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Developing Research Questions. Colleges should enforce laws on sexual harassment
Developing Research Questions
Name of Student
Name of Institution
Preliminary Title: A Study of Sexual Harassment in Colleges
Topic: Colleges should enforce laws on sexual harassment
Research Problem: Sexual harassment is entrenched in higher learning institutions the world over. Despite the presence of laws to regulate sexual harassment, the problem has persisted in these institutions. This indicates that the administrative machinery in colleges do not take legal provisions on the offense seriously. The solution to the problem depends much on the identification of weaknesses of college administrative machineries that give room to the proliferation of the offense and devising ways of strengthening the weaknesses.
Research Question: To what extent are administrative weaknesses in higher learning institutions responsible for the increase in sexual harassment in the institutions?
Background: Sexual harassment in higher learning institutions refers to the unwelcome or unwanted behavior with sexual connotations that denies victims the right to benefit from equal educational opportunity. It is an offense under the laws of the United States and many other countries following the enactment of the Bill of Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Authors have studied the subject at length, and there is consensus to the argument that the weaknesses of school administrative machineries are to blame for the increased rate of sexual harassment in higher learning institutions.
Aim: Although several factors could be behind the increased rate of sexual harassment in higher learning institutions, this research focuses on the weaknesses in administrative machineries at these institutions. Most schools abandon legal provisions and requirements at the gate and presume that the sole purpose of the school is learning. This way, students are allowed much space to violate the law within the school compounds. The disciplinary measures in most institutions of higher learning are quite ineffective, making them unreliable as means of curbing offenses as sexual harassment. Interviews will be instrumental in answering the research question.
Preliminary Title: A Study of Law Enforcement Unions in the United States
Topic: Law enforcement unions violate the duty to serve the public
Research Problem: Law enforcement unions have sprang up in the Unites States of late and the number of unions is increasing. However, unionized law enforcement officers are more concerned about the affairs of their members than the respecting the oath to serve members of the public. The conflict of interest inherent in these unions frustrates efforts at law enforcement in the United States.
Research Question: Should law enforcement unions be outlawed in the United States because they contravene the oath of public service?
Background: Unions of public servants have been in existence since the industrialization period. The unions help employees to bargain collectively, which means that all members should rally behind a fellow member being oppressed by employment conditions or terms. Law enforcement unions have come only recently, and the United States takes the lead in the number of such unions. Some studies have indicated that conflict of interests is likely to occur in law enforcement union arrangements, which could propel the pervasion of justice and harm the public to whom law enforcement officers owe a duty to protect. On the other hand, some researchers hold that these unions are helpful to the law enforcement officers who are facing political and administrative bias in their duties.
Aim: This research takes the position that law enforcement unions are detrimental to the oath of public service, which officers should abide by in their entire career. The surge in instances where police officers violate the rights of the public whom they are supposed to protect is worrying. Fellow union members have often come to the rescue of such officers through shoddy investigations and defense funding among other modes of assistance. Such conflicting interests support the argument that law enforcement unions should be abolished, which is the aim of this study.
Preliminary Title: A Study of Visible Body Marks as Barriers to Employment in the United States
Topic: Visible Tattoos Hinder Equal Employment
Research Problem: A significant number of Americans express their identity by way of tattoos and other permanent body marks. Employers have frowned upon prospective candidates with such marks at visible points of their bodies. This trend raises serious concerns of employment discrimination and a breach of the right to freedom of expression at the workplace.
Research Question: Are employers legally justified in turning away prospective employees based on visible tattoos?
Background: Permanent body marks have existed since time immemorial as a means of physical identity. The practice varies from one society to another. Certain societies do not tolerate practices such as tattooing, arguing that promote illegal ambitions including crime. On the other hand, some societies tolerate the practices of permanently marking the body on the argument that they are cultural matters, which the law should respect. The employment sector in the United States has been quite sensitive to physical presentation in the recent past. Employees are required to look presentable as this helps promote the corporate image. Consequently, most people with visible permanent body marks have missed job opportunities due to such considerations by employers. However, the trend has serious legal implications in the nature of discrimination and denial of freedom of expression.
Aim: This study acknowledges the fact that tattooing is a practice deeply rooted in most societies, including the United States. In as much as the practice is entrenched, the employment sector does not approve of it. This study aims to establish whether the employment sector is violating the law by taking into account bodily marks in employment decisions. The implications of the employment trend will be analyzed against the legal background and constitutional provisions to support the argument.
Bibliography
American Association of University Professors, ‘Report on Campus Sexual Assault: Suggested
Policies and Procedures’ (AAUP, 2012) HYPERLINK “http://www.aaup.org/report/campus-sexual-assault-suggested-policies-and-procedures” http://www.aaup.org/report/campus-sexual-assault-suggested-policies-and-procedures
Atkinson, M., ‘Tattooing and Civilizing Processes: Body Modification as Self-control’ [2014]
CRS, 125-146.
Bacon Wilson Attorneys at Law, ‘Tattoos in the workplace’ (Bacon Wilson, 1 February 2012)
HYPERLINK “http://bwlaw.blogs.com/employment_law_bits/2012/02/since-the-paleolithic-era-tattoos-and-other-body-art-have-been-a-recognized-aspect-of-human-culture-tattoos-were-the-art-fo.html” http://bwlaw.blogs.com/employment_law_bits/2012/02/since-the-paleolithic-era-tattoos-and-other-body-art-have-been-a-recognized-aspect-of-human-culture-tattoos-were-the-art-fo.html
Carley S., Law Enforcement from an Industrial/ organizational Perspective (SGC 2013) 88-123
Dhlomo T., ‘Perceived Sexual Harassment among Female Students at a Zimbabwean Institution
of Higher Learning’ [2012] 22 JPA 269
DiSalvo, D., Government against Itself: Public Union Power and Its Consequences (Oxford
University Press 2015) 13-77
Firestone, D., ‘The rise of New York’s police unions’ (The Guardian, 13 January 2015)
HYPERLINK “http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/13/new-york-police-unions-powerful” http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/13/new-york-police-unions-powerful
Friedersdof, C., ‘How Police Unions and Arbitrators Keep Abusive Cops on the Street’ (The
Atlantic, 2 December 2014) HYPERLINK “http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/12/how-police-unions-keep-abusive-cops-on-the-street/383258/” http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/12/how-police-unions-keep-abusive-cops-on-the-street/383258/
Gude, S., ‘The Bad Kind of Unionism’ (Huffington Post, 23 December 2014)
HYPERLINK “http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/23/police-unions_n_6373380.html” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/23/police-unions_n_6373380.html
Haddaway, A., ‘Hiring Discrimination Against Tattoos and Piercing’ (Careerealism, 14 October
2013) HYPERLINK “http://www.careerealism.com/hiring-discrimination-tattoos-piercings/” http://www.careerealism.com/hiring-discrimination-tattoos-piercings/
Higher Education Commission (Pakistan), ‘Policy Guidelines against Sexual Harassment in
Institutions of Higher Learning’ (HEC-P, 18 February 2011) HYPERLINK “http://www.hec.gov.pk/MediaPublication/News/Pages/PGSHHIES.aspx” http://www.hec.gov.pk/MediaPublication/News/Pages/PGSHHIES.aspx
Joubert P., ‘The effectiveness of sexual harassment policies and procedures at higher education
institutions’ [2011] 9 SAJHRM
Kaufmann, J., ‘Keeping their Art to Themselves’ (New York Times, 17 April 2013)
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Kearney R., Labor Relations in the Public Sector (CRC Press 2014) 5-104
Khan Ameen, ‘Universities fail to implement anti-harassment rules’ (University World News, 27
September 2013) HYPERLINK “http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20130927090837500” http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20130927090837500
Lawyers.com, ‘Can You Be Fired Because of Your Tattoos?’ (Lawyers.com, 2015)
HYPERLINK “http://labor-employment-law.lawyers.com/wrongful-termination/can-you-be-fired-because-of-your-tattoos.html” http://labor-employment-law.lawyers.com/wrongful-termination/can-you-be-fired-because-of-your-tattoos.html
Menon A., ‘Sexual Harassment in Academia – Perception, Understanding and Reporting of
Sexual Harassment in a Southern African University’ (Academia.edu, 2015) HYPERLINK “http://www.academia.edu/430710/Sexual_Harassment_in_Academia_-_Perception_Understanding_and_Reporting_of_Sexual_Harassment_in_a_Southern_African_University” http://www.academia.edu/430710/Sexual_Harassment_in_Academia_-_Perception_Understanding_and_Reporting_of_Sexual_Harassment_in_a_Southern_African_University
Monty, L., ‘Workplace tattoo taboo fading’ (USA Today, 11 September 2011)
HYPERLINK “http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/09/11/tattoo-taboo-workplace/15449719/” http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/09/11/tattoo-taboo-workplace/15449719/
Rosenfeld S., ‘The Real Reason Police Unions Enable the Worst Cop Abuses’ (Alternet, 8
January 2015) HYPERLINK “http://www.alternet.org/civil-liberties/real-reason-police-unions-enable-worst-cop-abuses” http://www.alternet.org/civil-liberties/real-reason-police-unions-enable-worst-cop-abuses
UN Women, ‘Sexual assault in universities or institutions of higher education’ (UN Women,
2012) HYPERLINK “http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/1721-sexual-assault-in-universities-or-institutions-of-higher-education.html” http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/1721-sexual-assault-in-universities-or-institutions-of-higher-education.html
Williams, P. Subcultural Theory: Traditions and Concepts (Polity 2011) 101-380
DEVELOPING OYSTER FARMING IN CHESAPEAKE BAY
DEVELOPING OYSTER FARMING IN CHESAPEAKE BAY
Student’s Name
Course
Date
Oyster Farming
Introduction
The proposal will look at the introduction of the paper, background, literature review and the research methodology. It aims at examining how to develop Oyster farming in Chesapeake Bay. In addition, it will try to establish the process and how viable is the proposal.
Background
Oyster farming is an aquaculture form of farming whereby oysters are looked after and raised by people for human consumption. Oyster farming is said to have started immediately after the beginning of pearl farming; a comparable practice that oysters are cultivated so as to harvest pearls. The practice started in ancient Rome in the 1st Century BC on the Italian peninsula, and the British adopted it for export to Rome.
Oysters as expected grow in estuarine areas of salty water. When farmed, the salinity and temperature of the water are skillfully monitored and controlled, to encourage laying and reproduction, as well as to increase the rate of maturing, which can sometimes take a number of years.
There are different cultivation methods that are used in the farming of Oysters. In each method oysters are cultivated to a point in which they are considered mature, which they attach themselves to a substrate. This substrate is called the “cultch,” which is an empty oyster shell and other different substances got on the oyster grounds. The wobbly spat might be permitted to develop further to form an oyster seed with a small shell. In both cases, the seed stage or spat are allowed to mature. The maturing method is the time where the cultivation technique choice is made.
Literature Review
Despite the vivid development of oyster farming throughout the US, in the Chesapeake Bay region, oysters are cultivated extensively, on bottommost leases that have a vast production concentration. The viability of a new practice varies greatly across Chesapeake Bay by the supply and quality. Oyster farmers who use thorough, off-bottom techniques centre for producing a stable supply of premium oysters for the profitable half shell market price.
There are however many concerns on Oyster farming as different challenges emerge during the process. These farming challenges include diseases such as Dermo and MSX, which kill the oyster just after they mature, and they are ready to mate, therefore, depleting their numbers on the farm. In order to overcome these difficulties for grown oysters in Chesapeake Bay and other region, different initiatives have been put in place in order to address the identification of likely niche markets, the possible for regional designations.
Methodology
The proposal will use both quantitative and qualitative research designs. The quantitative design will be used to get data from the field that are from individual farmers while the qualitative design will be employed to get information from already written material on the same topic. Qualitative data will be obtained from books, journals, magazines, newspapers and online database.
The research instruments or tools that will be utilized in this study include a questionnaire that will be used to obtain information from the chosen respondents who are farmers. Observation will also be employed in order to get a clear picture of the viability of the project in Chesapeake Bay.
Finally, after the data is collected, the data analysis will involve editing, coding, organization, and tabulation. That will ensure that errors are eliminated, and only reliable data is analyzed and the results published.
Bibliography
Agamben, Giorgio. 2011. The Oyster Industry: The Case for Fish and Oyster Farming. Stanford: Stanford University Press
Colbert, Judy. 2012. It Happened in Maryland: Remarkable Events that Shaped History. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press.
Kellogg, Johnson. 2010. Research Methodology: Selecting the right Research Design. New York. McGraw Hill Publishers
Kurlansky, Mark. 2009. The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell. New York: Ballantine Books
Marcus, Alan. 2009. “(Re) creating Places and Spaces in Two Countries: Brazilian Transnational Migration Processes.” Journal of Cultural Geography 26(2): 173-198.
Meyer, Eugene. 2009. “A Welcoming Enclave with Roots in a Snub.” The Washington Post, September 4. Accessed June 12, 2014 HYPERLINK “http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/04/greathomesanddestinations/04Highland.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0” t “_blank”http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/04/greathomesanddestinations/04Highland.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
Developing Learning Targets
Name:
Institution:
Course:
Tutor:
Date:
Developing Learning Targets
Brokhat’s meaning of multiple measures is that one should use more than only one score in making any judgments. She asserts that the term could mean many things but what is important is that multiple measures use results in meaningful and important decisions. A clear understanding of the many faces of multiple measures helps us think about the logic used in each case. Wise actions can only result if the measures and logic are right for their intended purposes. She argues that use that it is prudent to use more than one indicator in education before arriving at a decision. This ensures that the management arrives at a more credible decision. The judgments could be of various groups like classes, schools as well as school districts and could also involve individual students.
She argues that it is not easy to understand and be able to use multiple measures appropriately we should to begin with understand their purpose. Brokhat as effectively set out important reasons as to why multiple measures should be applied. The measures help on improve their construct validity. This is usually the degree to which a score will convey important information about the attribute that it is measuring (Ardovino,2000).
The second reason for using the measures is that they help one in enhancing decision validity. Decision validity is usually a scenario where there is a number of relevant information and each information has more than one measure. For example in deciding whether a student should be put in special education, we should not only consider his reading comprehension but also his achievements in other subjects as well as his historical interventions with things like a reading support program. We can also look his responses to school together with his parents, view of his work at home (Metler,2006).
She points out that the various ways of combining multiple measures and its different definitions may not always give the accurate picture of achievements. She also points out that this approach could be used by professional organizations to help them make important education decisions.
Her arguments are on point considering McMillan’s argument. It is true that decision making and policy making is a complex one and the maker is keen on arriving at the best decision. In order to arrive at the best decision, it is prudent to consider a number of variables. If we consider different aspects, we are able to establish their truthfulness and trustworthiness before arriving at any decision. Through use of multiple measures a researcher is able to know how better to handle to handle the reality on the ground as well as give him confidence in his project (Baker, 2003).
Further multiple measures as explained by McMillan have greater explanatory power. A decision maker is able to give an explanation as to why they have made a certain decision based on the different measures that they have employed in arriving at the decision. This is in line with Brokhat’s argument that the use of different measures ensures that the management arrives at a more credible decision. The judgments could be of various groups like classes, schools as well as school districts and could also involve individual students. The credibility of the decision is attributed to the use of different indicators.
Lastly, multiple measures measure high up in the thinking, according to Brokhart. But although it is high up in the thinking it may not achieve its intention. This is true since one can use credible indicators and still arrive at the wrong decision. It could also not give a true picture on the ground.
References
HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?hl=en&q=inauthor:%22Joan+Ardovino%22&sa=X&ei=EhwrTbXtBMG7hAe5-YDxAQ&ved=0CDIQ9Ag” t “_blank” Ardovino, J. (2000). HYPERLINK “http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=MxO3gbrwGO4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=multiple+measures&source=bl&ots=SzaBUPX73I&sig=pWMFeB95egqao-NixPnj5jIP6XM&hl=en&ei=EhwrTbXtBMG7hAe5-YDxAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAw” t “_blank” Multiple measures: aaccurate ways to assess student achievement . New York. United States. Wiley John& Sons.
Baker, E.L.(2003). Multiple measures: toward tiered systems. Los Angeles. University of California.
HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=+inauthor:%22Craig+A.+Mertler%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=10” t “_blank” Metler, C. A (2006)..Action research: teachers as researchers in the classroom.Washington D. C. United States.SAGE.
HYPERLINK “http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=MxO3gbrwGO4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=multiple+measures&source=bl&ots=SzaBUPX73I&sig=pWMFeB95egqao-NixPnj5jIP6XM&hl=en&ei=EhwrTbXtBMG7hAe5-YDxAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAw” t “_blank” Rena,M. Keith,P. (2008) HYPERLINK “http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=MxO3gbrwGO4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=multiple+measures&source=bl&ots=SzaBUPX73I&sig=pWMFeB95egqao-NixPnj5jIP6XM&hl=en&ei=EhwrTbXtBMG7hAe5-YDxAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAw” t “_blank” Assessing the Online Learner: Resources and Strategies for Faculty. New York.United States. John Wiley and Sons.