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Airline Systems Transition
Airline Systems Transition
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Just as the many as many other airlines, The process of buying tickets, reservations of seats, Cancellation of flights, and notification of the passengers of any changes in good time is very essential in order to maintain customers confidence. The two airlines companies WestJet and JetBlue were both using reservation system that were very simple and only tailor-made for the two Airline firms. The two firms were all new in the market, thus the reservation system they were using was only capable of handling a small number of passengers.
The rise of the number of passengers was the reason why the two firms decided to switch to other systems that was capable of handling a huge volume of passengers. The system was to handle the big number of bookings with minimal delay, make reservations for the passengers, and make access to the tickets easier whether it was the internet or the two Airlines ticket booths. Due to the big number of passengers the two Airline firms also needed a system that was able to link the firms’ prices and their seat inventories with other willing international Airlines firms.
Cooperation of other firms was necessary to the firms, as it was to help the firms in dealing with incidents such as transferring their passengers to other Airlines in case of flight cancellation(Christensen, 2000). Cooperation from other Airline firms was also important as it was to help the firm to ensure their passengers got to their destinations to even places that they did not fly to directly (Anheier, 2012). That was possible by being offered connection flights to any part of the world that their customers wanted to travel to.
The similarity of the two different systems that the two firms’ decided to use was that both systems were able to assimilate with the information systems of the two Airline firms. The system was able to sell and receive payments from the passengers. Both systems were able to select seats for the passengers, check bags, and even interact with the two firms’ reservation agents. The two systems were also able to obtain refunds in case of flight cancellation, and rebook sets for the passengers. The two systems used by the two different Airline firms also enabled the passengers to book their tickets online. Both systems also ensured that the two firms’ Website were accessible to the passengers during the transition.
The difference between the two systems that the firms’ used was that, the system used by West Jet required the firms to transfer about 840,000 passengers’ transaction files manually by the Firm’s agents. The agents had to scrutinize the data from the old system, and load it onto to the new Sabre system. The transaction included the tickets that had already been booked using the old system, which had to be transferred to the new system (Ward, 2001).
The system that JetBlue used ensured that all data in the firm’s old system was transferred to the new system during the transition. The firm also had a back up that was used a few hours before the transition. The back up was essential as it ensured that the firm’s had the data for reference in case the need arose. Although the two systems had their own setbacks, the ultimate goal of transition was achieved as the firms’ desired.
Reference
Anheier, H. K. (2012). Encyclopedia of global studies. New York: SAGE.
Christensen, J. (2000). IT and business: A history of Scandinavian airlines, SAS.. Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press.
Ward, D. (2001). Airline restructuring in Canada second interim report. New York: Transport Canada.
Air transport conventions
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Introduction.
Air travel can be a risky business without guidelines to manage its operations. This is because it involves operations in different countries with different rules and regulations in their transport sectors; to be precise air industry. This brings about the need to develop a common ground in relation to regulations that ought to guide the air industry all over the world. Common operating principles in air transport helps in solving disputes that may arise among other technicalities involved in the industry. This paper is going to look at the international regulatory environment dealing with air industry.
The Chicago Convention.
The Chicago Convention is also known as The Convention on International Civil Aviation which took place in Chicago America in the year 1944. Its main function is regulating and coordinating international air travel. The Chicago Convention at the time was meant to put in place principles and methods to be used in adopting a new aviation convention, set up an interim council to collect, record and study data based on international aviation and make recommendations for its improvements, make plans for establishment of provisional world air routes and services. This convention led to the development of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) an agency of the United Nations that deals with registration rule of aircrafts, airspace and safety. It also points out rights of air travel signatories.
Air Service Agreements
These are agreements between a country and foreign aviation partners. The agreements form a basis for airlines of involved countries to provide international air services for mail, cargo and passengers. Air Service agreements bring about competition between participatory countries which is good for the industry. There are different types of air service agreements and they include;
Bilateral Air Service Agreements.
This is an air transport contract that seeks to liberalize aviation services between two contracting countries. It usually deals with the commercial and civil aviation. The agreement allows airlines of contracting countries to operate commercial flights that involve transport of cargo and passengers of the two countries. In some cases the agreements may involve transportation of military equipment and personnel of the contracting nations. This agreement also controls the capacity, frequency and pricing of air services between the countries.
Bilateral agreement may permit airlines of the two nations to either bring or pick up passengers and cargo to a country that is not in the agreement from the host country to the airlines’ home country or to the country not in the agreement but with which the contracting country has an agreement called open skies agreement.
Multilateral Air Service Agreements.
This kind of air agreement is similar to bilateral agreements only that it involves contractual commitments for more than two nations. Its is an extension of bilateral agreements.
Open Skies Agreements.
This agreement is an air agreement seeking to liberalize rules for international aviation markets. It can take the form of bilateral or multilateral agreements. The agreements have proven to be of great benefit to both cargo and passengers. The main aim of this kind of agreement is to reduce government intervention in air operations and to adjust regime allowing military and other state based flights.
Freedoms of the air.
Freedom of the air refers to the international services allowed between two or more countries regarding aviation. This applies aviation activities concerned with transportation of mail or cargo and carrying of passengers. The first five freedoms are deemed official international treaties while the rest are not.
The right to fly over a foreign country. For example, country 1 flying to country 3 using the air space of country 2. This requires country 1 to sign the first freedom with country 2 to allow airlines from both countries to use each others air space.
The right to make a stop for refueling and maintenance in a foreign country en route to another country. The example here is an airline from country 1 flying to country 3 making a stop in country 2 to either refuel or for maintenance. Here, country 1 will have to sign an agreement with country 2 to permit airlines from both countries to use airport facilities in either country.
The right to fly from one’s home country to another. In this case an airline from country 1 flies directly to country 3 without making ant stops in another country. This is also known as direct routing.
The right to fly from a foreign country to the home country. This is where an airline from country 1 flying from country 3 back to its home country that is country 1 without any stop in another country.
The right to fly between two foreign nations during flights while either originating or ending at one’s home country. The example here is an airline from country 1 flying from or to country 4 through countries 2 and 3. This can be brought to reality if country 4 allows country1 to carry cargo or passengers from or to countries 2and 3.
The right for an airline to fly between two foreign countries while taking a stop at one’s home country for non-technical reasons. For example country’s 1 airline can transport cargo from country 2 destined for country 3 but make a stop in its own country, country 1 for non-technical reason before proceeding to country 3.
The right to fly between two foreign countries while not going through or making a stop at one’s home country. Illustration is airlines from country 1 carrying passengers from country 2, flying to country 3 without making a stop in country 1. The right to do this should be given to country 1 by countries 2 and 3.
The right to fly between two domestic locations in a foreign country on a flight that started or ended at the home country. For example country’s 1 airline flying from county 1 to a town A in country 2 then from town A to town B still in country 2, or the airline travelling from town B then town A in country 2 before arriving in country 1 which is its home nation. This right is given by country 2 to country 1.
The right to fly between two domestic locations in a foreign country without passing, starting or ending at the home country. For example an airline from country 1 serving towns A and B in country 2. Its flights start and end in either town A or B.
Influence of Chicago Convention on today’s air transport.
The Chicago convention has increased economic activities between different countries. This is evidenced by the increased flights in and out of countries. The rise in economic activities is brought about by the formation of agreements between countries which would not be possible were it not for the convention. This on the other hand has translated to increased revenues to airline companies thus improvement of fleets and increase in aircrafts to airlines due to increase in funds.
Matters concerning safety have improved since the Chicago convention. This is evidenced by the fact that after world war two, it was agreed that airlines could use the radar system to help in navigation of aircrafts. Previously radar was only used for military purposes. Use of radar has led to reduced accidents thus improving safety of air travel.
The Chicago convention also passed that airlines should use up to date equipment. This has led to the use of more sophisticated equipment compared to the ones used in 1944s. This is shown by airlines using very high kinds of technology in a bid to maximize on efficiency of their aircrafts.
Aircraft personnel undergo rigorous training every now and then. This is in accordance to aviation guidelines that trace their roots to the Chicago convention. Incase of accidents, investigations are carried out with utmost scrutiny to determine whether the accident occurred due to human error or machine failure. This is in a bid to ensure air transport is as safe as possible. Through constant revision of statutes in the convention, airports have been required to expand to accommodate all types of aircrafts thus ensuring growth of the industry which is one of the goals of air industry.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY Anonymus. United States. 26 10 2012. 27 04 2013 <http://www.dot.gov/policy/aviation-policy/international-relations/air-service-agreements>.
G, Joe. Aviation Geeks. 18 08 2011. 27 04 2013 <http://aviationgeeks.com/read/2011/08/18/the_9_freedoms_of_the_air>.
Moen, John. THE POSTAL HISTORY OF ICAO. 18 10 2011. 27 04 2013 <http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/1944_the_chicago_convention.htm>.
AIR POLLUTION
Air Pollution
Since Industrial revolution began over 300 years ago there have been numerous negative effects on the environment. Pollution, which is the introduction of foreign products or substances into the environment, has almost become a norm with which most countries have to deal with. There are various types of pollution these include; Air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution and soil pollution. Among these types of pollution the one that has caused the greatest environmental problem is air pollution.
Air pollution refers to the contamination of the atmosphere or air that disturbs the natural chemical and composition of air .The air we breathe normally has very exact chemical composition in which 99% of it comprises nitrogen, oxygen, inert gases and water vapor. When air pollution occurs these percentages are either reduced by combining with other gases to form harmful gases or other emissions are added to the atmosphere. Air pollution was not a problem in the 1950’s and 1960’s although it existed but due to its steady increase over the years, it has been a global concern. This paper seeks to answer the question how human activities in an increasingly industrialized and globalized world are the main reason for the main cause of environment degradation.
One of the major reasons is industrialization. The rapid growth of industries across the world has increased the levels of artificial emissions from the production of various goods. It is also important to note that air pollution does not occur due to a magnitude of emission but by concentration of emission in areas where people live and work. This emissions increase as the use of energy in the industries increases. Most industries used coal but this has reduced as new legislations came over the years to regulate the emissions by various industries, this though still has not reduced the emissions as petroleum is still being used. Coal and petroleum products contain sulfur compounds and their combustion emits sulfur dioxide, sulfur oxide when released into the air will cause an imbalance and certain reactions that may result to acid rain. This then means that since more countries are becoming more and more industrialized the chances of the environment even being affected more will increase if strict legislation is not passed.(Rao,1989)
There has been rapid economic development in most countries over the last century. This has been greatly been characterized by a better transport system in most countries. This then means that more fuel is being burnt especially in countries that have high traffic. Combustion of fuels emits foreign gases that are released into the air. This is one of the causes of air pollution that will continue to be a huge problem since most countries rely heavily on the transport system. Fumes from car exhaust pipes contain very dangerous gases like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides among others. Economic growth has also seen more people change their preference and more people prefer manufactured goods hence increase their production and increase the number of factories in the country.
Rapid change of technology has been in many cases viewed as a solution to the “archaic” methods not realizing the effects this has on the environment. Most of the gases emitted from air conditioners and refrigerators have chlorofluorocarbons which are harmful to the environment .This gases once emitted rise to the atmosphere and as they come into contact with other gases damage the ozone layer. Damaging the ozone layer has very grave impact to human beings as once the harmful ultraviolet rays reach the earth they could cause skin cancer and other diseases. Generally the impact of air pollution will continue to be felt as it not only affects human beings but also affects plants and other living creatures.
Air pollution may continue to be the biggest problem that the environment faces. This is clear from the above discussion which shows the major causes of air pollution which are a part of daily human activities. This though does not mean that there is nothing that can be done as to ensure that air pollution does not continue to degrade the environment. The first and most important thing is for the governments throughout the world to join in the ongoing efforts to introduce green energy. Green energy simply means harnessing or tapping into the natural sources of energy e.g. wind energy, solar energy and other renewable sources of energy. The governments should also ensure that they have put laws or policies in place that will ensure that industries will introduce forms of energy that minimize on the current emission rates. Action has already been taken by various countries to start the green movement as many of them have signed treaties and put in place laws meant to reduce the current high rates of air pollution.
REFERENCES.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Bhola R Gurjar, L. T. (2010). Air Pollution;Health and Environment Impacts. CRC Press.
Rao. (1989). Air Pollution. New Delhi: Tata Mc Graw Hill Education.
CITATION Bho10 l 1033 (Bhola R Gurjar, 2010)