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U.S Immigration Policy
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U.S Immigration Policy
Introduction
American immigration policy is supported by a number of laws, which some of them date back as far as 1798. Laws range in all manner of presentation. Top in the list is security, employment and the quota system. It should be noted that American immigration policy is centered on brain gain benefit which is seconded by a friendly philanthropic commitment to spread job opportunities to economically challenged countries. This research will prove that the American immigration policy is responsive to local and global issues, but it needs some improvement in the way it is oriented. The research is defragmented into two main sections; firstly, the background section of the immigration section; seconded, by the discussion. The discussion part will analyze the issues, and provide possible policy changes
Background
Summary
Immigration in United States can be referred to demographic changes resulted to the influx of foreigners to the local community. Immigration to the U.S is primarily responsible for the development of controversial social, economic and political aspect. These developments are liable for altering settlement patterns, significant social mobility, voting patterns and increased crime levels. Previously, immigration in the U.S was largely a white-man affair seconded by people from South East Asia; however, recently, leading immigrations are from South American, South Asia, Middle East and Africa. Quit a significant number of immigrants are illegal; nonetheless, the illegal immigrants can through the immigration policy be naturalized into the nation. More than half of immigrants are in America through family reunification, seconded by employment factors and thirdly, humanitarian reasons. There has been a subsequent calling for the improvement of the immigration policy. Issues are social, economic or political. This study will provide a recommendation on possible improvement points of the policy.
Nature (Literature)
Based on the background, one will notice that there are three imperative factors in relation to immigration policy. These are media, politics, and public policy. The three collectively interrelate with each other to provide direction in relation to immigration policy. However, as this study will unveil, the current immigration policy, seconded by a plethora of states and federal laws fail to meet a desirable threshold of quality.
Security
The Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act (EBSVER) of 2002, seconded by the Real ID act of 2005, are vital laws that alter to a greater extent the immigration policy. The EBSVER law enhances the development of Border Patrol agents, stipulate foreigners, and nationals to carry a Biometric technology I.D card. In addition, the above named school report to foreign students attending classes. On the other hand, the Real ID act aggrandizes on the provision of certain security standards; which relate to the entrance of crucial state buildings, plane tickets, and bank accounts.
It is good clarify on the nature of established national standards in relation to state driver licenses which cleared the way for the building of border controls. Ideally, these two laws enhanced many protocols affecting visa insurance. It was now official that embassies and consulates are required to buffer up a terrorist lookout committee to locate suspected terrorist within any given jurisdiction. The information is further distributed to security bodies’ national wide.
Now based on these two laws, exchanges in information would become a common practice in attempting to prevent visa fraud for immigrants entering U.S. The question melts down that whether the quality of laws being implemented was responsive as an important policy question. On top, the two laws are instrumental in enhancing portability of clearance changes of status. The laws would further improve the training on consular officers to receive regards to Visa Mantis and Mandates that the secretary of state would improve in regard of Technology Alert List.
Employment
The federal government decisively supports the immigration policy for its general contribution to the economy. Employment laws in relation to this policy date way back to 1898, when the federal government processed the Chinese immigrants to enter U.S legally. The law is based from the Immigration Reform and Control act of 1986. The law denied American employers from hiring illegal immigrants. Secondly, the law provided amnesty for illegal immigrants who are already in the US. Thirdly, the law enhanced increased border enforcement. This law was imperative since it responded to different immigration problems based on the thesis of legality and equality. The law inhibited discrimination on the basis of national origins and further led to the increased border patrols by 50 percent. It should be recalled that it is this law that pioneered the establishment of the Green Card lottery program for 5,000 visas for countries that were economically challenged (Farnam, 56).
As a result of the increased number of immigrants, the federal government pioneered the development of the Illegal immigration act (1996), which required the increased border enforcement for immigrants coming to U.S for employment opportunities. Additionally, the law required phone verification for all foreign workers to determine their validity. Lastly, the law sought to reinstate the welfare benefits of more difficult legal aliens. This law was speculative that the number of illegal immigrants living in United States was estimated to 20 million by 1996. Most of these immigrants were coming from economically challenged countries and did not stand a better position to qualify for genuine Visa enrollment. LeMay (19) cites that small business did take advantage of illegal workers, and in US it is estimated that around 6-8 million jobs are done in the underground market, and around 5 million workers are paid off the books yet they constitute of a stealth workforce.
Later in June 2000, the congress processed the Immigration and Naturalization Service Data Management Improvement Act (PL. 206-215). The act further amended section 110 of the illegal immigration act of 1996. The 2000 improvement act charged the Immigration and Naturalization Service to develop an automated system to track all entry and exit of non-citizens and nonimmigrant and immigrants. The system was expected to operate in all seaports, land borders and airports. The INS was to become effect on December 31, 2003, but due to logistical factors, fifty land and border ports were selected by the attorney general for having the highest number of departures and arrivals.
Based on this, there has been a subsequent desire to ensure that there is the American labor market is fully supplied with labor and that desires look on the ability to increase the number of international players optimally. In U.S, the number of job vacancies exceeds the number of eligible applicants. The potential of domestic pool of workers has significantly shrunk, while the percentage of Native American pursuing higher education has increased. Thus, there is a paradox of thrift when it comes to labor supply.
On the other hand, the recent debate in relation to off-shoring foreign jobs seconded by a motion whether Americans will be willing to do the same jobs if they are paid handsomely has gained significant clout. Bush (14) argues that the efforts to further restrict immigration by low-skilled workers to lure more educated people to unskilled labor by raising wages might be successful, but this will only increase the aggregate expenditure of companies. Thus, the government is left with limited option not to pursue a desirable immigration policy since requesting Americans to do unskilled work would naturally harm the economy.
Quota System
In relation to immigration policy, the quota policy has been an egalitarian thrust from several civil rights movements. The debate was centered on the role of congressional approach to abolish the national origins quota system which was enacted in 1965. Jacob (107) establishes that there are considerate dangers of the quota system and has significantly led to the uncontrolled immigration. The quota system seems to limit appropriate evidence that seeks to apprehend immigration reformers in increasing reformers. Reformers have constantly agitated that the quota system has been discriminatory and should be established, and subsequently, there should be the establishment of national origins of a quota system that is largely fair and responsive to challenges affecting individuals at a time.
Now based on the belligerent nature of the quota system, the American Immigration and Citizenship Council (AICC) led the immigration policy based on equality purposes. The AICC visible organization were based on ethnic groups; for instance, Hellenic Education Program Association of the Sons of Italy, and the Japanese American Citizens League. Although most of these groups were considerably small, they did have an impetus on the development of immigration policy. To a greater extent the groups led to the establishment of civil rights groups; for instance, American Civil Liberties Union. The groups were under the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The objective was to end apartheid created by the quota system based on the ethnic representation.
It is through this driving force that the immigration reform consolidated the driving force against racial and ethnic quotas. Jacob (9) further states that as far as racial quotas were concerned, economic interest and foreign policy was considered heavily. Thus, the American government had limited options of attempting to limit minor children and citizens to immigrate outside the quota allowances. Relatives were given significant preference within the quota system. The quota reserve for unmarried parents, spouses, and children was extended in emphasis of family reunification. At this point, humanitarian concerns exceeded any interest of the country. As a result, the quota legislation adopted by the federal government made it clear that discriminative was a central element of U.S immigration policy.
Issues with this kind of commitment
After a close revelation of the above assessment, one will notice the asylum factor and how it affects different policy development. U.S attempts to extend a benevolent hand to individuals from different countries for immigrants are willing to live and work in U.S. However, in assessment, there are significant inexplicable disparities in asylum approval rates that tend to urge administrative reforms. In fact, there have been subsequent political, religious, and ethnic indifferences between immigrants and natives. To a larger extent, immigrants do feel that the are not treat fairly like native Americans, obviously on the basis of human being factors. Hence, agitators from Middle East, South Asia, and Northern Africa facilitate terrorist activities in U.S as a responsive measure.
Secondly, the wage levels have increased mixed signals on the role of immigrants in U.S. Since immigrants are willing to accept lower or even minimal wage, then the nature of immigration policy could cause a decline of native workers wages. This not only causes individual problems, but to a greater extent, causes institutional factors will strong trade unions. Indeed, trade unions in America are the most vehement when it comes to agitating for equal treatment especially in relation to wage level. Thus, immigration not only causes a higher rate of unemployment in U.S but to also, belligerence between the government and civil rights institutions.
Subsequently, the nature of American economy means that the economy will naturally operate on closed doors. Immigrants will increase the price of factors of production and this leads to complementary decrease in the price of supplies of factors of production. In economics, the impact of immigrant to the native economy depends on production factors like capital and labor. In other words, these are the degree of substitutability between natives versus immigrants with supplies; for instance, technology being considered constant.
Finally, an increase in the employment of skilled people will naturally increase the aggregate demand for complementary factors – capital lance. However, the immigration of unskilled workers will lower the wages of unskilled workers; thus, capital and skilled workers will end up being redundant since the economy will prefer the utilization of unskilled workers who are relatively cheaper. Hence, the influx of such immigrants shifts the labor supply and makes it more elastic.
Policy Recommendation
It is imminent that there is security and economic problem in U.S. The policy problem in American is responsible for the development of divergent policies; primarily, those which are not productive. The influx of immigrants into the country means the federal government has to step- a step forward to create decisive policy goals. According to Workpermit (2014), the Diversity Immigrant Visa Program commonly known as the lottery program will be abolished. However, in light with this research, such an abolishment may not effective enough. Hence, it would sound better if the federal government endeavored to process a more liberalized policy; for instance, Labor Exchange Program. This would allow subsequent exchange of expatriates between different countries.
Secondly, in relation to the issue of security, U.S administration should endeavor to spread a helping hand to counter terrorism breeding points internationally. In addition, security perimeters of immigrants should be spread to ensure that it operates without hitches. Most terrorist will immigrate to U.S posing as investors or students, and not commonly as job seekers. Thus, more policy measures should be reinstated in relation to this approach.
Work Cited
Bush, Jeb, Thomas F. McLarty, and Edward H. Alden. U.s. Immigration Policy. New York:
Council on Foreign Relations, 2009. Print.
Jacob, Dickson”Chapter 12: Fighting the Immigration Quota System; Supporting a Code of
Ethics and the Right of Blacks to Vote.” Center for Migration Studies special issues 31.2 (2008): 101-110. Print
Farnam, Julie. Us Immigration Laws Under the Threat of Terrorism. New York: Algora Publ,
2005. Print.
“Green card lottery will be abolished by US immigration reform bill.” Green card lottery will be
abolished by US immigration reform bill. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2014. <http://www.workpermit.com/news/2013-04-23/green-card-lottery-will-be-abolished-by-us-immigration-reform-bill>.
LeMay, Michael C. Illegal Immigration: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.:
ABC-CLIO, 2007. Print.
Twelve Reasons to Oppose the World Trade Organization.
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Twelve Reasons to Oppose the World Trade Organization.Since the establishment of the World Trade Organization in 1994 as an independent unit to ease the movement of and flow of trade goods and services between and among nation states of the international system, this particular organization has also had its fair share of negative aspects in the same system. This thesis therefore seeks to critically and rhetorically analyze an article by Global Exchange article is entitled “Twelve Reasons to Oppose the World Trade Organization”.
The author begins by stating that the WTO exists undemocratically in the International System. The author expresses that he does not understand how and who elected the WTO government. The author punctuates and uses question marks in the sentences. This is a core technique to capture the attention of the target audience. The author’s core argument here is that the impact of the WTO is being felt across all aspects of the society yet it is not a transparent and democratic institution. He proceeds to educate the audients by telling them that WTO is a non state actor yet it controls the state actors. Conventionally, in the international system, the state actors enjoy more privilege when it comes to matters of relative power. Yet this is not the case when it comes to International trade. The author sympathizes with the above situation and proceeds to state that it is with regret is that the rules and regulations that run this body are written by only those states and corporations that make part of trade negotiations yet these rules affect every member states when access to simple information is not possible. The author summarizes this particular point by creating suspense among the audience and leaves them with the question of if the WTO is a democratic institution.
The author then proceeds to put across that this institution is a threat to global peace and security. Using a sarcastic tone, the author states that WTO makes people perceive that free trade ultimately promotes a safer and more peaceful international arena. On the contrary, the answer to the above is generated. To put emphasis on this point, the author asks the audients on the sustainability of global peace. Global peace is not sustainable when nations are competing to find market for their goods. He reinforces this point by further stating that this peace is not sustainable when it is the developed countries that dominate international trade. This peace he proceeds, is not genuine when only the ten great nations enjoy the fruits of world trade at the expense of over 150 developing nations. He reinforces this point by stating that WTO cannot be an instrument of peace when over 80% of nation states in the globe are not seeing the benefits of International Trade. In his accord, this inequality is already a form of economic conflict. These are some of the issues the author uses to provoke the mind of the audients. The author also places emphasis on the need to have trade institutions that achieve global justice for a safer international community.
The author then proceeds to argue that the WTO overlooks human rights as well as labor rights. The argument placed forth is that this institution has rules in place that advocate for rights of corporations to make profits at the expense of labor and human rights. At this point the author employs a sarcastic approach towards these rights. He raises the tone and wonders which rights should come before the other. The author for emphasis proceeds to give examples of countries like Burma which overlook human rights when manufacturing as well as purchasing certain products. He also uses exclamation on the issue of rights. The author particularly points out that government of independent states ought not to consider issues of human rights “non commercial values” when purchasing certain products. This principle of the WTO means that human rights should be put aside at the expense of commercial activities which the author uses to surprise the audients. The author then goes ahead to admit that the WTO has an objective that will see the privatization of essential services of health care, education, water and energy among other basic services. The author embraces the use of punctuation marks to show he is indeed surprised by the whole issue of privatization. He convinces the audience that by privatization of these services would basically mean that public assets would be sold off to private corporations. He also warns them of the core disadvantages of privatization. The author explains to the audience that whereas public service draws its motivation in serving the public and serving them well, private agencies are more motivated by profit making and therefore service delivery to the citizens comes second. He reminds the audients using the irony that even though the private sector are more efficient when it comes to service delivery compared to the public sector, when it comes to matters of quality services however, truth is that public sectors have the interest of the public at heart. The author persuades the audients by stating that in countries which privatization has taken shape then the implication is that one has to pay more for standard services. He winds up this point by reminding the audients that they should indeed campaign against the WTO.
The author also warns the audients of imminent environmental degradation practices by the WTO which is an activity of corporations, particularly the Multi National Corporations (MNCs) which the WTO uses to achieve this. The author convinces the audience that MNCs particularly those established in developing countries deplete natural resources in those host countries. He also argues that a number of industries set up by these corporations are not environmental friendly. He uses existing examples from the South, where he states that the WTO establishes MNCs which set up industries that do not promote sustainable development activities. He points out that in particular, the interest of these MNCs is to make profits while at the same time depleting the resources of the rich southern states. This is a concern, most Northern states have already depleted their natural resources and therefore feel that the south is a viable option for their already depleted natural resources. He expresses his concern as to why WTO has interest in business ethics over environmental ethics. This particular concern should particularly provoke the audients on the issue of environmental protection which is a core pre requisite for achieving sustainable development. At the end he calls for a collective action from the audients to campaign against environmental degradation.
He proceeds to question about the role of Trade Related Intellectual Property’ rights (TRIPs). The author supports this by stating categorically that even pharmaceutical companies are producing sub standard medicinal drugs. TRIPs since its inception, has its attention on the issue of patents, trademarks and to crown it all profits. For instance, when sub standard drugs are produced for medicinal use, the worst is that this would result to more deaths. The author punctuates the role of TRIPs and dismisses the role of WTO and its practices in the globe. He also raises his tone to remind the WTO that the mother objective of TRIPs was to ensure patent of products as well as entry of standard and approved products to the international market. The author uses these techniques to convince the audience that they should indeed advocate for better practices from this institution by campaigning against it.
The author does not understand and is surprised by the viability of this body internationally. 80% of trade goods end up in the very few developed countries and only 20% of trade goods end up in the hands of developing countries. According to the author, this expresses some form of economic marginalization as well as economic inequality. The author therefore convinces the reader that the WTO is a sycophant institution that plays to the tune of the few developed countries.
The author proceeds to persuade the audience that dumping by developed countries has had an effect on the food production capacities of poor countries. He educates the audients by telling them that dumping of already processed foods by the few countries in the markets of the populated developing countries cripples the ability of these nation states to agricultural activities. These nation states have adequate labor but dumping has made them dependent on food aid. The expresses a somber mood when he states that close to 800 million people of the world population with a majority of these from the poor countries suffer either from acute or severe malnutrition. The author finds this absurd because dumping of food stuffs in the markets of poor nations undermines food production capacities. This according to the author is a reason enough to oppose the WTO which plays a major role in the cases of increasing hunger in the world. The author once again expresses the notion of inequality when it comes to matters of decision making in WTO negotiation rounds. The author expresses his concern by the way the rich countries dominate International Trade. He proceeds to state that this is some form of a serious injustice. This hurts the majority poor countries since “they are too poor to defend themselves” as the author puts it. The author states that the WTO undermines the sovereignty of national governments. The author criticizes the fact that developing countries are not allowed to pursue laws that the developed nations once pursued. The author raises this question to provoke the audients.
Eventually, the author reassures the audients that their indeed exists rational alternative s to the WTO. He goes ahead to convince the audients that nation states can create an entity that plays the opposite roles stated above, roles that can promote equity, justice, human rights among other roles that are not discriminatory. The author also reassures the audience in his last point that only time will tell as there is already a steady international opposition against the WTO.
In the essay the author provokes the audience by use of questions, sarcasm among other forms of communication to convey the message on why states ought to oppose the WTO. The author also embraces the use of examples where possible and eventually reassures the audients that there exists an alternative to the WTO.
Work Cited
Kuypers, Jim A. Rhetorical Criticism: Perspectives in Action. Lexington Books. 2009.
CRM influence on investors buying behavior in Banking
CRM influence on investors buying behavior in Banking
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Literature Review
Introduction
This section determines the effect caused by various other factors to CRM (Customer relationship management (Alsmadi & Alnawas, 2011). CRM is noted to be one of the most used management concepts. It has been in existence for more than two decades since its inception in the world of business as well as other organizations. Therefore, this section will evaluate the influence of several factors to CRM in the banking industry especially towards investment.
Psychological Influence
In the business industry, especially in the banking industry. One of the key models that explains the impact of psychological influence on investor’s behavior in banking is the Johari window (Bloemer, De Ruyter & Peeters, 1998). The model was developed to explain how interpersonal communications play part in development or creation of unique psychological influence to an individual towards investment. Most financial theories are based on the idea that clients or investors must take control of all available information that their disposal before making investment decisions (Bloemer, De Ruyter & Peeters, 1998). However, there is much evidence in favor of the above as this is not the case in the banking industry. Investors fall prey to psychological failings hence end up taking the wrong decision towards investment at later end up in losses rather than profits. There are various type of psychological pressure that impacts investor’s decisions especially under conditions of uncertainty. This does not happen in a predictable manner. It not only does it happen the workplaces but also in other financial situation such as in the banking sector amid other sectors (Demetriou, Papasolomou & Vrontis, 2010).
The bottom line of the factors is that psychological forces lead most investors to make an investment mistake most of the time. Investor’s psychological behavior affects their interest to take part in banking market. This, in the long run, affects their ability to invest. According to Bloemer, De Ruyter & Peeters (1998) it is high time that the banking industry gets in line with measures on how to influence the customer’s psychological concerns. Hence the call for better and well-focused CRM in the banking industry (Bloemer, De Ruyter & Peeters, 1998). On the other hand, the study of human psychology denotes that psychological factors highly affects investment decisions and strategies. However, the psychological influence is highly compounded by other various variables. For example, it is clear from research that banking institutions that engage in proper CRM have more customer base as compared to those that do not have it. Such organizations have better strategies for managing their clients’ psychological influence on investment hence able to make the right decisions when investing and in such cases their client end up victories. In addition, it is evident that psychological process also affects the type of investment that people make or would engage in (Bloemer, De Ruyter & Peeters, 1998).
Cultural Influence
Investor’s behavior constantly differs around the globe. This affects investment decisions, strategies and financial returns on the financial market (Alsmadi & Alnawas, 2011). For example, when taking side with organizations such as Anglo-Saxon investors, they are considered as ones that can tolerate greatest losses, on the other hand, German investors are considered as the most patient. Based on the traditional understanding of investment, this has to do with money on the return the investor expects profits, but this time he/she has to be patient and have a positive attitude towards risks. However, the ability of a risk attitude depends on the investor’s economic environment (Bloemer, De Ruyter & Peeters, 1998).
In a given situation, that an American investor has a similar patience and risk abhorrence as a Japanese or a German investor (Alsmadi & Alnawas, 2011). This is only possible if all the investors have the equal economic background such as same rates of inflation and job security. Studies show that culture drives people’s investment behavior, even if other variables such as wealth and inflation are in control. In addition other studies have also indicated that how the effects of cultural differences have on investment in the banking industry (Jamal & Naser, 2002). Likewise, it has been noted that an individual’s cultural background can influence the returns of the economic and financial markets.
For example, European investors are ready to pay less for the value of stocks than those from Nordic nations; they always have a lower risk aversion and are considered to me more patient. Therefore, it can be concluded that cultural background of an individual affects the overall willingness to invest various banking platforms (Bloemer, De Ruyter & Peeters, 1998). The ideas that support proper CRM is the real solution to cultural influences on investment. Therefore, for a positive influence to be established, banking institution as well as investors should ensures they research and determine a cultural alternative that will assist investors with negative cultures to investment. This will help them to be more vigilant to investment concerns especially in the banking industry (Demetriou, Papasolomou & Vrontis, 2010).
Brand Influence
The selection or the choice of a certain brand is connected to the level of consumer behavior especially in the banking industry (Jamal & Naser, 2002). Members of the banking industry perceive brand image from the perspective of their needs as well as it value to the public or society. These members combine the two outlooks and perceive all the information needed in order to ascertain the right framework or market to the investor the stock to invest with. It can be determined that consumers of banking service are not only customers they are also investor or environmental advocates (Demetriou, Papasolomou & Vrontis, 2010). They become they greatest shareholders of the banks by the investment funds and portfolios. This develops an interaction among the facets of corporate brand image thus, influencing the behavior of clients, as well as their perceptions in the banking market (Fan & Ku, 2010).
It is worth to note that investors strategize their familiarity with a certain brand. This is a brand that is strongly influenced by its reliability and presence in the market. When selecting a certain brand, potential investors are influenced by the attractiveness and saliency of a brand and its financial performance in the banking industry. According to Howcroft, Hamilton & Hewer (2002) he concludes that a study conducted in Saudi Arabia indicated that banking industry is paying attention towards strengthening their brand image in order to increase their customer base as well as retain the current ones. Individuals are more aware that the brand image has a higher influence on stock market value. The value for brands account for up to 80% of the stock market value for banking firms in UAE (Jamal & Naser, 2002).
Therefore, it is worth to consider that with a proper CRM, a bank can analyze the best branding strategies that can steer its brands in the financial market for clients to invest or trade in.
Advertisement Influence
Whether the advertisement is via TV, Radio, Newspapers and other new forms of media such social media and the internet, earning the trust of a consumer is the objective of a successful campaign. The banking industry is also not left behind trying to ensure that it meets this threshold (Jamal & Naser, 2002). The good news for advertiser is that the clients are more trusting that they used to be a decade ago. It is evident that advertising influence consumers or the clients at a great extent. It is through advertising that organizations can share the cake of success to their clients. As for the banking industry, it can reach more and more clients via advertising hence able to grow geographically and economically (Kheng, Mahamad, Ramayah & Mosahab, 2010).
It is worth to consider that it is from the adverts that we share that the banks can get more and more clients. The type of advertisements greatly influence the behavior of most investors (Jamal & Naser, 2002). It is from an advertisement that banks in the UAE, as well as others, around the world can share their service with clients. The more the advertisement and the richer the adverts, the more the clients get envisioned or persuaded to the services rendered to them. It is from an advertisement that clients can refine the breath of information that they need to garner from the banks. For example, clients can know of a bank’s share value from an advertisement hence able to make the right decision to invest (Kheng, Mahamad, Ramayah & Mosahab, 2010). For better depiction of information, it is worth to evaluate the reliability of CRM towards value of the advertisement towards banking investments. Via CRM the banks can determine the best advertising platform to use in order to persuade more customers to invest.
Influence of Product/Service Quality
The quality of a products or service greatly affects the consumer behavior towards the service of product. As of the banking industry, it is worth to denote that they offer service, as well as products to its clients (Krasnikov, Jayachandran & Kumar, 2009). The quality of service and product rendered by banks have proved to be an asset in the past and also currently. Banks that offer quality service and products have increased their customer potentials as well as develop a better customer satisfaction level as compared to those that offer considerably poor services. Clients are noted to have a higher preference to the banks that offer higher quality products and service hence develop trust to such institutions (Kheng, Mahamad, Ramayah & Mosahab, 2010). Therefore, it can be noted that the consumer behavior is greatly influenced by the quality of service and products.
References
Alsmadi, S., & Alnawas, I. (2011). Empirical investigation of the CRM concept in the Jordanian context: The case of banks and financial institutions.International Journal of Business and Management, 6(2), p182.
Bloemer, J., De Ruyter, K., & Peeters, P. (1998). Investigating drivers of bank loyalty: the complex relationship between image, service quality and satisfaction. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 16(7), 276-286.
Demetriou, M., Papasolomou, I., & Vrontis, D. (2010). Cause-related marketing: Building the corporate image while supporting worthwhile causes. Journal of Brand Management, 17(4), 266-278.
Fan, Y. W., & Ku, E. (2010). Customer focus, service process fit and customer relationship management profitability: the effect of knowledge sharing. The Service Industries Journal, 30(2), 203-223.
Howcroft, B., Hamilton, R., & Hewer, P. (2002). Consumer attitude and the usage and adoption of home-based banking in the United Kingdom.International journal of bank marketing, 20(3), 111-121.
Jamal, A., & Naser, K. (2002). Customer satisfaction and retail banking: an assessment of some of the key antecedents of customer satisfaction in retail banking. International Journal of bank marketing, 20(4), 146-160.
Kheng, L. L., Mahamad, O., Ramayah, T., & Mosahab, R. (2010). The impact of service quality on customer loyalty: A study of banks in Penang, Malaysia.International Journal of Marketing Studies, 2(2), p57.
Krasnikov, A., Jayachandran, S., & Kumar, V. (2009). The impact of customer relationship management implementation on cost and profit efficiencies: evidence from the US commercial banking industry. Journal of Marketing,73(6), 61-76.