a threat to the phone market, the merger is a force to be watched in the technology world whereby business is ever changing.
The periodical financial reading indicates the company profit grew in the last year. Profits recorded by Motorola were 82 percent of the entire profit minus the cost of operations. This margin is important in the growth of the companies. An increase in cash flow for Google and Motorola is crucial in the operational functions of both companies quarterly (Bilimoria 107). The decision to take over Motorola gave Google a diverse edge in the provision of brand new products to the market as well as the company base in realization of reaching newer markets. Once the companies acquire new markets they can increase their profits. Google identified an opportunity and took it to experience brand new big profits from the mobile platforms while maintaining a big wager in the software market.
Google and Motorola enjoy a symbiotic relation whereby the weaknesses in Google strengthen in Motorola and vice versa. Amidst all the challenges, merging of Google and Motorola has much strength in marketing of products, diversification, as well as product delivery. With many online businesses, the tools necessary to effectively manage the businesses avail the companies an edge in construction of stronger marketing structures, which make the companies stronger in the mobile and online service provision. The companies have a greater impact in both internet and cell phone (Moorthy 67). Together, the companies produce many products for the market, which has an impact on the rate of growth of the companies. With the patents that Google amassed, they are beneficial in revenue accumulating the assets, which the other mobile companies have coveted.
The financial situation in Google in extremely extensive; it is excessively stable when compared to the other companies in the similar industry. Google enjoys a deep financial structure. This makes it possible for the company to make investments where the others are not able. The large finances enable Google to employ many qualified persons who are highly specialized to provide the company services (Melka 45). This as a result gives a quality customer experience. This is the initial target of growth of the company. The company enjoys loyalty from the users who the services efficient and simple. The company has a very good patent acquisition; this makes it have a sturdy edge in the industry. Google has a culture of innovation. It will spread this culture to Motorola mobility as well as advance the market of mobile service.
The product portfolio of Motorola include various mobile devices, set-top boxes, wireless accessories, video distribution systems as well as wire broadband structure products which supplement the properties of customer equipment. They develop groundbreaking, distinguished products which meet the ever-increasing needs of customers of interconnecting, cooperating and ascertain, generate, consume and share content at a place and time of choice concerning a number of devices. Formerly it used to take place in two section of the industry; the Household segment and the Mobile Devices Section. Motorola is the holder of a number of patents, which attracted Google to merge (Hotchkiss 123). This was a growth strategy, which Google took upon to aid the company to grow in a competitive market. Patents are the new assets in the business world today. The merge of Google and Motorola was modified towards the patent wars all across the market competitions. During the merge, Google entered the market numbers as the greatest emerging market. The move was crucial in the growth of the giant.
The merger provides Google with the possibility to control a revenue share of mobile markets whereby the households are a huge market and avail Google an edge in the growth strategy after the merge.
There are many advantages of Motorola take over in the market penetration, product development, as well as diversification of the company. The position of Google is Poised in the direction of stability and Growth.
After taking over Motorola, the SWOT analysis of Google indicates that the company had a growth in the strength of business perspective. Google has the necessary numbers to impel Motorola to popularity. When the company is successful in its endeavors, the outcomes are distributed in Google. The straightforward structures of the Google search engine are beneficial and have a greater reception by all the users. The users find the search engine easy to utilize. The possibility of incorporation of any language in the interface enables even the buyers who do not understand English to benefit from the services of the company. This operates on a low cost. It utilizes UNIX web servers, which propel the profits higher(Hotchkiss 103). The takeover is lucrative especially in the revival of Motorola. Motorola enjoys the protection Google avails due to its vast resources, which are essential for enhancement of the goals of the company.
Results of the merge
The merger gives the companies an edge to the improvement on the products services and competition in the market. The android ecosystem will change drastically following the merger where the company is to an android partner (Hayes n.p). The customers are sure to expect new magnificent products from the merge since the pool of money is added in the big corporation.
Internet provision is a business that grows every day and Google has the resources that are supplied by the profits made in both the merger and the individual companies (Hayes n.p).
New opportunities are sure to be felt in the companies both bad and good. On the good side, the employees are sure to gain more in the merge while layoffs are sure to be part of the growing process. The user experience of the android world will change the system and make it friendlier in order for the user to manage to have a very fluent and less aided use of the Smartphone applications.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the takeover of Motorola Mobility by Google has been very effective for Google in many ways. Android, a product of Google, has a very strong network of users that will in turn promote the strength of Google via the Motorola smart phones. Furthermore, Android brings in diversity of products, boasting 39 different models. Google’s software is now being used on all those devices, which makes it easier for Google to expose their products to a diverse and large audience (Albanesius n.p). Google will not have a loss of the union for the patents are more significant while working on the patents that are not yet amalgamated. The difference of the industry productivity is essential while the fusion tries to figure out the healthy reasonable forces for the prosperity of the merge ahead of the crucial strategy. Google’s takeover has forces that will shape the struggle in the face of both the market niches each company occupies. The patent portfolio Motorola occupies will help the ecosystem that the android occupies. With the innovation background of Motorola, the merge brings together the two-company makes up the best innovation driven set of companies (Moscaritolo n.p). Motorola mobility is strongly positioned in living room devices giving Google the chance to venture into new markets that will boost the revenue of the companies. A partnership between Motorola Mobility and Google will speed up the choice and innovation of mobile computing. It will enable customers to purchase mobile phones at lower prices, and better quality phones at that. The patent portfolios of Motorola Mobility will help to protect the Android ecosystem. Furthermore, sine the Android ecosystem is an open source; all competitors in the mobile sphere can incorporate the Android platform into their own mobile devices (Savitz n.p.). This access by competitors ensures the future and reach of the Android ecosystem in the mobile market. It also gives hardware manufacturers, application developers, customers, and mobile phone carriers the ability to choose platforms.
The synergy between Motorola Mobility and Google creates space for more innovation in the mobile phone and the application development market (Albanesius n.p). This market is becoming more and more important in the daily lives of consumers all around the world. Since the Android ecosystem is an open source platform, instead of building a monopoly with one company of mobile phone developers, it enables a competitive environment that drives change and innovation. Furthermore, this is a partnership between two well-established companies that both have equal strengths in software development and mobile development. By bringing two companies together with long histories of patent protection and consumer loyalty, this merger represents a balanced agreement with the ability to foster growth in technology that has a global reach. Countries with access to innovative solutions then have the ability to grow at a faster pace and develop solutions of their own to fit their unique cultural needs.
Appendix 1
Motorola Solutions Inc
(NYSE: MSI
Quarterly earnings of Motorola after the merge
Quarterly earnings for Motorola after the merge.
-7346951805940
Appendix 2
Growth in turnover 2012-2013
Appendix 3
Stock performance, Revenue, Employees.
Works Cited
“Google Acquires Motorola Mobility.” Tele-Service News 24.6 (2012): 1-3. Business Source Complete. Web. 14 July 2013.
“Google To Acquire Motorola Mobility For $12.5 Billion In Cash.” Channel Insider (2011): 1. Business Source Complete. Web. 14 July 2013..
Albanesius, Chloe. “European Commission Approves Google, Motorola Deal.” PC Magazine (2012): 1. Business Source Complete. Web. 14 July 2013.
Albanesius, Chloe. “Google Revenue Jumps 35 Percent As Motorola Transition Begins.” PC
Magazine (2012): 1. Computers & Applied Sciences Complete. Web. 14 July 2013.
Albanesius, Chloe. (2012). Google, Motorola Ordered to Hand Over Android Docs to Apple. PC Magazine, 1.Cox, John. “Six Ways To Look At Google-Motorola Deal.” Network World 28.15 (2011): 11. Computers & Applied Sciences Complete. Web. 14 July 2013.
Hayes, Darren R. “War Has Been Declared In The Mobile Device Industry.” Westchester County Business Journal 47.36 (2011): 4. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 14 July 2013.
Jackson, Donny. “Google Buys Motorola Mobility.” Urgent Communications 29.9 (2011): 12. Computers & Applied Sciences Complete. Web. 14 July 2013.
Moscaritolo, Angela. “Google, Motorola Deal Closes; Facebook IPO Probe; Tesla Model S On Tap.” PC Magazine (2012): 1. Computers & Applied Sciences Complete. Web. 14 July 2013.
O’Reilly, Lara. “MOBILE: ‘Pure Google’ Smartphone To Follow #7.7Bn Motorola Deal.” Marketing Week (Online Edition) (2011): 5.Business Source Complete. Web. 14 July 2013.
Savitz, Eric. “Google: Will Arris Buy The Motorola Home Business?.” Forbes.Com (2012): 16. Business Source Complete. Web. 14 July 2013.
Dichotomy of Critical Enquiry
Dichotomy of Critical Enquiry
In view of the importance of success perception as a function of individual’s feelings, the need for personal appraisal and the opinion of another party in the determination of the success present two different perspectives in overall motivation of learning. As illustrated in the two scenarios of a student obtaining success in two performance settings, perceived success illustrates the importance of the learning environment to the student. In both cases of a student learning and making the presentation of the final piece of music, the threshold of success takes varied criteria as far as the outcome critique is concerned. On one hand, the student feels achieved by mere success appraisal of the individual, which is a function of a number of considerations as discussed below.
Theorists of the incremental perspective of learning place meaning on the perception of learning and intelligence, where flexible notions of learning determine how an individual associates success to a task. Proponents of this perspective hold the view that students see opportunities in their own experiences and hold little credit on the views of other persons. Opinion on the evaluation outcomes does not make a huge impact on the perceptions held on individual performance. In light of the demands of learning, effort made towards a task amount to an experience rewarding enough that the opinion of an evaluator would not significantly change the overall satisfaction obtained. Incremental view of the learning process is that the opinion of the appraising individual is secondary to the essential part of the task, whether quality is achieved of otherwise (Shippensburg University 2012, para.7). Despite the demands of an appraisal likely to form part of the learning assignment, the student attaches meaning to the learning experience as opposed to appraisal.
Perhaps one of the reasons why the student opts to employ personal evaluation strategy could arise from available alternatives to appraisal. The evaluation aspect by a team as an optional functionality in the determination of success upon learning the piece of music gives the student a choice of evaluation alternatives, personal appraisal included on the list of appraisal methods. In view of making choices from the different options of evaluation available to students, the students with a higher belief on their performances may opt to make the appraisal by their own volition not only demonstrate the logic of their interpretation to learning but also potential to evaluate. Despite the fact that the standard of evaluation must enable independent opinion to contribute to the quality and score of a performance, personal belief of competence also presents the student as a strong character in the learning process (Dweck 1999, p.54). However, refusal to allow independent appraisal could also indicate a weakness in the overall quality of learning, which considerably increases if an external opinion makes sense of the claimed success. The best performance appraisal happens to consider the opinion of an external evaluator, in order to point out personal weaknesses, which would otherwise remain unaccounted for due to bias.
One potential source of satisfaction by mere performance and self-appraisal is perhaps due to an interaction with a flawless history with similar tasks where the student’s self-confidence demonstrates perfect achievement of learning outcomes. The experience of a flawless learning and coverage of all essential learning outcomes in past tasks poises the student to have a confidence level that even external appraisal would not find an issue to criticise (Sinha 2012, para.4). Personal competence beyond blemish enables the student to be certain of the same outcomes in subsequent learning tasks, which makes the student’s interaction with future assignments satisfactory. In view of the interaction with success, the student gains confidence that failure is not a potential outcome in challenges taken with respect to a specific nature of tasks. Assuming that the piece of music falls within a similar task in which the student performs exemplarily well, it is within logical projection of probabilities that the next task, as completed in the piece of music under consideration, reaches set standards of success.
Apart from flawlessness in the approach that the student employs in learning new tasks, the apparent belief in personal judgment of success may rely on a perception of a biased appraisal system hence the expectation of a biased opinion regarding the presentation. In terms of an experience with the available appraisal team, the student may have a higher sense of credibility than the perception of the verdict expected. Perhaps weaker evaluation functionality as an option upon completion of the learning process would force appraisal lean towards personal judgment as the appraisal system of choice as opposed to when it is mandatory regardless of the biasness. In terms of the trust that the individual makes of an appraisal system, considerations of belief in self-judgment and the adjudication of another party depend on the experiences with such a system (Blackwell, Dweck and Trzesniewski 2007, p247). Past encounters with a negatively perceived system significantly reduce the trust that the student has upon which to hinge success. It therefore implies that the method of choice in cases of a biased appraisal system, coupled to the option of personal appraisal would significantly raise the perceived trust in the better bias level experienced in personal appraisal.
In addition, the nature of success perception heavily depends on the origin of the task, which could be self-determined or as allocated in an assigned task. Assuming that the student who feels achieved by personal effort without assessment or appraisal obtains the task from personal curiosity, it would be understandable that the importance of an appraising figure is not considered as opposed to the case where the student gets the task allocated by an individual senior to him. The origin of the task and the predetermined performance outcomes to amount to success or failure seems to be as set by the individual, perhaps without a structured personal appraisal, as it would be for an external appraising party. As an outcome determinant, of the origin of the task as well as the motivation to accomplish the goals of the task forms different success thresholds as the appraising authority deems fit. For the student as the originator of personal assignment, it implies that the satisfaction or success gained upon completion of the task solely depends on the self-belief that the expected learning outcomes suffice. Apparently, the threshold of determining performance gradually builds from the repetition procedure employed in the learning process, where confidence gathers with regard to the quality of performance presented at the end of the task.
The case of the student who feels satisfied by virtue of presenting the piece of music learnt through repetition without necessarily having an audience to appraise him illustrates an individual perception of success and achievement devoid of external opinion. With regard to outcomes of historic experiences with learning process and outcomes thereon, the student develops a perception on personal effort and confidence on the quality of effort made. Alternatively, the student may not find the need for appraisal since it is not a part of experiences, perhaps due to the learning environment where the functionality of external appraisal is absent (Born, Gais and Lucas 2006, p260). Due to the apparent lack of importance to appraisal by an external party, the student develops the feeling that the only true evaluation must be on an individual effort on the success functionality. Absence of an appraising audience may prove to be the motivation behind the satisfaction that personal effort is sufficient to feel accomplished.
Alternatively, the logic behind theories supporting the intelligence quotient (IQ) measure of individual abilities must also apply in the student’s belief in personal potential to complete a task successfully. Without the reliance on the results of an evaluation system, the individual performs a task to the best ability of their intellect, which neither relies on the threshold outlined in the score allocation criteria or opinionated appraisal. The motivation to learn and carry out the learning outcomes as a factor of individual competence The student is aware of the need to learn a new task and the motivation to learn is important than the evaluation concept. Despite the usual attachment of evaluation to success of a task carried out by a learner, the individual motivation that the student obtains from completion of the task outweighs the functionality of appraisal by an external function. Performance is a factor of internal motivations as opposed to any external opinion held regarding any function from preparation to presentation. Aware of the magnitude of individual input on the interpretation of success on a task, the student proceeds to make a presentation that is satisfactory with regard to input made during the learning process.
A student who opts to gain satisfaction and feel successful by performing in front of an appraising audience demonstrates the logic of evaluation as an integral part of attribution to success. It implies that the student makes the opinion of others an important part of the learning cycle. In terms of the importance of the external factors in the learning process as the student interprets the situation, it is possible that the student considers the opinion of other persons equally important as personal confidence does to the outcomes of a task (Musket and Thompson 2005, p400). Despite the fact that the student could still make a competent performance in the absence of an appraising audience, seeking the opinion of others contributes immensely to the confidence level of achieved outcomes. The meaning of an opinion delivered by the appraising party forms a part of the perceived success in the interpretation of learning procedure employed by the student. Despite the fact that the input of the student is outstandingly isolated in the learning process where repetition of the learning content makes the main input, it is evident that the opinion of an external observer makes overall success valuation as opposed to individual progress evaluation.
Theorists of the entity perspective of intelligence propose the concept of the completion of a leaning task on the need by the student to prove to others that they have achieved the learning outcome. This concept fits perfectly well in that, despite the fact that the student learns the piece of music on personal effort without a visible tutor, the desire to prove to the appraising observers introduces the self-gratification that competes the success feelings. By perceiving the impact of an observer as an integral part of the perceived success, it is upon the student to ensure that the final performance takes place in front of an audience in order to gain credit. Apart from the desire to prove to others forming a part of the student’s learning trajectory, the possibility that the driving force behind portrayal before an audience depends on the need to avoid looking unintelligent (Blackwell, Dweck and Trzesniewski 2007, p246). It calls for courage to make a presentation likely to elicit negative remarks on the ability of the student, but the student ignores the remarks. The mere appearance in front of an audience accredits the student as a smart learner. However, the quality of success achieved depends on the learning outcomes as opposed to the cycle culminating in the presentation before an audience.
The student who finds success by presenting before an audience obtains motivation from the self-presentation in front of people in order to establish self-esteem. The most disturbing outcome in such a setting would be failure which appraisal identifies in the presentation made. Despite the fact that the student learning process could have a compete reflection of the expected outcomes, the opinion is important in elimination of doubts of potential failure. A negative remark indicating failure of the learning process may severely injure the student’s self-esteem. The overall achievement in the presentation is the protection of self-image, which directly influences on the perception of learning. Learning makes meaning to the student if an opinion about how good they appeared to others forms part of the presentation functionality. To the student, it is important that the learning process follows outcomes as expected by others, perhaps due to lower appraisal abilities or they are compelled to believe that others perform the appraisal better.
The lack of an option to complete the learning cycle upon the presentation but before a panel makes the student compelled to oblige, but the feeling of success appears to have been conditional. Apart from the fact that the student had to present before a panel of assessors as a regulation, the feeling achieved as opposed to potential feeling if presented otherwise. Entity view of success presents the learner as a weaker personality when compared to the more self-dependent individual who does not need approval of others to feel achieved. Accepting the environmental interpretation of personal effort in carrying out tasks as a part of the learning process may also form an important social integration component. In the nature of appraisal from another party, the student obtains the feeling of acceptance among the learners and experts, which raises the credentials of the performance. Feeling acknowledged improves the confidence that the individual requires to participate into the larger fraternity of learners without uncertainty of personal competence.
Apparently, the level of confidence between a proponent of entity view and incremental view in establishment of success perceptions differs from the difference in inner belief that the two perspectives possess. Despite the fact that the student needs to feel comfortable at the end of the learning outcomes, it is imperative that the piece of music is learnt. The role of self-consciousness in the learning process subject to appraisal makes sense to the learning process, but the origin of appraisal needs to complement personal motivations (Dweck 1999, p.123). It is important that the learner obtain approval from inner confidence before the opinion of others forms part of the appraisal. In terms of the most important valuation threshold, satisfaction is valuable to both students irrespective of the opinion delivered by external parties. It therefore implies that the two students find motivation for learning in their settings, but in a different way. Learning outcomes determine the satisfaction that the learner obtains at the end of the learning process, which presents the interaction point for the two cases of learning.
For practicality of success in life, success makes sense if the overall outcome enables the learner to improve their life, as opposed to accumulation of negative life attributes. As an illustration, if success makes one gain confidence in life, it is worth the feelings that the learner obtains at the end of the learning proves. Gaining personal confidence and self-belief is worth the effort of a task where a student approaches life differently. On the other hand, success could prove to be detrimental to the quality of life of the learner if the outcomes attract negative energy such as self-centeredness, selfishness and show-off. Important life lessons in the manner that a learner employs amassed techniques to other general life situations presents the most important task as opposed to the opinion delivered. Despite the fact that the student has the right to make success interpretations within their understanding as and the prevailing conditions, the overall attachment to intelligence and improvement of quality of life must fundamentally form the motivation to learn.
References
Blackwell, L., Dweck, C.S., & Trzesniewski, K., (2007) Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention, Child Development, vol. 78, no. 1, pp.246-263.
Born, J., Gais, S., & Lucas, B., (2006) Sleep and learning aids memory recall, Learning and Memory, vol. 13, pp.259-262.
Dweck, C. S. (1999) Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development, Philadelphia, PA: The Psychology Press.
Musket, S., & Thompson, T., (2005) Does priming for mastery goals improve the performance of students with an entity view of ability? Br J Educ Psychol, vol. 75, no.3, pp.391-409.
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