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Agricultur
Agriculture, which dates back 12,000 years, has resulted in such a societal shift that it has been called the “neolithic revolution.” Since their creation, traditional hunters and human lives have been followed, choosing permanent dwellings and stable food sources. Cities and cultures have sprung up as a result of agriculture. The world’s population has grown from about five million citizens 10,000 years ago to more than seven billion today, as crops and livestock continue to be developed to satisfy demand.
There was no one catalyst or combination of causes that prompted people to begin farming in various parts of the world. Climate change, for example, was thought to have introduced seasonal conditions in the Near East towards the close of the last ice age, favoring annual crops such as wild cereals. Another cause, such as the spread of bacterial strains on natural food supplies in East Asia, may have compelled citizens to look for homegrown alternatives. Planting has sown fresh seeds, regardless of the reasons for their distinct origin.
Religion has played an essential role in the history of humans in many civilizations. There are many reasons why religions have played such a prominent position in forming a society’s identity; possibly the most remarkable reason is that belief in a divine or theological being adds meaning and significance to certain earthly people. This trend has been especially evident among persecuted groups. People who have been victimized have a deep desire to uphold their religious beliefs because their faith provides them with hope and a reason to survive amid horrible oppression. This is evident in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions. Both three of these cultures have faced different modes of tyranny at some point in their histories, and some historians have cited the Party’s religious solid belief as one of the primary reasons for its survival.
Constructivism is a subfield of epistemology, which is concerned with how we learn knowledge. The fundamental theory of constructivist philosophy is that scientific significance, particularly in human contexts such as families, is traditionally unknowable. This philosophy is shared by social constructivism, which contends that we understand absolute, trustworthy, and natural objects. Our minds are socially modeled on human concepts by societies and language patterns. When we accept “fact” or “facts,” we are urged to consider whether our theories correspond to the way things were, that is, the Connection between our internal and external environments, and whether and how they reflect a specific privileged cultural internalization or externality.
Faith as a social framework critics contends that modern religious categories are based on ideas that arose in European history. In its initial Christian context, religion is used to identify a distinct feature of new societies (Asad, 1993: 37-43). Belief creates what it is supposed to describe. Linguists, theologians, missionary societies, imperial authorities, and nascent social sciences were among the early practitioners of comparative religion, which arose from philology. Theological conclusions would not be excluded from the concept if the definition shifted from religious distinction to a more secularized definition (Niebuhr). As a result, an ostensibly neutral party continues to apply principles from its Christian past in an informal manner. This relentless Christian determination towards religion is perhaps most visible in the continued emphasis on confidence as the central trait of religion.
Cushman wrote his book “The Cry of Stone” at one stage (the title refers to Luke 19:40, where he says that even though all individuals were mute, the stones would be witnesses to him). He went on to work for the good of the Plymouth Colony for many years until his death, perhaps from sickness, in 1625 CE (Cushman 78-165). Thomas Cushman (11608-1691 CE) married one of the Mayflower passengers’ daughters and rose to prominence in the colony. Mourt’s Connection became an English best-seller, inspiring other colonists to establish their territories. In contrast, Cushman’s patent for Plymouth Colony and the agreement he signed with the colonists guaranteed their longevity by regular supply ships. On the other hand, Cushman is often forgotten since he was not on the Mayflower in 1620 CE for its landmark crossing, but the famous voyage – and all that followed – would not have happened if it hadn’t been for him.
Work cited
Cushman, Philip. “Why the self is empty: Toward a historically situated psychology.” American psychologist 45.5 (1990): 599.
Niebuhr, Reinhold. Does civilization need religion?: a study in the social resources and limitations of religion in modern life. Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2010.
Agnosticism
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Agnosticism
Religion typically includes belief in a higher power, and many religious people believe in the existence of a god or gods. These gods are usually said to be quite powerful, influencing every aspect of human life. However, some people do not believe in the existence of higher powers, mainly because there is no evidence to support the idea. The existence of gods is a highly subjective view, which has been the center of heated debates over the years. Agnosticism sums up this belief that it is impossible to prove the existence of a god or gods; therefore, these higher powers might not exist (Le Poidevin 12). Some agnostics believe that there is no god because there is no proof, while others could be convinced if there was sufficient proof. Greek philosopher Protagoras is credited as the first agnostic, and others such as Huxley and Ingersoll support his ideas. Many other famous figures like Mark Twain, Albert Einstein, and Charles Darwin were also self-proclaimed agnostics. After learning more about the topic of agnosticism, I agree with the idea for various reasons.
The first reason why I support the idea of agnosticism is that belief in a god or gods is highly subjective. In examining people who talk about their faith in a god, their support for their beliefs is based on personal experiences. Their judgment is highly subjective and does not apply to everyone. For example, a person may believe that god is responsible for their success, while another could claim that they are successful because they worked hard. It all boils down to personal ideas. Religion is a very personal thing, and trying to convince someone that their beliefs are right or wrong will likely lead to arguments. The existence of a god or gods is a matter of personal opinion; therefore, it is difficult to prove whether god exists or not. Every individual should believe what they think is right.
The second reason why I support agnosticism is that there is little or no evidence about the existence of a god or gods (Sherkat 443). In today’s world, people want proof before they can completely agree with an idea. Unfortunately, it is difficult to prove the existence of god because no one has seen any god. There is no material evidence that can be pointed out as sure proof that god exists. People who believe in gods say that the gods have done a lot for them in life, but there are valid counterarguments for that. For example, when a person says that god exists in heaven, there should be proof of heaven’s physical location and people who have seen the gods in person. Agnostics say that there is no evidence that god exists, and I agree because I haven’t seen any evidence as well.
Another reason why I agree with agnosticism is that people manipulate the idea of a god or god to manipulate others. When I listen to religious teachers telling their followers about what god says and what he wants them to do, it is easy to see that they do this for some gain. Staunch believers can easily be manipulated by this idea of an invisible god sending them instruction. Perfect examples of this include many cultists throughout history. A person starts telling others about a god who wants them to do something, and soon, such a religious teacher wields a lot of power and influence over their followers. Most of the time, the gullible believers would go so far as to kill themselves and give up all of their possessions in the name of following god. Instead of believing some false ideas, people should seek evidence such as hearing from god in person before they make up their minds. Agnosticism is a practical view because it demands evidence over blind belief.
Works Cited
Le Poidevin, Robin. Agnosticism: A very short introduction. OUP Oxford, 2010.
Sherkat, Darren E. “Beyond belief: Atheism, agnosticism, and theistic certainty in the United States.” Sociological Spectrum 28.5 (2008): 438-459.
Aging in Sports and Exercise
Aging in Sports and Exercise
Is Aging associated with increased inflammatory activity?
Aging leads to a progressive decrease of muscle strength and flexibility. The risk of a cardiac emergency is increased substantially when a person is actually exercising. Some physicians have thus argued that older people who intend to exercise should undergo exhaustive preliminary screening, including an exercise electrocardiogram. This may be desirable if the person intends to embark on very strenuous competitive training, but it is undesirable if an older individual merely wishes to make a small increase in their habitual daily physical activity.
Young adulthood typically covers the period from 20-35 years of age, when both biological function and physical performance reach their peak. During young middle-age (35-45 years), physical activity usually wanes, with a 5-10 kg accumulation of body fat. Active pursuits may be shared with a growing family, but it becomes less important to impress either an employer or persons of the opposite sex with physical appearance and performance. During later middle-age (45-65 years), women reach the menopause, and men also substantially reduce their output of sex hormones. Career opportunities have commonly peaked, and a larger disposable income often allows energy demanding domestic tasks to be deputed to service contractors. The decline in physical condition thus continues and may accelerate.
In early old age (65-75 years), there may be a modest increase of physical activity, in an attempt to fill free time resulting from retirement. By middle old age (75-85 years), many people have developed some physical disability, and in the final stage (very old age, over 85 years) they become totally dependent. A typical expectation is of 8-10 years of partial disability, and a year of total dependency.
There are nevertheless wide inter-individual differences in functional status at any given chronological age. In terms of maximal oxygen intake, muscle strength and flexibility, the best preserved 65-year-old may out-perform a sedentary 25-year-old. Whether assessing fitness for continuing employment or recommending an exercise prescription, decisions should thus be based upon biological rather than chronological age. Unfortunately, there is no very satisfactory method of determining a person’s biological age, because the different biological systems age at differing rates. Attempts to combine such measurements as graying of the hair, loss of skin elasticity, a decrease of vital capacity, and a decrease of reaction time into a global index seem to provide no more than a complicated and inaccurate method of assessing the individual’s chronological age.
