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Crime- Juvenile Delinquency
Crime- Juvenile Delinquency
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Introduction
Sociologically, crime and deviance can be viewed as the externalities or acts that are harmful to the individual and society at large, which are prohibited and punishable by law. Each and every social setting has mores, values, beliefs and expected standards that govern interaction of the members and in the long run help to streamline coexistence. For an action to be classified as crime it must be engagement in an activity that sways away from mores and standards of expected behavior accompanied by intentions of the errant which is mostly motivated by strict societal exceptions. In the analysis of social order, institutions within a given social setting and structures have defined social practices that maintain, conserve and enforce ways of interactions and behavior in order to reproduce those conditions that are capable of continually reproducing conditions essential for its own existence (Inderbitzin, Bates & Gainey, 2013). This implies that different institutions will have different definitions of crime and different mechanisms of control or course of action in case there is violation; the conditions affecting the changes and magnitude of committing these crimes and the form of legal or penal responses made by that institution. Juvenile delinquency on the other hand can be viewed as a classification of crime that is associated with young people that is, individuals younger than the statutory age of majority. This age will differ with countries and economies, social institutions and structures as the independence of expected behavior varies and depending with the nature and severity of the crime committed, juveniles can be tried or punished as adults. This paper will evaluate juvenile delinquency from a sociological perspective by use of theories and other sociological insights in a bid to understand various concepts of and offer solutions to this classification of crime since at this age control and management of behavior is paramount to curb regional and international crimes in now and in future.
In human growth and development, there are transitional stages which are characterized by various psychological needs and wants and puberty, as the age bracket of our interest, has personal challenges that can promote development of crime and other violations of social order. For instance, in cognitive development, individuals’ at this age bracket are more abstract than egocentric enabling individual to reason and think in a wider perspective with which the executive functioning of thoughts and cognitive skills control and coordinate thoughts and behaviors. Sociological and behavioral studies suggest that thoughts, notions and perceptions developed at this stage of life significantly impact individual’s future life by shaping one’s character that plays a major role in personality formation. It is in this stage of social development that adolescents form personal identities with egocentrism influencing the self-conscious desire to feel important/ recognition in social groups and enjoy social acceptance (Nofziger, 2010). Theories suggest normalcy as part of development rather than formation but the cognitive process of change in both content of one’s thoughts and structure about one’s self makes it more of a formation and thus control and management of traits such as self-awareness and self-control will lead to wise decisions during the stage and in transition to adulthood.
Researchers suggest two types of juvenile delinquency, repeat offender; defined as life-course-persistent offender who starts showing anti-social / aggressive behaviors in childhood to adolescence and continues to adulthood and specific offender also known as adolescence-limited offender whose anti-social and aggressive behaviors begins and ends during the adolescence period. For good parenting and societal nurturing, it is important for stakeholders to account for behavioral changes from childhood to later stages of development in a bid to evaluate the course of action for respective individual. For instance, by understanding the behavioral changes one can identify an adolescent-limited individual by analyzing his/her post-adolescent actions such as less pathology, dropping of criminal/ aggressive activities once the adolescence is over and other problematic issues such as substance abuse and financial dilemmas, characterized at both adolescence and adulthood for those who were delinquent than those who were not (Moshman, 2011).
Causes
Sociologically juvenile delinquency can be attributed to two major factors of personal/cognitive development and external factors with personal growth/cognitive factors largely influenced by process of growth and development which can be tamed or untamed depending with the approach implemented. For instance, experts view juvenile crimes to be disproportionately committed on sex differences with boys more susceptible than girls; attribute that feminism theories suggest as ideologies of masculinity that make boys feel strong, powerful and aggressive necessitating competition, which in the process of asserting and expressing their masculinity end up in anti-social and criminal behaviors (Silvestri & Crowther-Dowey, 2008). Other factors within the development can be social and economic class of these adolescents as they grow up with the observations that the ones from low social status and who in one way feel social or racial disaggregated are prone to juvenile delinquency. This is naturally manifested in the process of growth and development which with effective control and management from parents and other social institutions can be tamed and managed in the long run. External factors include family factors and peer influence with family factors taking form of parental supervision; disciplining and punishing, parental conflicts and separations, parental abuse and other parent-child relationships influence the susceptibility of the child to juvenile delinquency. Peer influence on the other hand fall under differential association and cultural organization with observations that in a group context, existence of culturally complex communal institutions such as schools, churches and social group, coupled with peer pressure can lead to children diverting their focus to crime (Gelfand, Chiu & Hong, 2011).
Risks and Mitigation
Risks involved with juvenile delinquency include behavioral and cognitive problems such as extreme criminal behaviors of rape, murder and other violent behaviors in childhood or adolescence and other cognitive problems in adulthood such as substance abuse and poor financial and time management, low intelligence and impulsiveness, gratification, restlessness and lack of empathy in adulthood. As part of mitigation, effective parenting such as consequence-based discipline; parents should avoid neglect so as to know and monitor child’s activities and actions, they should be reflective on justifying the discipline actions to avoid authoritative and harsh discipline to the children as they grow and they should give attention to their children especially on mental and psychological needs necessary for upright development.
Conclusion
Juvenile delinquency as a subtype of crime cannot be ignored in that ineffective management can lead to developmental problems which can necessitate crime in a wider perspective both in childhood and in adulthood. This can be tamed and managed by proper parenting and strengthening of social institutions; which as a sociologist, understanding the process of growth and development in conjunction with adaptability in the social institutions will go further in reducing the cases of juvenile crimes for societal, regional and international peace and coexistence.
References
Moshman, D. (2011). Adolescent rationality and development: Cognition, morality, and identity. New York: Psychology Press
Silvestri, M., & Crowther-Dowey, C. (2008). Gender & crime. Los Angeles: SAGE.
Nofziger, S. (January 01, 2010). A Gendered Perspective on the Relationship Between Self-Control and Deviance. Feminist Criminology, 5, 1, 29-50
Gelfand, M. J., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (2011). Advances in culture and psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Inderbitzin, M. L., Bates, K. A., & Gainey, R. R. (2013). Deviance and social control: A sociological perspective. Los Angeles: SAGE.
The baby’s first year’s causal study is trying to determine how reduction of poverty causses changes in brain development
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The baby’s first year’s causal study is trying to determine how reduction of poverty causses changes in brain development. The research study was conducted on randomized mothers within the United States, who were given unconditional cash gifts, and others were made to receive larger amounts of money which could help change their day-to-day lives, and most likely increasing their monthly income by 20% to 25% (TED Salon, 2019). The research was committed to determine whether poverty reduction helps to improve the cognitive, emotional, and brain development of a child within their first three years of life.
The neuroscientists are trying to understand whether the cost-effective way to help children living in poverty would be to give their mothers more money that would first help to reduce the poverty level. The researchers postulate that the level of family income affects a child’s brain structure; such that, children born in disadvantaged families have been found to have a smaller surface area of the brain cortex, while those from non-disadvantaged families have larger surface area (TED Salon, 2019). Thus, their study is to understand the effectiveness of poverty reducing in improving the brain development of a child.
The study is trying to produce a hypothesis that would support that reducing poverty would promote the child’s brain, cognitive, and emotional development. If the hypothesis is established, the researchers intend to use the study results to address and inform debates about social servicesthat have a greater influence on millions of families with young children within the USA. The results would be used to prove that addressing poverty will mean that children born in poverty today will have a promised brighter future (TED Salon, 2019).
Information learnt from this study is important because it helps to promote the understanding on how poverty affects the child’s brain development. It also helps to communicate the message that issue of brain development can be tackled through provision of better lifestyles for the families that are affected by poverty itself. By focusing to improve the brain development of children, the study will help to reduce inequalities and to achieve the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This study is also significant because its results will help to build up the evidence on how poverty affects development of children’s brain, and how it can be addressed. Understanding what poverty does to a child’s brain development is important since there are millions of children who live in poor conditions within the US. Besides, poverty’s effects on child’s brain development is a critical factor in other social issues, not only educational outcomes, but also job employment. Hence, the study will hep to build a more comprehensive view of poverty and its effect on the neurological wellbeing of a child., as well as their cognition and socio-emotional competence.
This information can be used to enhance family economic stability and well-being through the support that would be provided by the welfare system after the study’s results inform on the effectiveness of addressing poverty. This will help to reduce poverty and improve brain development of the children which will result in improved academic performance; thus, increasing chances of employment. As a result, the wellbeing of families will be improved since the children will be made independent.
Studies show that children from low-income families are confronted with risk factors such as impaired physical health, mental health problems as well as exposure to toxic substances at home. These factors in turn lead to decreased cognitive and socio-emotional development of these children which may lead them into crime and substance abuse. By addressing the problem of poverty, the brain development of a child will be enhanced; thus, improving the child’s academic performance and reducing further involvement in crime.
References
TED Salon. (2019, January). How does income affect childhood brain development? [Video file]. https://www.ted.com/talks/kimberly_noble_how_does_income_affect_childhood_brain_development
Crime Fighting Strategy
Crime Fighting Strategy
Introduction
What is crime? Many definitions have been provided to define crime. There are many variations depending on what the type of crime committed. Therefore crime is based on anything that is contrary to the criminal justice of any nation or country. Crime is an offence committed by an individual against the state laws or set of conditions that protect basic the community. The society is made of certain aspects that maintain and manage order amongst its members. In order to maintaining peace, unit and harmony Smartt, U. (2006), it was devised to implement various clauses that explain what is to be carried out if a crime is committed, therefore a criminal justice system is developed. Therefore crime can be an offence that is punishable by the law.
Therefore due to the existence of a criminal justice system it has become efficiency to uphold the trend of punishing law offender and criminals. Therefore a criminal justice is the grouping of various governmental set standards and institutions that uphold the common agenda of maintaining peace and order in the society. Through the various institutions that have been established by the government are, court systems that are used to pass judgment to various criminal offenders, correctional facilities that act as basic institutions, to provide discipline and keep out of dangerous individuals from the public and society. Finally there are law enforcers such as the police, military personnel and other justice institutions that make the laws for punishing individuals with criminal intent, Smartt, U. (2006).
In order for the criminal justice to exist, it has become essential to implement certain crime fighting strategies that can act as means of maintaining order and peace in a society without using the power of law. Consequently in order to safely implement these criminal justice systems, it has developed different strategies that maintain the aspect of developing a better means and way of controlling crime. There are many strategies that have been used by various systems in order to control crime in the community. Since there are many reasons that may certainly force individuals to break laws and standards set by various community leaders and their government, it is therefore important to establish leadership and responsibility forums that seek to educate everybody on how to be responsible, Baker, T. E. (2009).
Crime Educating Forum
This is a better strategy in the current dynamic world. It creates a better understanding of the world of criminal justice in any responsible governmental, Keyes, L. C. (1992). . There are many strategies that cannot be quantified as providing a person with the knowledge of making reason ahead of everything. Others may argue that anybody with a better reasoning can still commit a crime. Therefore it is important to develop a reasonably means of developing a criminal justice that first educates the society of the importance of maintaing a crime free society. In the community development there are rules that engage various people about the responsibility of following rules and set standards, Baker, T. E. (2009). Therefore the policy behind this strategy is to outsource the many resources of law and criminal justice in order to educate the public on what is to be done when certain measures are broken. Regardless of the crime committed, correctional means may differ depending on the crime committed. Therefore with first hand information and a department committed to creating a better and crime free society, this is the perfect policy that will seek every person and individual in upholding an outstanding criminal justice system.
Purpose of this policy
The main objective of developing this policy is to educate the public and society on the importance of developing a well educated and fundamental society that upholds law. In order to encompass a community or society, it has become fundamental and essential to form an educative program that can be integrated into our society’s common agendas. This will create a better frontal that helps in maintaining the balance of leadership and justice. How does one improve the desire of maintain a better society? Education has become a paramount resource nowadays that will maintain order and harmony, Keyes, L. C. (1992). .
Theory of the policy
There are many theories that cab grouped in the study towards achieving and proposing this policy. In order to oversee the power of knowledge it is important to gain understanding and then acting on the conscience of that idea. Committing crime cannot be regarded as the fundamental idea of lacking reasoning and power of making sound decisions. Therefore this is a policy developed from the theory of knowledge and understanding the consequences of committing a certain crime, Keyes, L. C. (1992). Furthermore it is encouraging to learn that among the many strategies that have been developed they are all based on achieving the integrity of the society and criminal justice. Passing judgment can be seen as thing of integrity and not persuasion.
Anticipated benefits
The strategy should be able to provide basic ideas about developing a resourceful atmosphere and community that seeks the power of knowledge and unity. Taking into account the many reasons and beliefs about criminal justice, through better understanding and following of the rules, will help achieve an integral justice system. This system will be viewed with an idea that is essential and for the betterment of the community.
Advantages and Disadvantages of the policy
The policy has many ideas and advantages that can be viewed as means to promote the general community. Therefore some of the benefits will include;
Developing a better society that understands the common goals of justice
To avoid and reduce the number of crime offenders in the community
To enhance integration and cohesion among society members
To enhance the importance of objectivity and justice for the society, Keyes, L. C. (1992).
Although there are many benefits, it may have contrary effects on the society
Although education is fundamental, it can’t cure ignorance that many societies face about leadership and the power or rules.
Educating every individual in the society may be a tedious work that many volunteer may deem unnecessary
Sometimes education may be different interpreted by many people hence it may lack meaning to others
Not all community members are literate to understand the concept being presented, Keyes, L. C. (1992).
Implementation plan
How can the community and government implement this educating policy? There are many issues that many governmental bodies can use to implement this policy. The government and justice institutions may integrate this policy through education forums in the public and schools. Presenting different talk shows in the public and community gathering is a better way of creating cohesion and integration among community society. Hosting public forums is essential in developing a clear resource center, Baker, T. E. (2009). This resource center will have sufficient resources and educating the society about crime and its effects if not well developed and monitored. Employing community volunteers to educate society from one area to another in order to implement the common goal of teaching and educating the public about law and crime.
References
Baker, T. E. (2009). Intelligence-led policing: Leadership, strategies, and tactics. Flushing, NY: Looseleaf Law Publications.
Davies, M., Croall, H., & Tyrer, J. (2009). Criminal justice. New York: Pearson Longman.
Keyes, L. C. (1992). Strategies and saints: Fighting drugs in subsidized housing. Washington, D.C: Urban Institute Press.
Palmiotto, M. (1999). Community policing: A policing strategy for the 21st century. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen.
Purpura, P. P. (1996). Criminal justice: An introduction. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Smartt, U. (2006). Criminal justice. London [u.a.: SAGE.