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Patronage of the arts & enlightenment influence
Patronage of the arts & enlightenment influence
Student’s Name
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Patronization of art is a term that was used in the ancient times to refer to a case where patrons used their influence and power to support certain kind of art because they deemed that particular work to be the best. These patrons included wealthy men, kings and popes. They used this means as a strategy to pass political, social and religious messages. These patrons at times created euphoria around a certain work of art or artist in order to elevate it to the world platform and at times to influence the kind of lives lived by other men. Patronization of art by itself was at times religious in nature. This is because art created tended to be an expression of one’s religious belief. Some patrons during the 1940s were motivated to patronizing art in orderencourage an artistic whose art proclaimed the belief of the patron (Melton, 2001).
However, after the 1960, artistic patronage based on religion and politics started to deteriorate.This is because people all over the world became more liberal and exposed and the influence of art on one’s religion and political view alsochanged. The artists themselves too became exposed and had access to finances and did not entirely depend on patrons to grow or be known. As a result, the euphoria that was being created around some particular art and artist reduced and hence the religious and political influence that patronage caused also reduced.
Patrons still existed after 1960, but their power and that of their patronized artcouldnot greatly change the direction of thelife that people lived.
People started getting access to more resources, time, capital and more art and some started abstaining from certain form of art that they personally deemed unacceptable. In addition, the church powers of the church have reduced. This is shown by the littleinfluence that the church has on peoples live. According to George Duby (1981), before the 1960s, cathedral was very influential and it through its patronage, it influenced education, flow of knowledge and even type of buildings erected. The church determined what instruments were to be used for worship and what was good and bad. This has greatly reduced and the Christians have been left to wisely choose for themselves on what to do and what art to adore. An example of an artist whose work was greatly influence by his patron is William Shakespeare.
Shakespeare was patronized by Queen Elizabeth and King James I (Robert, 1991).the euphoria of his work deteriorated with fall of artistic patronage.though his art was and isstill influential, it does not command the same influence it had under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth and King James 1.
“Noble Savage,” as developed by Rousseauis a very controversial view that greatly contradicts the general philosophical views of enlightenment. It claims that “men in a state of a nature do not know good from bad, and their peacefulness and ignorance of evil kept them from doing wrong”(Robert,1991).The general view however is that as one gets more exposed and enlightened ,one gets to be more empowered. These views are generally very contradicting as one tends to oppose the other. The Noble Savage further claims that the more man makes discoveries, the more he becomes primitive and unable to fully use the discoveries that are made. This further contradicts the other philosophies of enlightenment that have been proposed
References
George Duby (1981).The Ages of Cathedrals. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Print
Robert Hughes. (1991). Shock of the New. New York, Knopf .Print
Melton, J. V. (2001). The rise of the public in Enlightenment Europe. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Patriots Law
Patriots Law
Student’s Name
Institution
Patriots Law
The Patriot Law is the act of Congress that was passed into law in October 2001 by the president George W. Bush. The Act is significant to the public as it majorly concerns uniting and strengthening people of America through the providence of appropriate techniques necessary to obstruct and intercept terrorism Act after the September 2001 attack. The USA Patriot Act has the intention of playing a part in assisting the government interventions to become aware of and avert the likely attack either by the terrorist groups or individuals. After the significant terrorist attack, the nation’s attitude towards terrorism momentously changed and active measures were taken to improve people’s security. For instance, there is an advancement in security practices through domestic surveillance, screening at the airport and monitoring of internet as well as social media activities among other measures that have ascertained security efficiency. In this paper, the Patriot law now and there before as well as how it has significantly changed are illustrated to a profound extent.
The big question that still lingers in many peoples’ minds up to date is on the techniques to be applied to ensure a balance between protecting the liberties and enhancing publics’ well-being. The terror attack leading to the fell of Twins Tower provoked not only the government thoughts on how people can be secured and live free but also the civilians at the individual level. The act of President Bush passing the Patriot Law was a critical decision on preventing plans of the terrorists who took advantage of America’s freedom to commit to the unthinkable and commitment to the nation’s liberty (Boykoff, 2015). The fact remains that even if the public depends on the constitution, it also depends on their commitment and interest when making it enhance appropriate safety measures where the nation is free from terrorism.
The congress passed the Patriot Act back in the year 2001, but there were aware it could be perfect with all the heat and tension created at that time by the terrorist attack. Therefore, they significantly enhanced the constitution’s flexibility in that there will be a possibility of making relevant changes and fill the gaps that may need rectification with time. It was done through providence in the statute that required the re-authorization of the strategic provisions (Cole, 2014). The three major provisions that are currently set include authorization of the security body to use roving wiretaps on the reconnaissance targets and let the government have right to use to any tangible items that will be suspected to contain relevant information in the progress of surveillance. Furthermore, permitting for the investigation of targets who do not have a relationship to the recognized fanatic group.
The program changed through significant expansion and began to put in enormous consideration information from the nation’s citizens which were not the case there before. Among the things that the government start taking are the vast amount of cellular phone metadata from the companies dealing communication strategies. The metadata regards establishing information from the unsuspected citizens regarding the time when the call was made, the duration of the call and the sender and receiver of the call. Now the government agency would approach the communication companies in a more advanced manner instead of collecting first-hand information (Pike, 2015).
As discussed above, the Patriot Law has brought significant changes which have led to a vast improvement in security measures reducing instances or terrorist attacks. For instance, the roving wiretap enables the national security agency to the truck public in various electronic devices without individuals’ recognition of which one was used making it easier to identify terrorism plans.
References
Boykoff, J. (2015). How Patriotic is the Patriot Act?: Freedom Versus Security in the Age of Terrorism.
Cole, D. (2014). Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act and on the Operations of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.
Pike, G. H. (2015). Legal Issues: USA Patriot Act Still Raising Questions.
Patriotism in technical terms
Patriotism
Name
Institution affiliation
Patriotism
Patriotism in technical terms is the sentiment of affection and commitment to a nation, country, or a political movement (Tolstoy, 2017). For years, patriotism has been considered synonymous with nationalism despite nationalism originating 2,000 years after the concept of patriotism (Takeuchi et al., 2016). Patriotism can be traced to the greek and Roman ancient times, where it was considered loyalty to a political conception of the republic. Patriotism is affiliated with the devotion to common liberty and the love of the law with the aim of realizing the common good and responsibility to conduct oneself justly towards one’s nation. The traditional Roman concept of Patria entailed the common liberty of a republic, which can only be guaranteed by the civic spirit of its citizens.
The civic spirit is what is referred today as the civic duty, which is a concept grounded on the principle that citizens owe a certain level of fidelity to their government, which in turn allows the government to protect them. Civic duty as a mark of patriotism includes the example of an individual that enlists and serves in the army. A soldier in the military has made the decision to safeguard the freedoms of their nation in the event of a war and in various scenarios in the United States, helping other countries defend their freedom as well. Other civic duties that define a patriotic citizen include the adherence to the law, exercising the right to vote, and paying taxes.
According to Niccolò Machiavelli, the sentimental attachment to common liberty allowed citizens to compare their private and individual interests as part of the common good, which helped them avoid vices such as corruption and tyranny (Kwak, 2017). Whereas this love of the republic is intermixed with pride in sovereignty, military strength, and social superiority, political institutions are the distinguishing focal point of this patriotic affiliation. To love the nation is to be ready to sacrifice one’s own interests-including life-to safeguard the collective liberty.
Jean Jacques Rousseau and his Consideration of the Government of Poland brings the discussion back to the link between nationalism and patriotism (Inston, 2016). Rousseau was an advocate for the love of the nation and the celebration of state philosophy, in which he believed that the culture or philosophy of the land is critical on the primary basis of promoting devotion to the political fatherland. Rousseau’s nationalism originated from and aided his archetypal republican insistence on fortifying the loyalty of citizens to political institutions.
The German philosopher Johann G. von Herder provides a more explicit connection between nationalism and patriotism. In his view, patriotism is not a political connection but a spiritual attachment to the nation (Woods, 2014). In his context, the idea of fatherland is the distinct characteristics of language and culture which afford a nation coherence. Contrary to the notion of patriotism as the preservation of political freedom, Herder associates the affection towards one’s nation with the preservation of mutual values and the spiritual unity of a people. Contrary to the view of the classical republican idea, where “fatherland” is one with political institutions, Herder defines the nation as pre-political, and the love of one’s national values is a natural predisposition that gives individuals the opportunity to express their unique character.
This paper takes Herder’s account of patriotism, where patriotism is related to the elite attachment to one’s own values and opposing cosmopolitan and cultural assimilation. What this means is that liberty is not synonymous with the fight against political domination but the preservation of a unique people and patriotic sacrifice with the aim of securing the survival of a nation in the long run.
The connection between patriotism and the private attachment to the “fatherland” has invited critical opinions that consider the sentiment of patriotic pride as morally treacherous, resulting in the rise of chauvinism that is unharmonious with cosmopolitan objectives and the acknowledgment of the equal moral worth of all people. More considerate approaches to patriotism have looked to base it on new forms of loyalty that are in line with universal values, respect for human rights, and acceptance of ethnic and national diversity. At the center of these tolerant attitudes lies the belief that to be stable, democratic societies need to have a strong sense of fidelity on the part of their citizens. The high degrees of pluralism that symbolizes modern societies possibly give rise to tensions and disagreements among nationals that may undermine the polity, contemporary democratic states committed to a certain level of equality rely on the inclination of citizens to forego personal interests for the common good, be it in terms of daily reallocation of revenue to meet welfare needs or the delivery of communal goods and services such as education or healthcare. Therefore, proponents of the new forms of patriotism see a resilient sense of unity as a requirement for stable democracies.
Going back to recent times, there are numerous actions by individuals that clearly define what patriotism is. A good example is the action of the San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick who took the step to stand up against police brutality directed towards people of color (ESPN, 2016). Kaepernick knelt on the sidelines when the national anthem was playing, resulting in unending controversy and questions of his loyalty to the nation. In this decision, Kaepernick chose what he considered meaningful to him regardless of the stand taken by his coaches, fellow players, and the media. He received media speculation since this incident in 2016. He lost his contract requiring him to continually reiterate that his actions were not out of disrespect and lack of love for his nation, but a question on the overall principle of American freedom and the idea of “Justice for All.”
Although many people tarnished his name as a result of his action, Kaepernick brought awareness on the subject of prejudices faced by minorities in a country that swore to protect every individual regardless of race and creed a true act of patriotism. His actions were synonymous with the contemporary idea of patriotism as coming together to create a country with people from diverse backgrounds but uniting in the spirit of patriotism to create a common identity without having to shun individual values.
In conclusion, patriotism is developing a nation with people from diverse cultures that come together to create an integrated race without the need for the assimilation of primary cultures. This integrated race is then maintained by the feeling of pride, devotion, and a sense of belonging to the “fatherland” and a connection to fellow patriots. Being active in representative democracy, paying taxes, obeying laws, volunteering for the community, and serving on juries include acts of patriotism. Although some may consider patriotism to be synonymous with nationalism, they both have varying connotations. Although both are based on the feeling of love for one’s nation, the basis of this love is different in both perspectives. A patriot is of the idea that the system of government and citizens are complementary and work together for the betterment of the quality of life. They embrace liberty, justice, and equality. On the other hand, nationalists believe in the nation’s superiority over others and carry a suggestion of distrust and disapproval of other countries to the extent that they assume these nations to be enemies.
References
ESPN. (2016, September 3). Colin Kaepernick Protests Anthem over Treatment of Minorities. Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https://theundefeated.com/features/colin-kaepernick-protests-anthem-over-treatment-of-minorities/Inston, K. (2016). Finite Community: Reading Jean-Jacques Rousseau with Jean-Luc Nancy. The European Legacy, 21(2), 184-204.
Kwak, J. H. (2017). Republican patriotism and Machiavelli’s patriotism. Australian Journal of Political Science, 52(3), 436-449.
Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Sekiguchi, A., Nouchi, R., Kotozaki, Y., Nakagawa, S., … & Yamamoto, Y. (2016). Differences in gray matter structure correlated to nationalism and patriotism. Scientific reports, 6, 29912.
Tolstoy, L. (2017). Patriotism and government. In Anarchism as Political Philosophy (pp. 70-85). Routledge.
Woods, E. T. (2014). Cultural nationalism: a review and annotated bibliography. Studies on National Movements, 2, 1-26.