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Stereotypes on Oriental Female in M Butterfly
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Stereotypes on Oriental Female in M Butterfly
The play M. Butterfly by David Henry Hwang is a play that was inspired by a newspaper story that was published in 1986. The story was a bout a former French diplomat and a Chines opera singer who turned out was a man and was spying on the Frenchman. Hwang borrowed the idea from the newspaper story and he deconstructed a play titled Madame Butterfly. In this play he wanted to break the stereotypes that had been held for so long by the westerns about the East especially on the Oriental (Asian) woman. The play generally breakdown both racist as well as clichés that the East-West have against each other which seems to reaffirm western male cultures ideas. The play revolves around two key characters, Gallimard acting as the French Diplomat and Song an opera singer who was Galllimard’s secret lover for close to 20 years. The scenario presented in the text where the western man believes his male lover is a woman is as a result of the stereotypes that Westerners have on Oriental female.
The first stereotype that is presented is the view that the westerners have on Eastern female. According to the westerners, an Oriental woman is a submissive woman and according to them it is the ideals that an Oriental woman has that makes him a perfect woman (Davis, pg. 53-64). Song who is the lover and is a representation of an Oriental woman had been portrayed as a meek and submissive which is why Gallimard is attracted to “her”. When discussing about the opera, Gallimard points out that Song did a good job. Song argues with Gallimard stating that the opera is only beautiful to the westerners like hi. Song asks Gallimard “it’s one of your favorite fantasies, isn’t it? The submissive oriental woman and the cruel white man” (Hwang, 17). From this statement we learn that Gallimard seems to be attracted to the play because of the submissive role that Song had played. However, Gallimard tries to be defensive because he does not want to be trapped in the western stereotypical mindset but clearly he is too deep into it.
The play portrays women as submissive and as creatures whom men have control over. Gallimard tells the audience a story of Madame Butterfly by Giacomo Pucini. In the Puccini’s opera the Lieutenant Pinkerton who is a United States Navy officer who bought conjugal rights of Cio-Cio-San a Japanese girl who was just 15 years old. Pinkerton paid 100 yen and married the girl and the contract had a provision that was convenient for him in that it could be annulled on a monthly notice. Cleary women are treated as mare properties that can be sold and left at any time if a western man feels that they have had enough. Later, Pinkerton lives Cio-Cio-San and goes to the United States to marry an American girl living San pregnant. The devalue that the westerners have on Oriental women is clearly seen by how Cio-Cio-San is treated (Wen, pg. 44).
Gallimard also believes that it is easier to bag an Oriental girl as compared to an American girl. From the text we learn that Gallimard was not even good looking. He was a clumsy man and he had pimples all over his face. Since high school he had never asked a girl out because he was afraid of rejection. Gallimard states ““Not like American girls. It’s true what they say about Oriental girls. They want to be treated bad” (Hwang, 6). In the example of Cio-Cio-San she cries and prays daily that his man returns but when he doesn’t he kills herself and Gillard thinks this a beautiful story of love. Song tells him that this scenario seems like one of his favorite fantasies involving an oriental woman who is submissive and the cruel white man.
Gallimard vies song in the lens of the western cultural myth of a weak, submissive, self-helpless meek Oriental woman. Song uses these stereotypes effectively to manipulate Gallimard. Western men including Gallimard will often find the Oriental woman both alluring and attractive. It may be because of their skin complexion or of their long hair. Song at first tries to point out to Gallimard how objectionable the stereotype that he has may be for an eastern woman. Gallimard may have longed for the love of an Oriental woman because she describes her wife as not submissive. She seems to care much about Gallimard but rather the status quo of her being a wife of a Diplomat. Gallimard wants this love from Song instead, as we see him asking her for honesty and if Song can become his butterfly and surrender to him just as Madame Butterfly surrendered to Pinkerton the Puccini opera. To Gallimard the ideals than Oriental woman has are better than of a western woman and it through Song’s submission and love that he will feel wanted. Ideally he is living in fantasy where he wants song to replicate his love towards him just as Cio-Cio-San.
Gallimard does not really love a particular woman instead he loves the portrayal of Asian women in the western stereotypes. Gallimard wants to test if Song will wait on him and he cuts contact hoping Song will wait for him just as Cio-Cio-San did. Song, however, already knows what Gallimard is expecting and she tells him that she will always be waiting for him. We can see Song delivering herself to him “Well, come. Strip me. Whatever happens, know that you have willed it. Our love, in your hands. I’m helpless before my man” as he wants Gallimard to see how submissive he is. This is all a play on Gallimard as Song already know the fantasy that Gallimard has on an ideal woman and he wants to teach him a lesson. She exploits the traits that are reinforced by the western stereotypes misleading Gallimard into thinking he is a woman (Kondo, pg. 5-29).
The play portrays the patriarchy in the Chinese culture and a difference in how westerners may be a little modern than the easterners. The role of a traditional woman in China is that of a submissive woman. Song actually admits to the patriarchy in their culture as she states “The Chinese men-they keep us down” (Hwang, 43). Song is trying to state that not only are they treated as inferior beings by the Chinese men but also the western men such as Gillard and Pinkerton are doing the same. Song complains of how women in Chinese society as regarded as inferior and are even denied access to education (Moy, pg. 58-56). The Chinese culture where a woman is placed at a position of subordination also reinforces the western beliefs that an Oriental woman is inferior and submissive. On modernity, we see American or Western women more modern than the Chinese women. Song states that she cannot allow a man to her house like the American girl because of their traditions.
Through the Oriental stereotype we see a shift in power from the hands of Gallimard to Song who does not realize that he is no longer in control of the situation. Song has played his card right that Gallimard is convinced that “she” is in love with him, however song is doing what Gallimard expects of him so that she can get the information as she is s spy. Song can be seen as a symbol of power and Gallimard who is the white man is an embodiment of lack of power. Song uses a line often used by western male on female to assert power “Your mouth says no but your eyes says yes”. This is a chauvinistic statement used by western men of females to try and prove that although a woman may be saying no, the cations they are depicting totally sends a different message. By the end of the play Song has total control of Gallimard that he ends up being the perfect woman that he had envisioned. The submissive woman who sacrificed everything for the white lover becomes the man and the man white man who thinks he has the power is blinded by the stereotypes and he becomes the sexual prey of an oriental. When Song lives for Paris, Gallimard now becomes the submissive one as he decides to live his wife so that he can go live with her.
In conclusion, the play depicts how the western stereotypes on Oriental women was used against them. The Chinese government knowing of how western men viewed Oriental women sends in a spy inform of a woman Song who successfully fools an ambassador for so long by portraying the traits (Gallimard) believed should be embodied by a true woman. Because of this deception, Gallimard commits treason and he eventually commits suicide learning that the woman he lost was actually a man.
Works Cited
Davis, Rocío G. “Desperately Seeking Stereotypes: David Henry Hwang and M. Butterfly.” Revista de Estudios Norteamericanos, 3, 53-64 (1994).
Hwang, David Henry. M. butterfly. Dramatists Play Service Inc, 1988.
Kondo, Dorinne K. “” M. Butterfly”: Orientalism, Gender, and a Critique of Essentialist Identity.” Cultural Critique 16 (1990): 5-29.
Moy, James S. “David Henry Hwang’s” M. Butterfly” and Philip Kan Gotanda’s” Yankee Dawg You Die”: Repositioning Chinese American Marginality on the American Stage.” Theatre Journal 42.1 (1990): 48-56.
Wen, Songfeng. “The Subversion of the Oriental Stereotype in M. Butterfly.” English Language and Literature Studies 3.2 (2013): 44.
Critique of Research titled, Tragedy into Policy A Quantitative Survey of Nurses Attitude towards Patient Advocacy Activities
Critique of Research titled,” Tragedy into Policy: A Quantitative Survey of Nurses Attitude towards Patient Advocacy Activities”.
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Critique of the ethical aspects of the study:
From the above study, many ethical issues are noted fro the study. The study was approved by the institutional body of the University of Nevada. The subjects under study in this case were the nurse’s actions and they participated in the study willingly meaning those who responded to the questionnaires did so voluntarily meaning they consented. There were others who did not respond to the study questions and this led to the assumptions that they willingly did not want to participate in the study. The respondents were not allowed to disclose their names but numbers were used to describe and present their views relating to the study. The subjects used in the case were not vulnerable but qualified subjects whose data was able to be traced in the national data that documents all registered nurses asserting their authenticity and merit regarding the study and the information they provided. The benefits of the study was great than the risks involved as it would improve the general welfare of nurses and more so whistle blowers and hence improve the entire profession of nursing and patients (Nieswiadomy, 2012). It reinforces moral and ethics in the profession improving responsibility and accountability by all stakeholders. However, the subjects were not given the opportunity to contact the researcher if other questions rose and how they could obtain the results of the study apart from lacking the opportunity to ask questions.
Critique of problem statement, purpose statement or research question:
The research question is clear as it advocates for concerns that affects the whole of nursing profession not only in the state of Nevada, but across many other places worldwide presented in a purpose statement. The study variables are including in the statement as it points out the primary people affected that include the patients and actions from the nurses. There is inclusion of study variables and the population that is directly affected by study goals and purpose that is the nurses and the reasons leading to failure into taking actions towards patient protection. The study was a quantitative study even though if it would have been conducted as a qualitative study it would still suit because of the challenge in quantifying the attitude of people relating to the main purpose of the study. Empirical data was gathered on the topic of interest as people directly involved and concerned with the purpose of the study gave out their positions and opinions regarding varied issue that proved relevant in relation to the study. The ethics and moral questions and concerns that the study tries to unravel are equally important that aims to improve the standards and levels of professionalism by nurse and all stakeholders as well as patient’s interest. The feasibility of the study is evident as interested parties that include the local leadership and administration showed interest in funding the study improving the likeliness of success of the study. It also is designed to protect all parties involved improving the support for the study.
Critique of the literature review:
The literature review used was comprehensive as it presented varied reasons that many scholars have noted down as reasons as to why nurses fail to report the malpractices noted in their professions. The literature reviewed targeted information that relate to the main question and purpose under study giving examples of previously related scenarios that have presented mixed views and results. The flow of the literature reviewed flows logically presenting points and positions that relate making it easier for the audience to follow and note the concepts with ease. The literature reviewed has concentrated mostly on the supporting theory with less opposing theory. However, in relation to the diversified reasons given, it has extensively covered most of the reasons noted earlier on prior to the study. The sources used for the literature are mostly from secondary sources and a few primary sources from previous studies and results by various institutions. The literature materials are also cited at the end of the study project making it easy for readers to further consult the material for additional information.
Critique of the study framework:
The theoretical framework is clearly identified even though it lacks the drawing and structure. The study indicates the methodology used as well as discussion and interpretation of the results and starts by presenting the background of the concern that prompted the study. Conclusions are made at the end in relation to the study findings that support the hypotheses and theories discussed and presented in the study (Black, 2008). Key words are noted and defined that form the basis for the study. At the end, the researcher relates the study finding with the study framework justifying the findings as well as presenting the limitations that the findings are applicable.
Critique of the hypothesis and research Questions:
The study contains various hypotheses as it tries to unearth many issues concerning the study problem that is clearly worded and concise. The hypotheses are derived from the framework established for the study. The hypothesis in the study contains variables and the population affected that include nurse and the patients. The hypothesis stated gives the direction in which the study takes. Most of the hypotheses lead only to one prediction that indicates the limitations causing lack of advocacy in patient’s activities. In this case, it is not apparent that each hypothesis is empirically tested as the hypothesis leads to the same objectives and goals. The objectives studied under each hypothesis would lead to the same results as noted through the study framework and objectives.
Critique of Quantitative Research Design:
The research design is clearly identified and described in the report that test the hypothesis stated in the research study. The study did not use experimental design and therefore there was no need for controlling both internal and external variables. The assignment of the subjects to be studied were clearly described and allocated scientifically. The research design allowed the researchers to draw a cause and effects relationship that indicated and pointed out the obstacles and barriers that made many nurses not to report challenges facing patients. To control extraneous variables in the subjects, scientific methods were used in selection of the subjects that participated in the study. Limitations also relating to application of the study and findings were also noted with results getting compared to other similar studies done in the past from different areas.
Critique of qualitative designs:
The study would have used a qualitative approach as it would present more appropriate results. It focuses on the subjective nature of human experience that relates to the nursing profession in relation to patients and the management. The research findings have proved to be very significance for nursing profession as well as patients as it empowers them positively by raising the standards and levels of professionalism without any fear. It led to passing of important legislation that has impacted the profession positively in the state of Nevada. Selection of participants is described but it present various unclear means such as sampling strategy used that presents room for bias. The study limitations are properly acknowledged and findings properly presented. The data collection was fully availed form the single approach used. However it would have availed more information had it incorporated more than one method to collect data. No further suggestions are made in relation to the study findings. Data analysis is consistent with the approach and purpose of the study that intends to get the generalized version in the findings regarding the matter at interest.
References
Black, L. M. (2008). Tragedy into policy: A Quantitative Study of Nurses’ Attitude Toward Patient Advocacy Activities. AJN Article.
Nieswiadomy, R. M. (2012). Foundations of Nursing Research (6th ed.), Pearson Prentice Hall.
Spiritual Development essay
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Spiritual Development essay
Spiritual development is of great importance for all Christians. From the point that one converts to Christianity or embraces Christianity fully, should be able to grow in faith and spirit. This gives the convert to ability to stay on course and fight any temptation against his faith and convictions. Spiritual development is always at the heart of District Council Ministries. Spiritual development can be achieved through various approaches. These include worship, Bible study, prayer, interaction with others, reflection, and full participation in missions.
Spiritual growth is realized when ones relationship with God deepens. The deepening of this relationship can be achieved through prayer. Prayer is an element in God’s world transformation plan. As Christians continue to lead a life of prayer, they keep a divine partnership with Christ.
Bible study and worship breeds discipleship. Discipleship can be defined as a joint venture between God and the Christians who respond to his call. Studying the bible and worshiping are the only approach to grow ones skills and fulfill ones calling.
Interactions with one another can provide a viable environment for proper worship and bible study forums. This can be achieved in small or life-to-life groups known as Quads or Triads. The members of these groups meet to study the bible, pray together, and encourage one another. They are a way of collective spiritual growth.
Reflection too is an important component of spiritual growth. Reflection serves as a form of meditation through which Christians search within themselves, find what is lacking and ask God for it. Reflection is an important component for prayers and bible study. Through reflection Christians can understand their spiritual needs as well as understand and interpret the scriptures.
Participation in mission provides young Christians an opportunity to practice all of the above spiritual growth initiatives. In mission prayers, worship, bible study, interactions and reflection are important and are frequently partaken by the participants.
In conclusion, spiritual growth is a process that involves other activities. The building activities are closely linked and depend on each other to provide young Methodists an opportunity and environment for spiritual growth. The activities include worship, Bible study, prayer, interaction with others, reflection, and full participation in missions.