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Aids In Africa
Aids In Africa
The goal of this essay is to analyze a report on AIDS in Africa and explain the views of different pharmaceutical companies concerning the distribution of various antiretroviral drugs. Hopefully, it will help us identify the main reason behind the high prevalence rates of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Ricardo credited with the theory of comparative advantage probably, would have encouraged the pharmaceutical companies to produce drugs they were well suited for in surplus. Consequently, they would sell surplus drugs to the developing countries at subsidized prices in exchange of cheaper raw materials and better governmental policies. Locke on the other hand, would have supported the companies arguing that the prices were determined by the supply-demand chain. Another sociologist Smith, would have criticized the companies for trying to monopolize the market via the TRIPS agreement so as to fix higher prices for the drugs. Lastly, Marx would have encouraged the companies to come up with prices based on the labor used from research to processing.
The positions of GlaxoSmithKline and Bristol- Myers Squibb lie behind Locke’s view on property while Cipla’s position lies behind Marx’s view on property. Apparently, Cipla is the only group according to the article, which holds the correct view on property. This is because the drug companies could not continue realizing huge profit margins at the expense of poor Africans who succumbed to the deadly virus. Thanks to Cipla, they had to subsidize the price of their drug regimens to ensure poor Africans also had access to the drugs.
In terms of utilitarianism, I believe Cipla’s position generated more happiness and had more moral worth compared to GlaxoSmithKline’s position. Moreover, Cipla was justified and showed more caring for the Africans unlike GlaxoSmithKline who were guided by their own selfish interests. Though, GlaxoSmithKline had the ultimate right to determine the prices of their commodities because the drugs were a product of their research and hard work and Cipla had no right at all to copy their regimens. Ethically, I believe Cipla’s position was more correct because it took into account the lives of poor Africans.
Our decisions should not be guided by our selfish interests. Instead, we should weigh the possible outcomes of our decisions and make the correct choice.
References
Martin Cohen (2008): Philosophical Tales. Blackwell Publishers.
McLellan, David (2007): Marxism After Marx. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ahmad Tea Analysis
Ahmad Tea Analysis
Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc381002818 h 1PESTLE Analysis PAGEREF _Toc381002819 h 2SWOT Analysis of Ahmad Tea. PAGEREF _Toc381002820 h 3
IntroductionThe Ahmad Tea is the world’s most exclusive tea and a family business based in United Kingdom that draws different generations of tea blending as well as tasting experience. The Tea is renowned for its high quality of teas across the world even though it was only a family business. Ahmed Tea uses a deep green color as their logo and labels which attracted the eye of most people. Ahmad Tea has a range of product which includes; English tea No 1 Range is Ahmad Tea’s exclusive blend which is the Company popular award winning blend for the occasions however; it is renowned not to be the best selling product in the Company. The product range is offered in ranges which includes gift caddies that makes it to be a wonderful tea to enjoy as well as to share.
Classic Tea Range is identified to be the favorite classics tea for the English Cup and it is the first product range through which the Company managed to establish their reputation in. The product range also consists of its ranges including cardamom, Ceylon and many others. Fruit Black Tea Range on the other hand is full with flavors and it can be enjoyed when it is hot or iced. The product brings the rainbow of colors as well as moods. The enjoyable Fruit Tea Range consists of Vanilla, strawberry and mango. Herbal and Fruit Infusions are very delicious as well as healthy as compared to the regular teas. This type of product range consists of mixed citrus, mixed berries and more others
Selection Pack Ranges have a wondrous tea packs varieties and selection gifts. The product range includes teas that tend to be perfect and which can be accompanied to occasions held across the globe. The Ahmad Tea range of Selection Packs enables one to choose any present with pleasure, as well as to select a treat to treasure. Green Tea Range suits all the occasions and the moods. The Company’s range of green teas runs from the classic taste of Original Green Tea, through the subtlety of Green Tea Earl Grey, to the fruitiness of Blueberry Green Tea (ahmadtea.com, 2012). The reason for the investigation of the above product ranges is to enable people to know the product ranges the Company has according to how sweet they are and to know which range of the product they can go for.
PESTLE AnalysisPestle analysis is a strategic planning tool that helps companies in seeing the landscape which is beyond the market. It helps in understanding external forces that influence the performance of the company.
Political – there is a tendency to overtax companies by the government that leads to low wages for employees in a company, taxes takes away some of the money that could have been used to pay the employees making employers not to pay good wages to their employees this trickles down to Ahmed Tea company overall poor performance.
Economic-the budget for the UK government and factors such as reduction of custom duty can have an effect on Ahmed tea company’s operations.
Social -Ahmad Tea Company might be unable to sell its products in some regions due to peoples taste or even low incomes of people living in some regions in the UK and also in their international markets.
Technology factors in a company involve the technological changes and use of technology incentives. These factors in a company determine the barriers to entry while influencing the outsourcing decisions. Technological factors affect the costs which then lead to innovation.
Environmental factors such as climate changes have a negative effect on Ahmad Tea Company since its products are dependent on farming. All these factors should be analyzed in every company, it is therefore necessary for Ahmed Tea Company to strategically analyze them in order to gain a competitive advantage in the market.
SWOT Analysis of Ahmad Tea.Strength – The Ahmad Company produces high quality products that are available online for both a local and an international market.
Weakness-There is lack of much product differentiation with the products that Ahmad tea company offers hence a major concern in consumer loyalty.
Opportunity-With an increasing number of working youth in the UK who prefers tea, there come an opportunity for Ahmad Tea Company.
Threat-there is presence of strong regional competitors such as Tata company hence a threat for Ahmad Tea Company (SWOT Analysis, 2010).
References
Ahmad Tea Company. (n2012). Home page. Retrieved October 30, 2012, from http://www.ahmadtea.com/
SWOT Analysis – Strategy Tools from MindTools.com . (2010). Mind Tools – Management Training, Leadership Training and Career Training. Retrieved October 30, 2012, from http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_05.htm
agricultural policy in Australia
AGRICULTURAL POLICY
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ECONOMICS
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Australia is the world’s leading producer of livestock mainly cattle, sheep and goat. The livestock are exported to other countries mainly the Middle East where the demand of animal produce is high, and the supply is low. Australia, therefore, meets the demand by making exports of livestock for breeding and food production. Chilled and frozen meat products are also exported to these countries (Meat & Livestock Australia n.d.). Many countries in the Middle East depend heavily on Australian exportation of livestock to meet the demanding needs of the country’s population for food security.
Recently, the media have reported that the livestock exported to Indonesia were mistreated. Footage from media sources has shown that the livestock particularly the cattle have been treated inhumanely prompting the Australian government to halt the exportation of livestock to the country. Indonesian livestock authorities were reported having mistreated the livestock that were imported from Australia. The cattle were severely beaten and whipped before being taken to the Indonesian abattoirs for slaughtering. This forced the Australian Agriculture minister, Joe Ludwig to issue a notice that saw the suspension of all live cattle to Indonesia. The suspension was as a result of media coverage on the subjection of animals to brutality. The footage revealed crude methods of slaughtering the animals and subjecting them to harsh treatment. This is the first such move since 1996 when the Australian government banned the exportation of sheep to Egypt after reports that there was mistreatment of the animals.
Australian officials in charge of the exportation of livestock said that they would lift the ban on exporting livestock to Indonesia. This was after a controlled system that would ensure the welfare of the livestock was implemented. The ban is said to have massively affected the three hundred and eighty million dollars per year industry.
The six month suspension of livestock exportation was necessary for the implementation of the systems which would ensure that the livestock are treated humanely. The Australian agriculture minister, Joe Lidwig said that the cattle export industry should be built on the ability to safeguard the welfare of the animals. The Australian Government’s objective is to support a sustainable livestock export trade which will ensure the safeguarding of the animal’s welfare (Trewin 2011).
The world organization of animal health (OIE) is an organization that is responsible for the improvement of animal health worldwide. The policies by the OIE provide details about the humane treatment of livestock during transport and slaughter. The OIE animal welfare regulations and requirements dictate that the livestock for export should be handled in a humane way and lists down four standards for the transport of livestock. The standards are the transport of animals by sea, land and air and the slaughter of animals. The Australia government said that the export of livestock should be consistent with the obligations of Australia’s international trade rules which ensure the animal’s health and welfare (The New York Times 2011).
During the suspension, the Australian government developed a regulatory framework that would ensure the humane handling of livestock in other countries. Some of the inhumane practices that were carried against the livestock included hoisting of conscious animals by a leg, ineffective and inappropriate use of stunning equipment. Severing the spinal cord using a puntilla and inappropriate use of pointed implements to try to move animals was also considered inhumane (Coorey and Allard 2011). Other inhumane practices included moving animals over the top of recumbent animals in a race, slaughtering animals in view of other animals waiting for slaughter allowing insufficient time between the cut and further movement of the animal.
The Meat and Livestock Australian group company announced that livestock would only be supplied to the abattoirs that met the standards of the World Organisation for Animal Health. This was because the majority of the slaughter houses in Indonesia did not meet the required standards for livestock health and welfare (History Department at UIC.n.d.). This was a deliberate move by the Australian officials to oversee that the inhumane handling of livestock in Indonesia was brought to a halt.
References
The New York Times (2011). Australia Suspends Live Cattle Exports to Indonesia. Retrieved on 24th October 2011 from>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/09/business/global/09cattle.html?_r=1<
Trewin R (2011). Australian–Indonesian livestock trade: Ban the bans. Retrieved on 24th October 2011 from >http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/06/25/australian-indonesian-livestock-trade-ban-the-bans/<
History Department at UIC. (n.d.). Retrieved on 24th October 2011 from >http://www.uic.edu/depts/hist/graduateIV.html<
Coorey P and Allard T. (2011). Live cattle ban to stay. Retrieved from on 24th October 2011 >http://www.smh.com.au/environment/animals/live-cattle-ban-to-stay-20110607-1fr8b.html<
Meat & Livestock Australia (n.d.). Livestock exports. Retrieved on 24th October 2011 from >https://www.mla.com.au/about-the-red-meat-industry/livestock-exports<
Sydney R. M. (2011). Stuck in cattle class. Retrieved on 24th October 2011 from >http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2011/06/australian-livestock-indonesia<