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Network bridges and Routers
Network bridges and Routers
A brouter or a network bridge is generally a network device, which works as a router and as a bridge. In this case, the network bridges packets for the protocols, which are known, and then simply forward the rest of the packets just like the bridge would do. Routers operate at the data link layer especially for the non-routable protocols and for the routable protocols(Perlman, 2000). Recent years has seen networks continue to become complex hence the non-routable and the routable protocols mix have led to network bridges and routers combined features need. Network Bridge can handle the non-routable and the routable features by substituting as routable protocols routers and non-routable protocols bridges (Systems 2001). The bridged protocol tends to propagate throughout the network. However, techniques including learning and filtering are important in reducing potential congestion. Generally, brouters or Network Bridge are used as devices for connecting in a networking system.In doing this, they act as a network bridge and as an intern router (Perlman, 2000).
Remote wireless bridges
A remote wireless bridge is generally a hardware component, which is essential in connecting more than two network segments. In this case, the network segment tends to be logically and physically separated. A wireless bridge is important because of its ability to cut the bandwidth by almost half. Remote wireless bridge is also convenient in that a person can pick the signal anywhere and jump online (Perlman, 2000). In this case, an individual can extend his roaming with the modern repeaters and bridges. However, the remote wireless bridge has limited security and speed especially when the signal is transmitted on air. Additionally, the remote wireless bridge is unreliable in dead spots (Perlman, 2000).
.Switches/wireless switches
Just like the remote wireless bridges, the wireless switch is also an important appliance due to its convenience.However, the wireless switch has limited security and speed in its operation hence making it insecure.
Bridging versus routing
The bridging and the routing mode present two different applications modes, which are different in terms of how they both perform their roles. In this case, the bridge mode device will tend to act as a bridge, which is transparent and operates in Layer 2 of the Mac layer while the Router mode or routing device will operate in the third Layer to perform routing(Olenewa, 2014).While the bridge mode does not block multi cast or broadcast, the router mode blocks or even provides protection against multi cast or broadcast storms. Additionally, bridging or the bridge mode plays an important role in passing the Non-IP protocols whereas the routing models only passes the IP protocol which is supported. While the bridging mode allows the PPPOE protocol to pass through, the routing model does not allow the PPPOE protocol to pass through (Olenewa, 2014).
In most cases, bridging model allows the transportation of the VLAN tagging while the routing model fails to support VLAN. Lastly, bridging models does not have network segmentation in that there is only one domain. This aspect is completely opposite of the routing model whereby there is network segmentation(Olenewa, 2014). Both the routing and the bridging models are essential in connectivity or transportation of various aspects. However, the models are not reliable in some applications hence cannot be relied upon while performing certain duties.
Reference
Olenewa, J. (2014). Guide to wireless communications. Boston, MA: Course Technology/Cengage Learning.
Perlman, R. (2000). Interconnections: Bridges, routers, switches and internetworking protocols.Reading, Mass. [u.a.: Addison-Wesley.
Systems Cisco.(2001). Internetworking troubleshooting handbook.Indianapolis: Cisco.
Data Analysis and Critical Appraisal of Evidence
Data Analysis and Critical Appraisal of Evidence
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A research study may result in either qualitative data or quantitative data. If it is quantitative, it is numerical in form of numbers and thus the first tools of analyzing the data are the descriptive statistics. These are very essential in providing a summary of the pattern of findings. Descriptive statistics tools include measures of central tendency and measures of spread. Moreover, if the data collected is not in numerical form, then it has to be analyzed qualitatively. Whichever type of analysis adopted, the validity and reliability of the information produced from the analysis are very important (Golafshani, 2003). The reliability and validity of the measures used in research are significant indicators of the quality of the instruments used in the study. Relaibility is an important measure of the quality of the intsrumentation used since it helps in reducing the error as much as possible. According to DeVon et al (2007), validity of the instrument must be assessed to ensure that the instrument measures what it is supposed to measure. The instrument must be both valid and reliable. It must be correclty calibrated to be reliable. The number of subjects involved is of great importance since a large sample size reduces the error factor thereby increasing reliability and quality of the measures. This necessitates conducting power analysis to determine the effect that should be anticipated from the study- whether it will be significant or not. If the effect anticipated is large then the sample size must also be large enough.
As seen from the discussion above, the data collected could be either qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative analysis would require a highly experienced individual since the validity and reliability in this case may highly depend on the experience of the individual interprating the information or data. It would thus be appropriate to consult with an experienced individual in the nursing research. For my nursing practise, I would wish to investigate the relationship between nurse staffing and the patient outcome. This will mean that data must be collected and then anlyzed to draw a relationship between the two variables. This would imply that a data anlyst with experience must be consulted to provide guidence on whether the hypotheses are well set.
Reference:
DeVon H. A., Block M. E., Moyle-Wright P., Ernst D. M., Hayden S. J., Lazzara D. J., Savoy S. M, & Kostas-Polston E. (2007). A psychometric toolbox for testing validity and reliability. The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 39 (2), 155–164. Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/pqdweb?did=1303899241&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=70192&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Golafshani, N. (2003) Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research The Qualitative Report, 8, 4, 597-607
Network administration
Network administrator
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Abbreviations
NAS –Network Area Storage
SAN- Storage Area Network
IP-Internet Protocol
TCIP-Transit Communication Interface Profiles
Introduction
The primary function of the server is to store, retrieve and send files and data to other computer on its network. The servers run on client server architecture and are programs set to run for serving the requests of other programs. The growth rate was mostly influenced by the smooth run of the available database servers and storage space. Increase in student growth is directly proportional to increase in Network Attached Storage space thus need be to redesign the system as a whole. There are various factors that affect the database management of a computer operation system with many servers. These issues are usually caused by rapid growth of storage in this case student enrollment which will clog the system. (Hunt, 1998)
Primary problems
The NAS head handles traffic between network computers and server storage. It handles the management of network storage, sharing of files and access priority issues that occur. This is an advanced file –server that supports multiple network file systems that operate on Ethernet networks using TCIP/IP which makes it somewhat inefficient.
The server maybe overwhelmed by different administrators at the same time and can be caused by limited bandwidth. NAS is shared storage which without enforcing quotas can cause a hog in all the storage at expense of others (Gary Shelly, Misty Vermaat, 2008) .The solution could be more processing power or change network to allow greater bandwidth. The IP Network might get congested if operations like huge data backup are done during business hours. This can always be resolved by a Storage Area Network that uses its own protocols that is meant for huge enterprises and data centers where volume of data stored is huge.
Centralized storage is easier and cheaper to maintain, back up and administer. The centralized point makes it more expensive than local byte costs basis. The NAS could also be inefficient if it is a central data storage unit in the organization and the best solution would be mirroring the information to multiple units. Routines of back up would also be an ideal way to curb the single failure point.
NAS servers use small specialized and proprietary operating systems in an organization it would be efficient to use a server that can in compose Operating Systems (OS) such as UNIX and Windows NT. Growth can be made efficient by SAN which operates on data as a block rather than file. The architectural design is based on gigabit Ethernet equipment as opposed to the present 100 terabytes used.
The use of a Network Area Storage of 100 terabytes is effective since it is a standalone file server and can free up other servers to run applications and can be administered remotely which will assisted in managing the database. The disadvantage of using of NAS is less effective than traditional servers since most database systems are blocked based and are therefore incompatible with file based server. (Hunt, 1998)
Recommendations
Increase in growth means an increase in data distributed through the network and this means the network system has to be upgraded. The NAS server was effective in that network documents, work files and other data were stored on the NAS server linked to network. This had the advantage of not using up hard drive space for computers for the data that was available.
The best solution to assist in the situation would be to acquire a storage application that would meet the storage requirement. It should have a high performance and should be blocked based to increase performance as well as offload main communications. It should be reliable and should unapproved access to the data by an unauthorized user. The only set back if we implement the SAN would be cost of installing maintenance and implementing. This back end storage networks can be geographically distributed over vast area and operate at gigabyte speeds. It is appropriate for data transfer applications and for storing large amounts of data. (Gary Shelly, Misty Vermaat, 2008)
In text we can also use Jumbo Frames instead of normal Ethernet frame to communicate with storage device. This method reduces the number of packets that need to be processed resulting in higher efficiency and effective throughput.
It is also depends on the universities available budget, data security requirements, network infrastructure, data availability requirements. Upgrading will be preferred when growth occurs and the server will get slower, and then the server will eventually become noisy and if more time is spent on dealing with server problem much money will be spent doing so. It is usually much less risky proposition.
Reference
Gary Shelly, Misty Vermaat. (2008). Discovering computers. (pp. 475-503). New York:
Cengage Learning.
Hunt Craig (1998). Windows nt tcp/ip network administration. (pp. 12-69). California: “O’Reilly Media, Inc.”.