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Odd integers
Odd integers Three consecutive odd integers are such that, the sum of the first and second is 31 less than three times the third. Find the integers:
Solution;
Let the 1st odd integer be letter a,
The 2nd odd integer will be, a+2,
The third odd integer will be, a+4,
This is because the difference between consecutive odd integers is 2. Hence, we take the 1st odd integer to be an unknown value.
1st+2nd=3(3rd)-31
a+ (a+2)=3(a+4)-31
2a+2=3a+12-31
2a+2=3a-19
2+19=3a-2a
21=a
a=21,
Therefore the integers are: 21, 21+2,21+4
21, 23, 25
To proof this;
21+23=3(25)-31
44=75-31
44=44
Hence 21, 23 and 25 are the consecutive odd integers.
Patterns and Algebra
Algebraic study guides ones thinking ability to; generalize, replicate, describe, complete, continue and create repeated patterns and number patterns that either increase or decrease. The number patterns are formed through skip or rhythmic counting. Repeated patterns can be formed through; shapes actions, pictures, sounds or any other material. Pupils can be encouraged to create a wide variety of such repeating patterns and describe and also label them using numbers for example; in repeating patterns, they can be described using numbers indicating the elements that are repeating. I.e. B, C, D, B, C, D… hence it has three elements that are repeating and can be said to be a ‘three’ pattern, because there is a flow of sequence of repeating elements. More so, the ability to identify and use number relationships and make conclusions about number relationships is a very important aspect of algebraic thinking.
Tipps, M. explains that, pupils in primary level rush for conclusions whenever they undergo patterns and algebra test, in his case of series, he argues that; some students examine only the first two terms in a series, where, they try to calculate and determine subsequent terms in the series, without considering the other terms that follows it, this approach can only work if all terms shows the same increase or decrease in the series set. However, consider the pattern; 1, 3, 6, 10, 15… the difference between the first consecutive terms is +2 and is not the difference for subsequent terms. A pupil who chose to use +2 rule from the first two consecutive terms would mistakenly predict that, the next immediate term in this series is (15+2) which is 17, hence it is not the case.
Illustration 2
Students being taught should be of grades; k-2, it should consist of a setting of small groups, the objective should be to allow students to demonstrate five different representations of a pattern, the materials should include, sentence strips and symbol patterns. Begin with displaying or a display of geometric shapes cut from one color of poster board, read the pattern with the children uniformly for example; square, triangle, circle, square, triangle, circle,. At this point, ask the children to name the shapes in the pattern, let them explain the number of shapes in one sequence and where the sequence begins and ends, evaluate the sharpness of the students by asking them if the alphabetical letters could be used to illustrate the sequence, have them suggest the different alphabetical letters combination such as E-F-G, explain to them to choose any letter combination of their choice.
Figure 2: Source author
Conclusion;
Students can have various benefits from patterns and algebra in the following ways; they get to know how to check solutions to continuing a pattern and repetition of the process i.e. they can apply this in strategic reasoning, also, they can use these skills to make coherent connections between counting and repeating patterns, lastly, they can use the skills to create a repeating pattern through use of simple computer graphics.
Occupational Therapy
Occupational Therapy as a Career
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I’ve always wanted to work in a field where I could help others since I was a child. I adore people and delight in making them happy. That, I believe, is the essential meaning of occupational therapy. It strives to make individuals as healthy and happy as possible. To be honest, I believed physical therapy was the path I wanted to follow at first. I envisioned myself working with diverse populations to heal them and make them better. Far into my academic career, I learned about occupational therapy and was immediately fascinated by its focus on enhancing individuals’ health using their environment. However, I soon realized that physical therapy had far too many limitations for me. Instead, occupational therapy provides the right setting to work with people at all stages of life and background to improve their lives forever.
My grandfather suffered a stroke while I was in sixth grade, necessitating several trips to a local occupational therapist. My grandfather and I were quite close, so I would occasionally accompany him to the therapy sessions just to observe. I decided occupational therapy was the vocation for me after seeing the work that was being done with him. I began to understand the necessity of a specialized field of study. Last year, I worked as a volunteer in a hospital and could observe the miracles that occupational therapy can achieve. The individuals who were in my charge loved their therapists, and I saw that when occupational therapy is applied appropriately and with great skill, people can experience incredible progress.
I noted that the therapist was working not just on my grandfather’s physical health, but also on his complete psychological and emotional well-being. I knew I wanted to work in a field that fosters connections both within and outside of the workplace, and I believe occupational therapy provides precisely that. I am particularly interested in the ability of occupational therapy to help individuals who live with physical disabilities and illnesses to build new, rewarding lives for themselves (Reitz et al, 2020). I’ve started to work with some individuals with physical disabilities and hope that I can further my knowledge through this OTA program.
I have learned that OT can attain a wide array of careers. Some OTAs are generalists who are interested in pursuing multiple related fields. Others specialize in a particular area, such as pediatrics or geriatrics (Reitz et al, 2020). I am particularly interested in working in the areas of neurorehabilitation and pain management, both of which hold tremendous potential to improve people’s lives. I believe this is an ideal way to invest my time and energy, and that it is the right career path for me to take.
I am interested in becoming occupational therapy assistant and passionate about occupational therapy because I believe it has the potential to positively change other people’s lives for the better and give them more freedom than what they had before. I believe occupational therapy will help individuals to develop the skills they need to become better not only physically, but also psychologically and mentally. I have a very strong desire to be a part of this process, and I am eager for the opportunity to learn more about occupational therapy and give people back their lives by helping them use their environment as a means for improving quality of life. Becoming OT assistant and seeing the positive effects that occupation can have on people’s lives is what motivates me most.
In conclusion, I would like to say that occupational therapy is the perfect career path for me because it will allow me to care for and help people with disabilities, illnesses and physical injuries every day (Reitz et al, 2020). Occupational therapy has the potential to improve people’s lives in numerous different ways, so I am confident that it is the right field of work for me. My desire to help others is my greatest motivation and something that I hope can be achieved through occupational therapy so I can feel fulfilled in my career choice.
References
(Reitz et al, 2020).) (Reitz et al, 2020). Occupational therapy and primary care. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 20.
Reitz, S. M., & Scaffa, M. E. (2020). Occupational Therapy in the Promotion of Health and Well-Being. AJOT: American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(3), 7403420010-14.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Introduction
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the most well-known sleep-related breathing condition whose noticeable sign is snoring. OSA is caused by repetitive episodes of obstruction and upper airway breakdown during sleep linked to stimulation from sleep with or short of oxygen desaturation (Rundo, 2019). Obstructive sleep apnea makes individuals recurrently stop and resume breathing while they sleep. This sleep-related disorder occurs when muscles that maintain the soft tissues at the back of a person’s throat, such as the soft palate, uvula, tonsils, and tongue, relax too much, hindering normal breathing. When these muscles temporarily relax, a person’s airway is closed or narrowed, and breathing is temporarily cut off. Suffering from OSA may not sleep well, but they are unlikely to realize that it is happening. This sleep disorder is likely to lower oxygen flow in a person’s organs and cause uneven heart rhythms. This paper will discuss the up-to-date information on Obstructive sleep apnea and also discuss the disease pathology, signs, and symptoms as well as the accepted treatment or experimental treatment for Obstructive sleep apnea.
Up to Date Information on Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Today, OSA is reflected as a severe medical condition that requires medical attention. Some of the complications associated with this sleep-related disorder are daytime fatigue and sleepiness; due to lack of adequate restorative night sleep, people suffering from Obstructive sleep apnea often have insomnia, morning headaches, daytime fatigue, drowsiness, and irritability. In addition, these people usually find it challenging to concentrate during the daytime and often fall asleep at work when driving or watching TV.
According to Seneratna et al. (2017), the prevalence of OSA is very high in the overall population. There is a positive effect of the male sex, advancing age, and higher BMI on Obstructive sleep apnea; thus, the prevalence is higher in males, older ages, and individuals with higher BMI. The overall prevalence of OSA from 9%- 38% in the overall adult population, from 6% to 19% in females, and 13% to 33% in males, though much higher in the elderly population. In addition, according to Seneratna et al. (2017), given the effects of aging and high levels and wide disparity in reported prevalence, Obstructive sleep apnea should be looked at as having an incessant range in the general population instead of an illness with dichotomized cut-off points.
Some risk factors associated with OSA include; excess weight, where most people who suffer from OSA are usually overweight. The fat deposits surrounding the upper airway can block breathing leading to OSA. Also, the risk of OSA is higher in older ages and increases as a person grows older. Narrowed airways are another risk factor associated with OSA. In addition, people suffering from high blood pressure are most likely to suffer from OSA. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs mainly in individuals with consistent chronic nasal congestion at night. Other risk factors associated with OSA are smoking, asthma, diabetes, and sex, where men are more likely to suffer from obstructive sleep apnea than women (Mayo Clinic, 2021).
Obstructive Sleep Apnea pathology
OSA is characterized by recurring pharyngeal airway obstruction when an individual is asleep resulting in sleep fragmentation and hypoxia. The pathogenesis of OSA results from the interaction between sleep-related changes in the upper airway function and hostile anatomic upper airway susceptibility. Obstructive sleep apnea is linked to significant comorbidities such as the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and excessive day sleepiness and fatigue.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Signs and Symptoms
Signs and symptoms associated with OSA include loud snoring, daytime fatigue or sleepiness , dry sore throat or mouth when you wake up, practical episodes of clogged breathing during sleep, sudden awakenings convoyed by choking or gasping, issues with sex, like decreased libido, high blood pressure, night sweats, headaches in the morning, trouble concentrating during the day, restlessness during sleep, difficulty getting up in the mornings, and mood changes such as irritability or depression (Mayo Clinic, 2021). Obstructive sleep apnea signs and symptoms in children may not be as clear, including problems at school, snoring, teeth grinding, bed-wetting, drooling or choking, sweating a lot at night, sluggishness, breathing that stops or pauses, learning and behavior problems.
Accepted Treatments/Experimental Treatments for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
OSA is widespread, especially in people with known risk factors and other comorbid conditions. Screening for OSA entails an analysis of the symptoms, sleep history, and physical examination. The information obtained from the screening methods can help to define if a patient needs to be tested for obstructive sleep apnea. Besides, the test results of the home sleep apnea test and polysomnogram test are used in the diagnosis of OSA and its severity (Rundo, 2019). During the physical examination for OSA, doctors usually examine the back of a patient’s throat, nose, and mouth for abnormalities or extra tissue. The doctors may also measure a patient’s waist or neck to check the patient’s blood pressure. There are various available treatments for obstructive sleep apnea. Among these treatments include; treatment that uses a device that employs positive pressure to keep an individual’s airway open while they are asleep. Another choice is to use a mouthpiece to thrust a person’s lower jaw forward as they sleep. In some circumstances, surgery may be an appropriate option. In addition, a device known as a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machine can be used to avert sleep apnea and eliminate snoring. A CPAP machine prevents snoring and sleep disorders by applying the proper air pressure to a mask. Lately, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration permitted a new treatment option named the inspire upper airway stimulation device.
Summary of the Major Findings
OSA is a common condition described by hypopneas and obstructive apneas resulting from the repeated collapse of the upper airway during sleep. OSA is a serious medical condition. Thus, it must be approached as a chronic illness that requires serious, long-term, multidisciplinary care. OSA often leads to insomnia, morning headaches, daytime fatigue, drowsiness, and irritability. The prevalence of OSA is very high in the overall population, with higher prevalence in males, older ages, and individuals with higher BMI. Some risk factors associated with OSA include; high blood pressure, excess weight, narrowed airways, older age, smoking, chronic nasal congestion, asthma, diabetes, and sex. OSA signs and symptoms include; decreased libido, night sweats, high blood pressure, loud snoring, daytime fatigue or sleepiness, dry sore throat or mouth when you wake up, trouble concentrating during the day, morning headaches, practical episodes of stopped breathing during sleep, and mood changes such as irritability or depression. Available treatment for OSA include; the inspire upper airway stimulation device, a treatment uses a device that employs positive pressure to keep an individual’s airway open while they sleep, use a mouthpiece to thrust a person’s lower jaw forward as they sleep, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine.
References
Mayo Clinic. (2021, July 27). Obstructive sleep apnea. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352090#:~:text=Obstructive%20sleep%20apnea%20occurs%20when%20the%20muscles%20in%20the%20back,the%20tonsils%20and%20the%20tongue.
Senaratna, C. V., Perret, J. L., Lodge, C. J., Lowe, A. J., Campbell, B. E., Matheson, M. C., … & Dharmage, S. C. (2017). Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: a systematic review. Sleep medicine reviews, 34, 70–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.07.002Rundo, J. V. (2019). Obstructive sleep apnea basics. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 86(9 Suppl 1), pp. 2–9.