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Diary of the Open Boat
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Introduction
Literature has often been recognized as one of the most fundamental part of the society. It is mainly used in the contemporary society to educate, entertain, as well as outline some ills in the society while creating in the minds of readers a picture of an ideal society and what it incorporates. In some cases, the literature captures real-life details of an occurrence in the life of the author, not necessarily in the shape of an autobiography. This is the case for Stephen Crane’s short story “The Open Boat”. This short story captures the real-life experiences of Stephen Crane when a ship on which he was sailing to Cuba in 1898 in the high seas off the Florida coast sank. He was heading to Cuba as an American newspaper’s correspondent aiming at writing about the problems that resulted in the 1898 Spanish- American war. The key characters in the story are four men, including the correspondent, the oiler, the cook and the captain. Being left in a little boat in the troublesome and unforgiving sea, the men spend two nights in the seas trying to reach the main land. While they can see the mainland, they cannot dare take their boats close to it as this would potentially result in the crashing of the boat on the shores thanks to the strong waves, which would endanger their lives. Eventually, the inevitable happens when their boat is flipped over and they must swim to the shores. However, only the correspondent, the captain and the cook make it to the shore as the oiler, who ironically is the strongest swimmer, drowns in the seas. Needless to say, the characters would have recorded the story in different ways in their diaries. This is how the correspondent’s diary must have looked like.
Hour 1: The waters seem amazing and dangerous at the same time. Is it not funny that we always fall in love with the beaches and admire the seas while not appreciating their strength and the danger they pose? I used to love them (and still have a soft spot for them) but my love has waned after the sea sank my ship. God knows what the dangerous sea can do to this tiny boat. God must be laughing up there at our folly.
Hour 2: Were it not for the danger in which we are, this would make an incredible boating expedition. Of course, not with the weary and injured captain who seems to exhibit profound indifference and dejections that comes to even the most enduring and bravest in the face of danger. The captain has given the oiler a directive to keep the boat a little south, which the oiler obeys. I think it is amazing that the captain can keep up his stature despite the danger and his injury and subsequent indifference.
Hour 3: It is hard to appreciate the terrible grace of the waves in their silence, especially considering the snarling of their crest. I am sure the other men have too much preoccupying their minds that they simply do not care. I wonder whether they would have noticed the daybreak, save for the change in the color of waves rolling to them.
Hour 4: The cook talks of a house of refuge situated north of the Mosquito Inlet Light. I am sure he wishes we were there as he thinks the crew down there would come from their boat and pick us up. Too bad he does not know that there are no crews in Houses of Refuge. Apparently, ignorance is bliss. Maybe the pessimism of the oiler in stating that whichever the case we are no close to the House of Refuge jolts us back to reality. It is undoubtedly difficult to keep up the optimism.
Hour 5: Thousands of birds stare at us. I wonder whether they feel pity at us. One even had the audacity of alighting at the captain’s head. I cannot help laughing at the insinuation by the cook that the bird looked as if it was carved with a jack knife. However ominous it was, it was a welcome diversion from the even more ominous sea.
Hour 6: The sight of the mainland shoves up our spirits. So near yet so far, I thought as the boat made some progress evidenced only by the sea-weed. Taking turns at the oars, the captain says that we should save out energy as we will still need it (Crane 730). Now that is a spoiler. We need all the optimism we can have. The thunder strikes as if to confirm that the captain is right. Too bad we will have to go back to the sea.
Hour 7: The House of Refuge is visible alright. Too bad I am proven right. The captain notes the lack of life in the house or not even a life-station within a radius of twenty miles. It is hard not to be cowardly in this situation. Even harder is thinking of the unsavory finish especially after exchanging admonitions and addresses. At least the Oiler seems steady and strong enough to be the only one to survive. I cannot help appreciating his expertise as he takes the boat further into the sea.
Hour 8: Someone wonders how people at the shore could have failed to see us. Sure someone waves at us from the shoreline. Our hopes resurface again especially at the thought that we were going to survive after all. They beckon us to the shore. Surely, they must be getting the life crew, of course, unless they think we are having fun in the sea. Funny how that thought sounds.
Hour 9: The air is quite panicky now. Too bad the individuals in the shore were not helpful at all. Worse still, it is getting dusk and the waves are no relenting. They seem to be eating onto the strength of the boat. The oiler and I decide to row until we have no strength to left, after which the rower would call another person (Crane 733). Sure the oiler does just that, takes a nap and rows yet again after I have no strength left to row.
Hour 10: With this darkness, it is hard not to think of the babes of the sea. An enormous fin cuts through the water close to the boat leaving a shiny long trail (Crane 735). Why would we have to survive from the sinking ship only to perish in the boat with the shore so near? Nature and fate can be so ruthless. Maybe the only valuable thing in life is love for your fellow man. The only warmth in the boat is from my sleeping brothers.
Hour 11: Nature must have read my curses and decided to punish us. Too bad our boat is nowhere to be seen. Swimming to the shore safety, I wonder whether it was some sort of joke from nature. But what kind of a joke is this that leads to the loss of a life? A sick joke, apparently. I cannot help mourning the death of my friend, my brother, the oiler. Such a strong swimmer he was. Too bad he was not so strong against the waves.
Works cited
Crane, Stephen. The Open Boat and Other Stories. New York: Dover Publications, 1993. Print.
Diarrhea
Diarrhea
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Diarrhea is increase in volume, fluidity, and frequency of bowel movement as compared to the normal habit of an individual. It is a health condition that involves loose bowel movement that is often and rapid. The condition may involve more than three loose stool passed in a day. It is a major cause of infant’s death globally and very prevalent in developing countries. Imbalance of electrolytes and dehydration as a result of fluid loss occur in individuals with diarrhea. Common treatment involves use of Zinc tablets, and Oral Rehydration salts. Acute diarrhea is a benign form of diarrhea and very common in United States. It is usually as a result of acute gastroenteritis which is caused by protozoa, bacteria or a virus. Diarrhea is also caused by irritable bowel syndrome also known as mucous colitis, functional diarrhea or irritable colon. Ingestion of anti-inflammatory agents, antibiotics, intolerable lactose, alcohol and substances with magnesium has been known to cause diarrhea. Diarrhea is common for diabetic patients (Seller, 2000).
History
Physicians evaluate a patient by assessing and inquiring from the patient asking several questions. Questions asked include: What is the usual pattern and frequency of bowel movement? How is the present pattern of movement of the bowel? Is there presence of mucous or blood in the stool? Do you experience nocturnal diarrhea? Are there recent changes in your diet? Have you had changes in food nature? Are you having symptoms such as, nausea, vomiting or fever? Could diarrhea exacerbation been as a result of the dairy products you have taken? How often does this happen after ingesting such food? Where do you come from and how old are you? Have you recently ingested any drug? Do you have important previous surgical or medical history such as diabetes, AIDS or sickle cell? Have you had recent travels abroad or within U.S? If the patient is an infant, questions directed to the parent may include: How old is he or she? Since when have the child had the diarrhea? Does it happen in other seasons or it happens during winter? How spacious and clean is your home environment?
Rationale for the Questions
Patient’s Nature
The grounds on which the questions are based are on the significant causes of diarrhea, Patient’s nature and symptoms nature. Acute diarrhea is majorly caused by viral gastroenteritis. In adults this is a self limiting benign condition although it may cause severe dehydration for children and infants. Rotavirus is the significant cause of gastroenteritis that is nonbacterial in infants less than three years of age especially during winter. For children at the age of one to four years, salmonella is the major gastroenteritis cause. Shigella epidemic is prevalent among children of one to four years of age and for individuals living under substandard sanitation in enclosed surroundings such as custodial institutions and prisons. Giadiasis is a condition susceptible in infants and common in children which may cause sub-acute or acute diarrhea. It is common for hikers and campers who have higher chance of taking water infested with Giardia. Infant diarrhea as a result of higher intake of dairy products, there are higher chances that it may be as a result of lactase deficiency which may cause lactose intolerance. This type of diarrhea is common in adults of Mediterranean origin where individuals’ lactase production declines with age. The decline of lactase is especially pronounced for some individuals where diarrhea result t from high ingestion of lactose present in ice cream, milk, dairy products such as cheese. Transient deficiency of lactase is notable after experiencing infectious gastroenteritis (Seller, 2000).
Irritable colon is common in women who are middle aged and experiencing chronic diarrhea. The condition occurs in young women with children and another job responsibility outside home. Stressed individuals also experience irritable colon. Diarrhea as a result of misuse of purgatives is common in women who are middle aged. Patients who surreptitiously take laxatives demonstrate hysterical behavior and abuse of laxative is noted by adding sodium hydroxide to a sample of stool where a color change is noted.
Diabetic patients and those with neurological dysfunction have been noted to experience chronic diarrhea. Diabetic patients usually have bowel motility that is poor and experience gastric stasis. Under those conditions, there is bacterial overgrowth which might lead to postprandial, explosive and uncontrollable diarrhea. Therefore, it is advisable that these patients refrain from careless eating which may inconveniently cause uncontrollable diarrhea. Bacterial overgrowth may be therapeutically combated by Intake of tetracycline. Acute and chronic diarrhea exposes patients to other serious complications. The patients who are prone to these conditions are elderly, neonates, patients of sickle cell and immunocompromised individuals from a disease or chemotherapy. Diarrhea which is a result of enteric infections from fungal, protozoa, viral and bacterial pathogens is significantly notable in individuals who have Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (Dunphy, 2007).
Symptoms Nature
Differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and chronic diarrhea is crucial. Acute diarrhea onsets abruptly, lasts less than a week and is associated with fever, vomiting, nausea and viral prodrome. Chronic diarrhea has an initial period which last for more than two weeks and recurrence of the diarrhea may occur after several months or even years. Acute diarrhea onset on healthy individuals with no other sign of involvement of other organ systems suggests a viral infection. If a patient vomits with a sudden start of diarrhea for a number of people along the same period bacterial infection e.g. from Staphylococcus enterotoxin may be the cause. After ingesting contaminated food, symptoms usually start after two to eight hours. Refrigeration of food in summer may cause food contamination. Infection with Salmonella, Campylobacter and Shigella, reveals symptoms after twenty four to seventy two hours as there is multiplication of the pathogenic microorganisms. Giardia infection shows symptoms after one to two weeks after exposure.
Chronic diarrhea is especially as a result of irritable bowel syndrome, colon cancer, dietary factors, medication, and chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Irritable bowel syndrome may occur as intermittent diarrhea alternating with constipation or during stressful times. Stool is loose, more frequent and painful. History of hard stool alternating with soft ones with mucus is as a result of irritable bowel syndrome although viral gastroenteritis, giardiasis and salmonellosis must not be ignored. Persistent diarrhea with times of floating, frothy and smelly stool may suggest a pancreatic cause. Foul odor, explosive, mucous and watery diarrhea may be due to giardiasis. Onset of diarrhea as a result of giardiasis may be gradual persisting for several weeks. Functional diarrhea does not occur during the night. It often occurs in the morning with copious mucus. Blood in the stool may be due to haemorrhoidal bleeding. From the stool, Patients may notice undigested food and rectal urgency. Nocturnal diarrhea is mostly associated with organic cause (Seller, 2000).
Acute diarrhea can be classified into toxin-mediated diarrhea and infectious diarrhea. The former is characterized by abrupt onset where patients diarrhea after few hours of intake of contaminated food. It is watery and in large amounts accompanied by nausea increased salivation, vomiting, general malaise, abdominal pain and less fever. Neurologic symptoms after diarrhea could be as a result of botulism or clostridia toxin. Infectious diarrhea is majorly caused by colonic mucosal invasion commonly known as dysentery syndrome. It is characterized by fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal cramps, and general malaise. Myalgia accompanied by watery diarrhea could be as a result of viral gastroenteritis and Campylobacter or salmonella (Dunphy, 2007).
Diagnosis
Bacteria that infect colonic mucosa include shigella, salmonella, Escherichia Coli and Yersinia. Presence of fecal leukocytes, stool should be culture. If the patient has high fever, a blood sample is then cultured. Fecal leukocytes are also associated with ulcerative colitis incase there is no remarkable results of the cultures. Toxin production by organisms such as E. coli, Staphylococcus, Clostridium Perfringens, and Vibrio Cholerae cause diarrhea. Others such as viruses and Giardia induce bowel lesions that are small causing watery stool with no presence of fecal leukocytes. In addition, amebic dysentery is not related to fecal leukocytes. Microscopic examination of stool shows Giardia cysts in patients suffering from giardiasis. Negative results could be confirmed with Giardia antigen test, jejuna biopsy or aspiration. Patients with diarrhea as a result of abuse of a laxative, a proctoscopic examination could be used to show melanosis coli. Stool and urine test with sodium hydroxide is positive where phenolphthalein is used as an indicator. Patients with deficiency of lactase test pH which is less than six and sugar more than one gram percent in the stool (Seller, 2000).
Differential Identification of Acute and Chronic Diarrhea
Acute Diarrhea
Abnormal stool increase in liquidity in persons that are healthy. It is self limiting and lasts for less than fourteen days. It caused by acute viral or bacterial infections. Acute viral diarrhea is most common and self limiting. Acute bacterial diarrhea develop six to twenty four hours after ingesting contaminated food
Chronic Diarrhea
Decline in fecal consistency for less than four weeks. It is caused by Inflammatory diarrhea, secretory diarrhea intestinal immobility and mal-absorption.
Etiology:
Bacterial: Salmonella, Escherichia coli , Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae , Clostridium difficile ,Campylobacter jejuni , Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Viral: Rotavirus and Norovirus
Protozoal: Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, Isospora belli and Entamoeba histolytica Etiology
Inflammatory diarrhea: Radiation enterocolitis , Inflammatory bowel disease, hypersensitivity, AIDS and Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Infectious diarrhea: Bacterial such as Clostridium difficile and Mycobacterium avium intracellulare Parasites such as Isospora and Giardia lamblia,
Osmotic diarrhea: Bacterial overgrowth, pancreatic insufficiency, celiac disease, lactase deficiency.
Post surgical: Peptic ulcers and short gut
Secretory diarrhea: e.g. carcinoid syndrome
Diarrhea as a result of laxatives, toxins, irritable bowel syndrome, neurological diseases, diabetes, drugs
History
Headache, Anorexia with or without vomiting, Malaise and Myalgia.
Assess characteristics of the stool, quantity Frequency, consistency and presence of blood or mucous.
Inquire about day care attendance, Intake of raw meat, raw seafood, contact with sick individuals, travel history and intake of unpasteurized milk
History
Assess the onset, duration, pattern, frequency and characteristics of loose stool.
Asses fecal incontinence, mitigating factors such as drugs and diet, exposure and travel, aggravating factors such as stress and diet
Check for loss in weight
Review underlying causes such as diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, collagen vascular disease, AIDS and tumor syndromes.
Physical exam
Examine liquid and loose stools with or without mucus or blood, Fever, Determine hydration, assess skin turgor, mucosal membranes which are dry, decreased urination, Abdominal distension and pain or hypotension.
In children, assess tears absence, dry diapers and depressed fontanelles.
Physical Exam
Nutrition and fluid balance. Flushing and rashes on the skin, mass of the thyroid, wheezing chest, murmuring heart, abdominal mass, hepatomegaly, and tenderness.
Anal-rectal exam of Sphincter competence, blood test for fecal occult.
Assess for Edema along the extremities
Diagnostic test
Serum electrolytes, CBC, stool samples and ,creatinine test
Diagnostic Test
Initial Laboratory tests include CBC test with differential, total protein, electrolytes, , albumin, and TSH
Determine transglutimase antibody (TGA) and
Anti-endomysial antibody (AEA).
Stool analysis: analyze for parasites and ova in the stool.
Initial Imaging Approach with Barium enema
Computed tomography (CT) is performed to rule out chronic pancreatitis if there is abnormal presence of pancreatic enzymes or mal-absorption
Diagnostic Procedures/Other
Colonoscopy for inflammatory lesions if there is presence of blood in the stool with or without iron deficiency.
If there is negative barium enema and persistence of diarrhea, the patient should be referred to a specialist.
First line Medication
30 ml of Bismuth subsalicylate for every half an hour for eight doses useful in treating mild diarrhea
Persistent of diarrhea with identification of the pathogen, antibiotic therapy is administered.
250 mg/d of Metronidazole is given for 5 days for patients with Giardiasis
750 mg /d Metronidazole is given for 10 days in patients infected with E. histolytica:
160 mg/800 mg/d Bactrim DS or Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Is given for 5 days, or 500 mg/d ciprofloxacin is administred for 3 days in patients with Shigella infection
500 mg /d of Erythromycin is administered for 5 days or 500 mg /d of ciprofloxacin administered for 3 days for patients with Campylobacter infection.
Discontinue use of antibiotics and administer 500 mg/d metronidazole for ten to forteen days if there is persistence of dirrhoea for patients infected as a result of. C. difficile
A single dose of 750 mg of Ciprofloxacin if severe case, or 500 mg taken twice a day for three days.
A single tablet of Bactrim DS taken twice a day for three days for patients with traveler’s diarrhea First Line medication
For symptomatic relief and treatment of diarrhea prescribe Opioid agonists 5to 20 mg/d of Lomotil or Diphenoxylate-atropine Imodium or operamide 4 to16 mg/d. The doses are given according to the needs and weight of a patient.
The medication is Contraindicated in ulcerative colitis, and infectious diarrhea
Diet
Consider Early re-feeding. Avoid alcohol, coffee, vegetables, most fruits, red meat, food that is heavily seasoned and dairy products in times of diarrhea. Initially, eat salted crackers, rice and clear soup, sherbet and dry bread. Slowly add baked potatoes to the diet, eat noodles with chicken soup. Eventually, addition of baked fish, bananas, applesauce and poultry can be included in the diet as stool starts to shape up.
Diet
Refrain from products containing lactose, sorbitol and food allergens.
Add twenty to thirty g/d of dietary fiber for a case of irritable bowel syndrome
Reference
Dunphy L. M. et al (2007). Primary Care: The Art and Science of Advance Practice Nursing. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company
Seller R. H. (2000). Diarrhea: Differential Diagnosis of Common Complaints. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Diamond Patrol in Namibia. the report aims to evaluate the best mechanism for conducting aerial patrols
Diamond Patrol in Namibia
Student’s Name
Institution
Choice Analysis 2 Diamond Patrol in Namibia
299085056515
Introduction
Purpose of the study
Purposefully, the report aims to evaluate the best mechanism for conducting aerial patrols. The patrols are supposedly intended to facilitate thorough surveillance of particular areas for mining in order to enhance effectiveness and efficiency in the mining or excavation process. In fact, when a valuable substance like diamond is being mined, surveillance is imperative not only to identify the rich localities, but also to facilitate easy and precise mining practices (Levy, 2003). Notably, the surveillance mechanism, processes, and logistics are to be undertaken by a Company known as Namdeb Mining Corporation. On that note, the report analyzes the proposal that the company mentioned above drafted in order to provide the aerial patrols.Contextually, the surveillance process is to be provided in selected or specific diamond mining areas that are found along the Namibia’s southern coast. In particular, the mining areas to be patrolled are licensed as 43 and 44. The mines are also respectively referred to as Mining Area 1 and Bogenfels. The two areas are said to be very rich in the valuable mineral; however, their exploitations call for prior knowledge of the zones where the diamonds are found. In order to accomplish this, there is the need for thorough and reliable surveillance methods so as to foster faster and cost-effective mining processes. As a result, the report serves as a guideline or reference point that would allow the best choice to be made on the type of patrol or surveillance vehicle that is relevant for the mining process. In a nutshell, the guideline acts as the directory for ensuring that the services offered by Namdeb Mining Corporation are appropriately evaluated in order to make the right choice.Aircraft ComparisonNamdeb Mining Corporation provides their surveillance services using two main aircrafts. Noticeably, according to the contemporary monitoring services, unmanned aircrafts are valued and favored. As such, the company conforms to the modern demand for providing two different but related surveillance services using remotely controlled mechanisms (Stanley & Crump, 2011). However, the basis for making the right choice is pegged on multifaceted issues; but most importantly, time and distance. The two primary factors determine the extent to which the patrol vehicles would qualitatively and quantitatively perform their tasks. In addition, the comparison and contrast will have their basis on the capital of purchasing or procuring the patrol vehicles. The capital is not all because it is very prudent too to consider the cost of operating the aircrafts. Similarly, the choice analysis looks onto the number and cost of personnel needed to run either of the aircrafts in question.Notably, understanding the cost of procurements and operations are very essential in order to make the choice depending on the concepts of feasibility and viability. A service is termed viable or feasible if the cumulative costs do not surpass the benefits that the service (s) herald. That is; the cost of conducting the surveillance process should lead to positive outcomes that go beyond the overall costs incurred. Evidently, the three main parameters for conducting cost and benefits analysis include the initial cost or capital, costs of operations, and the number of personnel required (Masha, Kpodar & International Monetary Fund, 2009). In sum, the right choice should minimize the costs incurred and maximize the benefits. In analogy, the costs incurred are surrogate to the demands of the aircrafts and surveillance while the benefits indicate the total area surveyed in relation to time taken and distance covered.Aircraft Selection CriteriaBreakdown of the choice evaluation depended on the SWOT analysis in order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the two options. By names, the Namdeb Mining Corporation offered two services namely: small unmanned aerial system (SUAS) and a medium unmanned aerial system (MUAS) (Kalyanam, Chandler, Pachter & Darbha, 2012). That is, the Eagle Security, which has the mandate and responsibility for conducting the surveillance, is faced with the task of making the right choice of system when giving the tender to Namdeb Mining Corporation. For that reason, the selection of the right aircraft will depend on the objectives of the Security body, which is inevitably qualified in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. In sum; the criteria for the selection are dependent on the nature, demands, and outcomes of either of the systems.Organization of the ReportThe report is organized into a logical sequence in order to herald consistency and ease in understanding. Evidently, the report’s sensitivity and need for public apprehension are the primary determinants of the logical organization. First, the mission requirement section evaluates the demands of Eagle Security in relation to offering the surveillance tender to Namdeb Mining Corporation. Secondly, the report provides a detailed comparison of the two systems; SUAS, and MUAS. In order to make the right choice, the report has a third section of operating concepts to evaluate how either of the patrol vehicles functions. In addition, cost comparison segment enhances the cost and benefits analysis in order to model for feasibility and viability. Also, the security is a part of the report that analyzes the choice rudiments in accordance with the safety issues. Ultimately, all the sections above provide the guideline for making appropriate recommendations.Mission RequirementsNamdeb Mining Corporation as the bidder of Eagle’s tender proposes to carry out aerial patrols or surveillance using the unmanned aircrafts on the diamond mining areas. In particular, the areas to be surveyed are mining areas licensed as 43 and 44 that are found on the Southern Coast of Namibia. Operationally, the surveillance process is to be conducted in coordination with the company that provides patrols. As a result, the Eagle Security would opt to choose either Namdeb’s MUAS or SUAS.The target or mission of the surveillance can be cumulatively termed as effectiveness and efficiency. The two concepts should touch on better operation and favorable costs of the services. For instance, the sensors of the aircrafts should enhance focus and the detectable targets need to be of human-size or larger. Also, the objects detected should be larger from distances that are not less than three kilometers. Further, the streaming of images or data should be on the appropriate ground stations in exact or real time.Considerably, the system selected must directly support six Namdeb vehicles that patrol each day. Each of the patrols should take about 8-10 hours on a random and staggered schedule in order to ensure that at least two surveys or patrols are done in the diamond areas at all times. As a result, to support mutual operations, the patrols shall function within a time span of 6-10 kilometers of each other. Every patrol always consists of three 4 by 4 vehicles and seven Namdeb police officers. The company personnel shall provide continuous and consistent support for the patrols. The SUAS team will be operated by a group of company employees that accompany the Namdeb team while the MUAS shall provide both quick response and over-watch to the patrols simultaneously. The AircraftsNAMDEB Company shall provide the surveillance programs using the two aircrafts; SUAS and MUAS. The former aircraft should have a weight less than twenty pounds and transportable in the 4 by 4 vehicles of the company, each of which must be attached to a police patrol from the company. Even though there is a possibility of covering simultaneous patrols with the SUAS aircraft, Namdeb indicates that an aircraft and flight crew need to accompany each patrol in the initial year of operation (Kalyanam, Chandler, Pachter & Darbha, 2012). In addition, the SUAS aircraft has to be launched in the first 10 minutes of the commander’s request and operate up to five kilometers. The fight speed should be thirty kilometers per hour and maintain flying for at least 30 minutes before landing for battery charging and refueling.On the other hand, MUAS aircraft shall function from the Oranjemund Airport (FYOG). Appropriate systems shall be provided to ensure that the surveillance is done on a 24/7/365 basis. The case’s operational scheme would be aimed at maintaining MUAS on continuous patrol all the times. Inevitably, this system will ensure effective over-watch and responsive surveillance services for the patrols done simultaneously.Operating ConceptAs mentioned above, the schedule of the two systems shall vary in time, distance, and accompaniment of the flight personnel. Qualitatively, according to the operations; particularly for the first year, MUAS has the provision of simultaneous functions. On the contrary, SUAS aircrafts do not operate over-watch and reactive/responsive surveillance simultaneously. From the notions, the former aircraft entails multitasking and requires lesser time. Conversely, a one on one operation of SUAS requires longer time and many personnel. CostsSince SUAS is small and simple; its upfront cost is correspondingly low compared to that of MUAS. Again, many SUAS aircrafts will be needed to accomplish the same task as MUAS, which means that the latter is more expensive. Quantitatively, the operation cost of SUAS would be 90k times 7 people times at least 8 hours, which is done twice at a time. The cost would be 10080K per day/aircraft. However, 6 aircrafts are needed, which leads to 60,480K.If the assignment of patrol officers remains constant and because MUAS works all times, the operation cost would be 7 people by 1 by 24hours with each operator earning 90K. Therefore the cost would be 15,120 per day/aircraft. But, MUAS doubles the work, which would require at least 3 aircrafts that result to around 45, 360K. Many SUAS would be demanded; hence, the overall cost will be high when SUAS is used. SecurityThe safety of the aircraft is pegged on the tasks assigned and the period of operations. SUAS works on each task at a time; that is, it conducts over-watch and response activities differently. As such, there is a high chance that the system is much safer compared to the counterpart. On the contrary, MUAS operates on a 24/7/365 basis, which means it works all the times. Again, the medium system functions as over-watch and monitory responses simultaneously. It is, therefore, inevitable that MUAS is less safe due to the long time operations and integration of different roles.RecommendationFrom the rudiments of the study, it can be concluded that SUAS has cheaper initial capital, but expensive cumulatively if the operation costs are incorporated in a matter of time. On the other hand, MUAS enhances faster and complete all time surveillance, but the system is less safe and requires higher capital.Therefore, it is commendable for Eagle Security to offer the tender to Namdeb’s MUAS aircraft in order to minimize the operation costs and maximize on complete and all time surveillance.
References
Kalyanam, K., Chandler, P., Pachter, M., & Darbha, S. (2012). Optimization of Perimeter Patrol Operations Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 35(2), 434-441.
Levy, A. V. (2003). Diamonds and conflict: Problems and solutions. Hauppauge, N.Y: Novinka Books.
Masha, I., Kpodar, K., & International Monetary Fund. (2009). Namibia: Selected issues paper. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
Stanley, J., & Crump, C. (2011, December). Protecting Privacy From Aerial Surveillance: Recommendations for Government Use of Drone Aircraft. Retrieved February 1, 2015, from HYPERLINK “https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/protectingprivacyfromaerialsurveillance.pdf” https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/protectingprivacyfromaerialsurveillance.pdf