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Critique of research titled Why Are Nurses Leaving Findings From an Initial Qualitative Study on Nursing Attrition
Critique of research titled “Why Are Nurses Leaving? Findings From an Initial Qualitative Study on Nursing Attrition”.
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Critique of the sampling procedure:
The target population has been identified in the research that is the non- practicing registered nurses. The identified population was accessible through telephone calls and emails that enabled meeting with the researcher to be possible. Snowball sampling technique that is a non- probability methods was used in the research. The sampling method has been described showing data collection and analysis from the samples chosen. The sampling method was appropriate for the study even though more could have been done, and other qualitative sampling techniques incorporated unlike the case that used only snowball sampling technique. The demographic characteristics of the samples are presented, but the sample size is only ten and, therefore, inadequate. The sample represented the targeted population and profession as all had previous contact with the targeted population. From the method used of snowball, sampling biases are noted bearing in mind it is a no probability sampling procedure. The people interviewed, and samples used were referenced by third parties and this created a probability of bias in the process. However, the researchers have not addressed any bias issues and how they could have avoided or reduced them. The subjects dropout issue is discussed during the orientation process, and the samples are given the choice to drop and stop the interview at any point and time and are assured of their anonymity and privacy in relation to the information collected by the researcher.
Critique of the Data-Collection procedure:
The information on “who,” “where,” “what,” “why,” “when” and “how” in regard to data collection is well documented in the research. The methodology used for the research determined the information provided by those interviewed from the chosen samples. The information however does not specify which place exactly the interview was conducted from as well as the precise date and time for an interview. It, however, shows what data was collected, and the technique used to gather the data as well as the reasons behind collection of the data from the chosen samples. Recording of the interviews using audiotapes and field notes taken to allow for comparison and clarification of the information collected and hence reduce the variables that would result from the exercise. Interpretive analysis was also done by sharing data with the colleagues to ensure appropriate interpretations were made in relation to the research objectives and goals stated. Data collection instruments that include audiotapes and transcriptions are described in the research (MacKusick & Minick, 2010). The instruments used had not been used previously, and there is nowhere indicating if they were tasted for reliability. However, from the research it indicates that each interview was recorded, and transcripts formulated meaning the instruments were reliable for collection of data. The interviewed people also asserted that the transcripts contained the exact information that they had and what transpired in the interview and this is evidence that they were reliable. The methodology chosen for the research which was an interview to those sampled made it difficult to validate and assess the instruments sufficiency. However, it is assumed that the researchers had previously tasted and verified that the instruments were functional and up to the task for recording the interviews and conversations they had regarding the research even though there is no information noted from the research about prior tests either through pilot studies or physical tests done.
Critique of data-collection Method
The data collection method used for the research was interviews where those chosen in the sampling procedures were interviewed in issues that were pertinent to the researcher. The data collection method is described thoroughly that were semi- structured interviews with field notes and audio taped. Transcripts were also made for both parties that participated in the research. However, there is no example of such transcript of the interview presented in the research but a few parts and responses have been used in presenting and supporting certain themes and positions noted in the research. The data collection made was appropriate to answer research questions due to the small number that totaled only to ten of those sampled for the interview. It required an extensive interview that could results into an in-depth data and information due to the type of question that the researchers had. Due to many possibilities and generalizations regarding the subject, the method was appropriate in narrowing down the main reasons and themes contributing to the issue. S The psychological method used provided enough data that is valid and in depth as the subject in itself is sensitive in relation to the entire profession. It enabled the samples people to bring out issue of unfriendly workplaces and emotional distress relating to patients care to be brought out through the themes chosen that dominated the interviews. Interview was the only technique used to gather data, however, when other methods could have been incorporated such as questionnaires and focus group discussion, amore elaborate information would have been captured that would give an in-depth analysis and interpretation of the information in relation to the subject and thus make the research more valuable and informing. A mixture of methods for data collection would capture more information that would not be captured by the one method used and hence the data would be rich and useful for the short and long term in conducting research studies (Nieswiadomy, 2012). There is no information provided showing the duration of the interview and training for those who conducted the interviews. Interviewing requires good communication skills to capture and bring out the information required. However, the background of those conducting the interviews is from educational backgrounds a scholars making people assume they have the required skills. Confidentiality of the participants was assured throughout the process.
Critique of descriptive statistics
The descriptive statistics used fro the research is minimal that touches and shows the demographic factors for the chosen samples. A table is used that is divided into varied parts displaying information about the participants indicating the ratio of the gender used, the age category, racial background, clinical experience, level of education and work status among others pertinent issue relating to the research. The measures of central tendency and variability are not presented due to the nature of data collection methods used and the research question. The demographic characteristics of the subject are well presented, and the statistics presented in the text agree with those noted in the table.
Critique of inferential statistics
Inferential statistics are presented in the research report in the discussion and findings section. The results and findings by the researchers are compared to past documented information relating to the subject. The reader is not provided with the calculated value of inferential statistics due to the research question and goals from the research. Non- parametric tests were used for the research as no assumption was made in relation to the samples used. It was appropriate as most of the important data and requirement for the samples were determined earlier on before the start of the research that determined the samples selected for the study. The test was appropriate because of the small group chosen and used as samples for the research. The outcomes of the study are obtainable both in text and in tables with no data on inferential tests due to the nature and question of the study.
References
MacKusick, C. I & Minick, P. (2010). Why Are Nurses Leaving? Findings From an Initial Qualitative Study on Nursing Attrition. AJN Article. Available at: HYPERLINK “https://www.amsn.org/sites/default/files/documents/practice-resources/healthy-work-environment/resources/MSNJ_MacKusick_19_06.pdf” https://www.amsn.org/sites/default/files/documents/practice-resources/healthy-work-environment/resources/MSNJ_MacKusick_19_06.pdf
Nieswiadomy, R. M. (2012). Foundations of Nursing Research (6th ed.), Pearson Prentice Hall.
Socializings Play in Disguise
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Socializing: Play in Disguise
Play as an activity is executed by an individual or several people for entertainment, socialization, or both. A rationale of play is to make the individual who is performing the activity derive some fun. There are diverse types of play including mental play as well as physical play. However, play does not only entail pleasure and entertainment, it also concerns realizing a sense of accomplishment. I realized this when I begun to engage in mental games (Turkle 158). While several players express a desire to accomplish in the game, there appears to be two dissimilar threads of where fulfillment lies. There is a group of players who derive fulfillment from the constant progress presented by the mechanisms of the game, while some players are mainly motivated by the desire to attain a goal, characteristically the end-game (Selnow 148).
Part of the motivation for participating in online games is for the most part, to experience a sense of accomplishment. As I play the online games, I perceive my attention as a flashlight. This means that, where I place my attention is the light, and my intention is where the light is pointing. As soon as I place ample effort and time into an in-game assignment, I get satisfied in a manner that is quantifiable and significant. I also attain a new item when I conclude a complex quest and acquire experience, money, or points. I may as well gain an advanced level of expertise in a skill, or achieve disrepute in the online game community. The actual world is different from that. In the actual world, there are a small number of quantitative rewards for one’s efforts in merely trying to live. In the actual world, one must run errands, clean their house, go shopping at the grocery store, pay the taxes, and perform the laundry, among numerous things. However, there is no satisfaction or forward progression in such things. These are merely daily chores. There would be sparkly reward, new skill, or new item waiting for me following completion of the 5th stack of laundry in one week.
Socializing in massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPGs) denotes dissimilar things to different individuals. For some individuals, the excitement lies in being capable of login on to a world whereby there will always be somebody to have a chat. Making new acquaintances and having friends whom I can chat with is essential to me. At the time when I was in the World of Warcraft (WoW) beta, I did not play much since of my acquaintances were not in it. When I played, I was at all times looking for somebody to chat. In effect, the only thing that I lacked in the release of World of Warcraft is that a lot of my guildies from EverQuest (EQ) did not make the shift. We still keep up a correspondence by means of the message boards, and individuals who leave the guild have requested me to be re-quilded in my guild prior to quitting the game.
I socialize with people, most of the time. I usually talk to numerous people at a time, and usually feel somewhat uncomfortable in quiet groups. My list of acquaintances grows frequently. When I used to play EverQuest 1, I was able to acquire a list of 100 acquaintances. I most likely play generally to meet people and acquire new friends. It is fun having acquaintances from all parts of the globe. Befriending people and getting to know them well, hopefully builds lasting friendships even in the event that one of us ends up quitting the game.
As I socialize in play, I enjoy helping other people. Altruism is extremely interrelated with forming relationships and socializing. Conceivably this is because assisting someone else is the simplest way to meet somebody new in the competition and commence a conversation. I am at all times ready to give assistance to new players when I may have the time, with any skill that I may have. Time and again I keep a quantity of my previous equipment so that I may assist a new player, and I do not accept cash for it in return. Occasionally I would ask for resources that they may easily collect, but more often than not I simply ask that when they would outgrow the gear so that they may also assist another new player. From time to time, I see individuals whom I have assisted several levels later, and a lot of them remember me. This gives me the requisite sense of accomplishment.
Several years back when I had trouble socializing I got a chance to perform an interview with somebody who was exceptionally experienced in the social feature of social interactions. Patrick put it in a manner that astonished me in that I could not believe I did not realize it before. Patrick said that one ought to think their concentration as a flashlight. According to Patrick, one’s attention is the light, and their intention is where they are pointing the light.
In my younger years, I was extremely reserved and quiet. Through games like these, I have been able to learn how to converse to people as well as how to interact. More outstandingly, these games have also assisted me in learning leadership skills. I have grown up playing several games whereby social interaction featured as a major constituent. At 15 years, I was an awkward and shy person, unable to converse around people whom I did not know well. Today, I am able to interact and socialize freely and I have no trouble holding conversations with new people. I may still experience s a measure of shyness, but I have learnt to conceal it in a better manner. Making new acquaintances has always been an endeavor that I esteemed doing, but as a result of my trouble being at ease with socialization, it was a task that I could not accomplish effortlessly. Gaming has assisted me learn what it takes to make friends, and some of my closest friends are people whom I have met in-game.
According to a study conducted by Syracuse University, it was found that the people who play MMORPG reported an increasingly greater sense of accomplishment and enjoyment from the game. Among the amazing benefits found was the increase in the acquiring new friends in comparison with the games that involve single-player groups. The degree of cohesion that regularly develops among MMORPG players was also found to be significant. In effect, there are numerous real-life relationships and romances that have blossomed owing to online socializations and interactions in gameplay (DePaola 79).
Several studies reveal high and moderate game playing groupings to be rated positively in regard to psychosocial health assessments than non-gamers. This indicates less perilous behavior and higher levels of self-esteem. Several studies have as well failed to demonstrate a strong and reliable link between gaming and injurious variables. A number of preliminary studies have postulated that engaging in online games has the predisposition to increase social skills and sociability. Other studies have ascertained a strong and reliable link between introversion, self esteem, social skills, and social anxiety. According to a construct developed from social intelligence, social skillfulness denotes a group of skills utilized in decoding, regulating and sending verbal and non-verbal information with the intention of facilitating adaptive and positive social interactions. A number of other studies exhibit that social skills have broadly predicted essential indicators of psychosocial health, for instance, the size of social and interpersonal support networks, personal adjustment, self esteem, as well as psychopathology (Gershuny 28).
CONCLUSION
Bearing in mind the social character of online gaming, as well as, the unique character of online communication, it is rational to theorize that the time spent while playing online games may enrich a number of, or each and every one, of the requisite social skills. However, there are some studies that have revealed some personality characteristics indicative of trouble in maintaining relationships as well as low self-esteem. This may necessitate the need for extra research in regard to the effect of online gaming on socialization. This is because, as an individual, online play has assisted me in socialization.
Works Cited
Gershuny, W. Changing Times: Leisure and Work In a Post-industrial Society, New York: Oxford U.P. 2011. Print.
DePaola, E. “Self-Esteem and Social Skills.” Personality & Individual Difference 11.8(2008): 79. Print.
Selnow, T. “Playing Videogames: The Electronic Ally”. Communication Journal 34. 2(2010).148.Print.
Turkle, P. “Constructions & Reconstructions of the Self in Virtual Reality”. Mind, Activity & Culture 1.3(2011). 158. Print.
Critique of Pure reason
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Introduction
Philosophy has been one of the most fundamental aspects of the human society. While it has been extremely difficult to place a finger on or outline the importance of philosophy, it is primarily concerned with enabling individuals to think critically about the varied things or points of view that they encounter in their day to day lives. Needless to say, there have been numerous philosophers, each of who have been postulating different theories and ways of reasoning. Nevertheless, Emanuel Kant carved a niche for himself as one of the greatest philosophers, with his works being explored even in the contemporary human society. One of the greatest works of Emanuel Kant revolves around his critique of pure reason, in which he primarily aimed at determining the scope and limits pertaining to pure reason. This means that he wanted to determine what reason alone has the capacity to determine without any assistance from the senses or any other faculties. Metaphysicians come up with grand claims pertaining to the nature of reality on the basis of pure reason alone. However, these claims are often conflicting with one another. On the same note, Kant was prompted by the skepticism that Hume exhibited as to doubt the very existence or possibility pertaining to metaphysics.
In his critique of pure reason, Kant came up with two crucial distinctions. The first distinction pitted priori knowledge and posteriori knowledge, while the second distinction was between synthetic and analytic judgments. Priori knowledge refers to the universal and necessary knowledge that individuals gain from experience, while posteriori knowledge refers to the particular knowledge that individuals gain from experience. Kant’s epistemology, in essence, does not offer any other path for knowledge other than through empirical means. Indeed, knowledge, for cant cannot be established or attained via abstraction abstractness or speculation. This acknowledgement underlines the fact that the term “noumenon’ only revolve around a modification in technology rather than a variation in thinking from the general position that Kant defends in the process of knowing what something entails.
Noumenon underlines what something is in itself. Kant underlines the foundation of positing things in themselves as securing a requirement for knowledge objectivity. This is because although these things are unknowable, they are the causes of the sensations that individuals have. Kant insinuates that the thing-in-itself underlines an object pertaining to an appearance, and is appropriately referred to as a non-empirical and transcendental object as it is impossible to intuit its principle to individuals. Indeed, the thing-in-itself concept underlines the concept pertaining to an unknown object, which means that an object whose nature is completely unknown, in which its varied members pertaining to some sensory representation sets are united, given objectivity through being fixed to a particular object, in which case it would be made into the appearance pertaining to a non-transcendental empirical object. This view underlines the notion that there exists more to something than what its appearance says. Things-in-themselves are unknowable. Their nature would never be known as they represent am insoluble problem especially considering the nature of individual’s understanding.
This declaration means that a noumenon is perennially unknowable and knowledge represents a tension between phenomenon and noumenon in which the noumenon would be gradually reduced to the group of appearances that are knowable. The nature of individual’s comprehension revolves around their deficiency of access to a noumenon, and can confirm new appearances that could complement the existing ones, but would not allow individuals to know all things pertaining to something.
Kant also explained the notion of the phenomenon where he stated that the synthesis of positions that results in actual knowledge pertaining to an object would be likely via the powers pertaining to cognitive judgment, which is the intuitive sensibility that produces sensation, as well as the conceptual comprehension that gives rise to thought. The account pertaining to the aspects represented in Kant’s epistemology only speaks of objects pertaining to sensory experience or items as they are in appearance or even those things that are and are related to human cognition. this perspective underlines the notion that the things that pass for knowledge would be explained via two perspectives. First, there is the knowledge of facts, which an individual’s senses can determine (Kant 39). Second, there is knowledge pertaining to the general links between filets, which is also made likely in the human senses’ rubric. While there are varied opinions as to the noumena and phenomena linkages as presented by Kant, there exists an element of consistency in the statements.
Kant has stated that sense does not necessarily have to be the only technique through which individuals would intuit something. Indeed, part of noumena are thing that are ambiguous and vague and things whose only existent individuals can only know of through analytic deduction by pure comprehension. For instance, individuals can know for sure that there exists a Supreme Being in the world even if individuals cannot perceive it. Individuals do not perceive using sense data this world and the process that are around them, rather, their pure comprehension leads them to a source for all these, which essentially entails a higher power. It goes without saying that a higher power falls under noumena as it is impossible for individuals to perceive the power using sense data. However, human beings have sufficient pure comprehension, even with observation, to obtain an intuition pertaining to His existence. This is the same case that applies to the molten core that resides at the center of the earth. Of course, no one has ever been to the center of the earth, in which case it would be a noumena. However, human beings have justified the existence of this core through the use of pure comprehension, as well as other phenomena.
However, Kant’s phenomena and noumena notion is discredited by other philosophers especially positivist philosophers, thanks to the lack of evidence pertaining to their existence. These philosophers outlined some verification conditions for the existence of something. They outlined the justification conditions, where they stated that if an individual can justify the truth pertaining to something, they would have the capacity to have evidence pertaining to the same (Kant 43). There is also the meaning conditions, which outlines the fact that if an individual says something, then it should have meaning within the rest of the world. The justification and meaning conditions usually follow either direction , considering that if an individual has justification with evidence, or even can create meaning in the things that they say, then they would have truth. However, this would only work in instances where all these can cohesively work together.
However, this notion presented by positivists seems to be founded on flimsy grounds. This is especially considering that there exists two ways in which individuals can justify the existence of things that they cannot see or noumena. First, the phenomena whose intermittent occurrence individuals can see around them would point towards certain other aspects that they do not have the capacity to see using their sense data within their perceptions (Kant 47). In the case used before, for instance, human beings gain perceptions as to the existence of a molten core in the earth thanks to the massive magnetic polar charges that they can see on the poles of the earth, seismic waves, earthquakes and volcanoes, as well as the existence of certain minerals that they cannot categorize as normal on the surface of the earth. All these things underline the fact that there exists a different material inside the earth that is, in essence, in a molten state. It is worth noting that all of the phenomena deduced from the materials would not essentially be perceived by human beings using the sense data pertaining to the core, rather they entail phenomena that are intermittent and random than everything when it is tested together, which points to the molten core. This is the same case for the existence of a higher power or Supreme Being. Human beings have the capacity to perceive the sun, eclipses, the varied earth processes, or even the occurrence or endurance of mitosis by the cell, among other numerous things that would never occur or be caused by chance. Indeed, all these things follow an orderly process, which means that they are under the control of another being that human beings are yet to perceive. This means that the phenomena would, essentially, be noumena. Nevertheless, the phenomena that occurs all at the same time or simultaneously around individuals, when observed collectively or even studied together, points towards a new hypothesis or theory pertaining to the collective cause for the varied things and occurrences (Kant 49). This is irrespective of the fact that human beings are yet to perceive the cause of all these things using some sense data. Indeed, phenomena would usually point to the existence and varied aspects pertaining to undiscovered noumena.
In addition, human beings, more often than not, have faith as a result of phenomena. According to Kant, human beings have the capacity to comprehend noumena using pure understanding. On the same note, they must have other techniques for gaining intuits other than sensory impressions. This means that seeing does not necessarily have to entail believing. Using all the phenomena that can be used to point to the existence of noumena, human being can have faith in the existence of the noumena as they have the assurance pertaining to it. A Supreme Being does not or has never appeared to them or offers them assistance in life, rather intermittent things happen to individuals thereby helping them out, which may essentially be related or connected to the existence or presence of a Supreme Being (Kant 57). Faith, in essence, is a self-described term, while the noumena revolves around the things that individuals must have faith in following the observation of the surrounding noumena, as well as making a purely comprehension decision pertaining to the same. This means that the use of evidence as the only way in which individuals would get intuition pertaining to the existence of items is flawed.
Works cited
Kant, Immanuel, Werner S. Pluhar, and Patricia Kitcher. Critique of Pure Reason. Indianapolis, Ind: Hackett Pub. Co, 1996. Print.